Dear Editor,The mammalian brain exhibits cross-scale complexity in neuronal morphology and connectivity,the study of which demands high-resolution morphological reconstruction of individual neurons across the entire b...Dear Editor,The mammalian brain exhibits cross-scale complexity in neuronal morphology and connectivity,the study of which demands high-resolution morphological reconstruction of individual neurons across the entire brain[1-4].Current commonly used approaches for such mesoscale brain mapping include two main types of three-dimensional fluorescence microscopy:the block-face methods,and the lightsheet-based methods[5,6].In general,the high imaging speed and light efficiency of light-sheet microscopy make it a suitable tool for high-throughput volumetric imaging,especially when combined with tissue-clearing techniques.However,large brain samples pose major challenges to this approach.展开更多
There is an urgent need to develop high-areal-capacity silicon(Si)anodes with good cycling stability and rate capability for high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries(LIBs).However,this remains a huge challenge due to...There is an urgent need to develop high-areal-capacity silicon(Si)anodes with good cycling stability and rate capability for high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries(LIBs).However,this remains a huge challenge due to large volume expansion-induced mechanical degradation and electrical connectivity loss in thick electrodes.Here,a three-in-one strategy is proposed to achieve high-areal-capacity silicon anodes by constructing a multi-level interconnected 3D porous and robust conductive network that carbon nanofibers and vertical carbon nanosheets tightly encapsulate on the surface of Si nanoparticles(Si NPs)anchored in porous carbon felts.This network accommodates large volume expansion of Si NPs to significantly improve electrode mechanical stability and creates excellent electrical connectivity to boost charge transport in thick electrodes,revealed through Multiphysics field simulations and in situ electrochemical techniques.Therefore,the designed Si anodes achieve superior long-term stability with a capacity of 8.13 mAh cm^(-2)after 500 cycles and an ultrahigh areal capacity of 45.8 mAh cm^(-2).In particular,Ah-level pouch cells demonstrate an impressive capacity retention of 79.34%after 500 cycles at 1 C.Our study offers novel insights and directions for understanding and optimizing high-areal-capacity silicon-carbon composite anodes.展开更多
Cerebral neuroinflammation models were established by injecting 10μg lipopolysaccharide into the hippocampus of male Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were treated with an intraperitoneal injection of 120, 90, or 60 mg/k...Cerebral neuroinflammation models were established by injecting 10μg lipopolysaccharide into the hippocampus of male Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were treated with an intraperitoneal injection of 120, 90, or 60 mg/kg oxymatrine daily for three days prior to the lipopolysaccharide injection. Twenty-four hours after model induction, the hippocampus was analyzed by real-time quantitative PCR, and the cerebral cortex was analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and western blot assay. The results of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and the real-time quantitative PCR showed that the secretion and mRNA expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-113 and tumor necrosis factor-a were significantly decreased in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex of model rats treated with oxymatrine. Western blot assay and real-time quantitative PCR analysis indicated that toll-like receptor 4 mRNA and protein expression were significantly decreased in the groups receiving different doses of oxymatrine. Additionally, 120 and 90 mg/kg oxymatrine were shown to reduce protein levels of nuclear factor-KB p65 in the nucleus and of phosphorylated IKBa in the cytoplasm of brain cells, as detected by western blot assay. Experimental findings indicate that oxymatrine may inhibit neuroinflammation in rat brain via downregulating the expression of molecules in the toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor-KB signaling Dathwav.展开更多
Seismic hazard assessment and risk mitigation depend critically on rapid analysis and characterization of earthquake sequences.Increasing seismicity in shale gas blocks of the Sichuan Basin,China,has presented a serio...Seismic hazard assessment and risk mitigation depend critically on rapid analysis and characterization of earthquake sequences.Increasing seismicity in shale gas blocks of the Sichuan Basin,China,has presented a serious challenge to monitoring and managing the seismicity itself.In this study,to detect events we apply a machine-learning-based phase picker(PhaseNet)to continuous seismic data collected between November 2015 and November 2016 from a temporary network covering the Weiyuan Shale Gas Blocks(SGB).Both P-and S-phases are picked and associated for location.We refine the velocity model by using detected explosions and earthquakes and then relocate the detected events using our new velocity model.Our detections and absolute relocations provide the basis for building a high-precision earthquake catalog.Our primary catalog contains about 60 times as many earthquakes as those in the catalog of the Chinese Earthquake Network Center(CENC),which used only the sparsely distributed permanent stations.We also measure the local magnitude and achieve magnitude completeness of ML0.We relocate clusters of events,showing sequential migration patterns overlapping with horizontal well branches around several well pads in the Wei202 and Wei204 blocks.Our results demonstrate the applicability of a machine-learning phase picker to a dense seismic network.The algorithms can facilitate rapid characterization of earthquake sequences.展开更多
Hydrogels emerge as a promising electrode material for scalp electroencephalogram monitoring,which stands as a pivotal technique in neuroscience,enabling real-time monitoring of brain activity.However,conventional hyd...Hydrogels emerge as a promising electrode material for scalp electroencephalogram monitoring,which stands as a pivotal technique in neuroscience,enabling real-time monitoring of brain activity.However,conventional hydrogel-enabled electrodes suffer from low scalp compliance,high scalpelectrode impedance,and inferior interfacial stability.Here,we propose an injectable eutectogelenabled electrode for high-quality,long-term scalp electroencephalogram monitoring.This gelatinbased eutectogel exhibits temperature-controlled reversible phase transitions,enabling rapid in-situ gelation on the scalp and forming a robust self-adhesive interface.It demonstrates exceptional mechanical durability(1000 cycles at 100%strain),robust adhesion(0.7 N cm^(-1)on human epidermis and 1.7 N cm^(-1)on Ag/AgCl electrode),and outstanding anti-drying properties(negligible water loss after 7 days).Additionally,the eutectogel shows superior healing properties,antibacterial properties,and recyclability.Furthermore,it exhibits remarkably low scalp-electrode contact impedance(<20 kΩat 16 Hz).The eutectogel is injected on the human scalp with dense hair for high-fidelity electroencephalogram recording,enabling long-term monitoring.Its practical applications include monitoring visual evoked potentials,steady-state visual evoked potentials,somatosensory evoked potentials,slow vertex response,auditory brainstem response,multi-channel cognitive electroencephalogram during various daily activities,and event-related potentials P300 signals.The eutectogel-enabled electrode provides a versatile and reliable solution for long-term electroencephalogram monitoring in diverse clinical and research settings.展开更多
Soft electronics have seen extensive development due to their lightness,outstanding mechanical flexibility,and biocompatibility,which make them ideal for a variety of applications,including health monitoring,human-mac...Soft electronics have seen extensive development due to their lightness,outstanding mechanical flexibility,and biocompatibility,which make them ideal for a variety of applications,including health monitoring,human-machine interfaces,and advanced augmented reality/virtual reality communications[1,2].Ionic liquid(IL)-based conductive hydrogels are typically made up of a polymer network swollen with IL,which are organic salts in a liquid state at or near room temperature,rather than traditional inorganic/organic salt electrolyte solutions[3-5].These hydrogels leverage the unique properties of IL,such as high ionic conductivity,nonvolatility,and thermal stability,to create a flexible conductive material suitable for various applications in soft electronics,such as actuators,wearable sensors,and stretchable energy generation/storage devices[6-8].展开更多
The oceanic transform fault(OTF)is one of the three types of plate boundaries.It provides an important channel for the exchange of material and energy within the Earth's interior,which is significant for understan...The oceanic transform fault(OTF)is one of the three types of plate boundaries.It provides an important channel for the exchange of material and energy within the Earth's interior,which is significant for understanding global plate tectonics.In recent years,substantial progress has been made in the study of OTFs,including their morphology,crustal accretion mode,stress and strain state,brittle-ductile deformation structures,and segmentation and symmetry of seismicity.The combined effects of magmatism and tectonism shape the morphology and structure of OTF:the spreading rate and the age offsets reflect the thermal structure of the OTF,and thus affect the intensity of magmatism;meanwhile,the stress within the lithosphere and plate motion control the tectonic features and formation of faults.Three-dimensional dynamic models have demonstrated that increased magmatism at mid-ocean ridges destabilizes the fault,thereby facilitating the dynamic evolution of the OTF.Moreover,the maximum depth of earthquakes on OTF is controlled by the thermal structure of the lithosphere,which is crucial for characterizing the frictional properties of faults and understanding their seismic behaviors.Based on recent comprehensive research findings,this paper reviews the tectonic features,three-dimensional morphological structure,and lithospheric thermal structure of OTF,and discusses important scientific issues,including the magmatic-tectonic co-evolution and geodynamic mechanisms of OTF.Future research will combine high-resolution observations and theoretical simulations to further elucidate the processes and mechanisms of OTF,providing important advances to global plate tectonic theory.展开更多
Stretchable epidermal electronics with stable electrical performance have been widely applied in numerous fields,including advanced medical therapy,wear-able electronics,soft robotics,and human–machine interaction.Ho...Stretchable epidermal electronics with stable electrical performance have been widely applied in numerous fields,including advanced medical therapy,wear-able electronics,soft robotics,and human–machine interaction.However,con-ventional stretchable devices,which typically integrate a pliant substrate and a conductor,often encounter inferior electrical performance under sustained or intense stretching due to poor stretchability,limited permeability,and the notable disparity in Young's modulus between the substrate and the conductor.This mechanical discord intensifies problems such as reduced durability and inconsistent conductivity.In this work,we address these limitations by devising a liquid metal-based flexible conductor via an innovative direct coating method.This conductor,supported by an electrospun fiber nanomesh,reveals markedly enhanced permeability through a pre-stretch activation process.The resulting electrode demonstrates remarkable electrical conductivity reaching 3730 S cm^(-1),superior permeability with a water vapor transmission rate of 40.2 g m^(-)2 h^(-1),and extraordinary stretchability(>2000%strain),coupled with exceptional mechanical durability.The liquid metal fiber mat structure allows for the creation of breathable,on-skin electronics capable of long-term electro-physiological monitoring,rendering it ideal for continuous health monitoring applications.展开更多
Pancreatic cancer is one of the deadly malignancies with a significant mortality rate and there are currently few therapeutic options for it.The tumor microenvironment(TME)in pancreatic cancer,distinguished by fibrosi...Pancreatic cancer is one of the deadly malignancies with a significant mortality rate and there are currently few therapeutic options for it.The tumor microenvironment(TME)in pancreatic cancer,distinguished by fibrosis and the existence of cancer-associated fibroblasts(CAFs),exerts a pivotal influence on both tumor advancement and resistance to therapy.Recent advancements in the field of engineered extracellular vesicles(EVs)offer novel avenues for targeted therapy in pancreatic cancer.This study aimed to develop engineered EVs for the targeted reprogramming of CAFs and modulating the TME in pancreatic cancer.EVs obtained from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(BMSCs)were loaded with miR-138-5p and the anti-fibrotic agent pirfenidone(PFD)and subjected to surface modification with integrinα5-targeting peptides(named IEVs-PFD/138)to reprogram CAFs and suppress their pro-tumorigenic effects.Integrinα5-targeting peptide modification enhanced the CAF-targeting ability of EVs.miR-138-5p directly inhibited the formation of the FERMT2-TGFBR1 complex,inhibiting TGF-βsignaling pathway activation.In addition,miR-138-5p inhibited proline-mediated collagen synthesis by directly targeting the FERMT2-PYCR1 complex.The combination of miR-138-5p and PFD in EVs synergistically promoted CAF reprogramming and suppressed the pro-cancer effects of CAFs.Preclinical experiments using the orthotopic stroma-rich and patient-derived xenograft mouse models yielded promising results.In particular,IEVs-PFD/138 effectively reprogrammed CAFs and remodeled TME,which resulted in decreased tumor pressure,enhanced gemcitabine perfusion,tumor hypoxia amelioration,and greater sensitivity of cancer cells to chemotherapy.Thus,the strategy developed in this study can improve chemotherapy outcomes.Utilizing IEVs-PFD/138 as a targeted therapeutic agent to modulate CAFs and the TME represents a promising therapeutic approach for pancreatic cancer.展开更多
With the continuous enrichment of cloud services, an increasing number of applications are being deployed in data centers. These emerging applications are often communication-intensive and data-parallel, and their per...With the continuous enrichment of cloud services, an increasing number of applications are being deployed in data centers. These emerging applications are often communication-intensive and data-parallel, and their performance is closely related to the underlying network. With their distributed nature, the applications consist of tasks that involve a collection of parallel flows. Traditional techniques to optimize flow-level metrics are agnostic to task-level requirements, leading to poor application-level performance. In this paper, we address the heterogeneous task-level requirements of applications and propose task-aware flow scheduling. First, we model tasks' sensitivity to their completion time by utilities. Second, on the basis of Nash bargaining theory, we establish a flow scheduling model with heterogeneous utility characteristics, and analyze it using Lagrange multiplier method and KKT condition. Third, we propose two utility-aware bandwidth allocation algorithms with different practical constraints. Finally, we present Tasch, a system that enables tasks to maintain high utilities and guarantees the fairness of utilities. To demonstrate the feasibility of our system, we conduct comprehensive evaluations with realworld traffic trace. Communication stages complete up to 1.4 faster on average, task utilities increase up to 2.26,and the fairness of tasks improves up to 8.66 using Tasch in comparison to per-flow mechanisms.展开更多
The overuse and ineffective management of plastics have led to significant environmental pollution. Catalytic upcycling into value-added chemicals has emerged as a promising solution. This review provides a comprehens...The overuse and ineffective management of plastics have led to significant environmental pollution. Catalytic upcycling into value-added chemicals has emerged as a promising solution. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in catalytic upcycling, focusing on the cleavage of chemical bonds such as carbon-carbon (C-C), carbon-oxygen (C-O), and carbon-hydrogen (C-H) in plastics. It systematically discusses plastics conversion via electrocatalysis, thermal catalysis, and photocatalysis. Additionally, it explores the conversion of plastics into value-added chemicals and functional polymers. The review also addresses the challenges in this field and aims to offer insights for developing sustainable and effective plastics upcycling technologies.展开更多
Upon priming,naive CD4^(+) helper T(Th)cells differentiate into distinct subsets with specialized functions.The differentiation of Th subsets is driven not only by signals from the T cell receptor(TCR)and costimulator...Upon priming,naive CD4^(+) helper T(Th)cells differentiate into distinct subsets with specialized functions.The differentiation of Th subsets is driven not only by signals from the T cell receptor(TCR)and costimulatory receptors but is also critically dependent on the specific cytokine milieu.By mimicking such conditions,robust methods have been developed for the in vitro differentiation of type 1 and type 2 Th(Th1 and Th2)cells,and more recently,IL-17-producing Th(Th17)cells and regulatory T(Treg)cells,1 which greatly support the research and applications of these Th subsets.Follicular helper T(Tfh)cells represent another Th subset that specializes in supporting the germinal center(GC)response and regulating the generation of memory B cells and long-lived plasma cells.2 However,current methods for in vitro Tfh differentiation are not optimal.Even in the best practice,only 20%of polarized cells showed the expression of CXCR5,the key Tfh functional marker.3 Here,we report an optimized in vitro differentiation method that generates 50–75%CXCR5+cells with enhanced B cell helper function.We demonstrate that the priming of antigen-presenting cells(APCs)by lipopolysaccharide(LPS)and the increase of the APC:T cell ratio were key to efficiently generating Tfh cells in vitro.展开更多
基金supported by the STI 2030-Major Project(2021ZD0204400,2022ZD0205203,2021ZD0200104,2022ZD0211900)the Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(RCYX20210706092100003,RCBS20221008093311027)+3 种基金the Shenzhen Medical Research Funds(A2303005)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS(2022367)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32100896)NSFC-Guangdong Joint Fund(U20A6005).
文摘Dear Editor,The mammalian brain exhibits cross-scale complexity in neuronal morphology and connectivity,the study of which demands high-resolution morphological reconstruction of individual neurons across the entire brain[1-4].Current commonly used approaches for such mesoscale brain mapping include two main types of three-dimensional fluorescence microscopy:the block-face methods,and the lightsheet-based methods[5,6].In general,the high imaging speed and light efficiency of light-sheet microscopy make it a suitable tool for high-throughput volumetric imaging,especially when combined with tissue-clearing techniques.However,large brain samples pose major challenges to this approach.
基金supported by the Jiangyin-SUSTech Innovation Fundthe National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 22309078 and 52302261)+3 种基金the Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Storage (ZDSYS20220401141000001)the Shenzhen Science and Technology Plan Project(No. SGDX20230116091644003)the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (2023B1515120069)the Pico Center at SUSTech Core Research Facilities,which is supported by the Presidential Fund and the Development and Reform Commission of Shenzhen Municipality
文摘There is an urgent need to develop high-areal-capacity silicon(Si)anodes with good cycling stability and rate capability for high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries(LIBs).However,this remains a huge challenge due to large volume expansion-induced mechanical degradation and electrical connectivity loss in thick electrodes.Here,a three-in-one strategy is proposed to achieve high-areal-capacity silicon anodes by constructing a multi-level interconnected 3D porous and robust conductive network that carbon nanofibers and vertical carbon nanosheets tightly encapsulate on the surface of Si nanoparticles(Si NPs)anchored in porous carbon felts.This network accommodates large volume expansion of Si NPs to significantly improve electrode mechanical stability and creates excellent electrical connectivity to boost charge transport in thick electrodes,revealed through Multiphysics field simulations and in situ electrochemical techniques.Therefore,the designed Si anodes achieve superior long-term stability with a capacity of 8.13 mAh cm^(-2)after 500 cycles and an ultrahigh areal capacity of 45.8 mAh cm^(-2).In particular,Ah-level pouch cells demonstrate an impressive capacity retention of 79.34%after 500 cycles at 1 C.Our study offers novel insights and directions for understanding and optimizing high-areal-capacity silicon-carbon composite anodes.
基金supported by a project of the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education InstitutionsApplied Research and Technology Plan of Nantong City, No. k2010036+2 种基金2011 Jiangsu Graduated Students' Research and Innovation Program, No. CX2211-0640Nantong University Graduated Students' Technological and Innovative Program, No. YKC11033Students' Practice Innovative Training Project of Nantong University
文摘Cerebral neuroinflammation models were established by injecting 10μg lipopolysaccharide into the hippocampus of male Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were treated with an intraperitoneal injection of 120, 90, or 60 mg/kg oxymatrine daily for three days prior to the lipopolysaccharide injection. Twenty-four hours after model induction, the hippocampus was analyzed by real-time quantitative PCR, and the cerebral cortex was analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and western blot assay. The results of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and the real-time quantitative PCR showed that the secretion and mRNA expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-113 and tumor necrosis factor-a were significantly decreased in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex of model rats treated with oxymatrine. Western blot assay and real-time quantitative PCR analysis indicated that toll-like receptor 4 mRNA and protein expression were significantly decreased in the groups receiving different doses of oxymatrine. Additionally, 120 and 90 mg/kg oxymatrine were shown to reduce protein levels of nuclear factor-KB p65 in the nucleus and of phosphorylated IKBa in the cytoplasm of brain cells, as detected by western blot assay. Experimental findings indicate that oxymatrine may inhibit neuroinflammation in rat brain via downregulating the expression of molecules in the toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor-KB signaling Dathwav.
基金supported by the Hong Kong Research Grants Council(No.14303721 and N_CUHK430/16)Faculty of Science,CUHK,National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grants No.41804015,41661164035)+1 种基金National Key R&D Program of China(2018YFC1504501-02)by the Stanford Center for Induced and Triggered Seismicity。
文摘Seismic hazard assessment and risk mitigation depend critically on rapid analysis and characterization of earthquake sequences.Increasing seismicity in shale gas blocks of the Sichuan Basin,China,has presented a serious challenge to monitoring and managing the seismicity itself.In this study,to detect events we apply a machine-learning-based phase picker(PhaseNet)to continuous seismic data collected between November 2015 and November 2016 from a temporary network covering the Weiyuan Shale Gas Blocks(SGB).Both P-and S-phases are picked and associated for location.We refine the velocity model by using detected explosions and earthquakes and then relocate the detected events using our new velocity model.Our detections and absolute relocations provide the basis for building a high-precision earthquake catalog.Our primary catalog contains about 60 times as many earthquakes as those in the catalog of the Chinese Earthquake Network Center(CENC),which used only the sparsely distributed permanent stations.We also measure the local magnitude and achieve magnitude completeness of ML0.We relocate clusters of events,showing sequential migration patterns overlapping with horizontal well branches around several well pads in the Wei202 and Wei204 blocks.Our results demonstrate the applicability of a machine-learning phase picker to a dense seismic network.The algorithms can facilitate rapid characterization of earthquake sequences.
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant Nos.:52303371,W2521021)Guangdong Science and Technology Department(grant Nos.:STKJ2023075,2022A1515110209,2021B0301030005)Education foundation of Guangdong Technion-Israel institute of Technology,and the Key Discipline(KD)Fund,the Technion,and the Start-Up Fund from Guangdong Technion.
文摘Hydrogels emerge as a promising electrode material for scalp electroencephalogram monitoring,which stands as a pivotal technique in neuroscience,enabling real-time monitoring of brain activity.However,conventional hydrogel-enabled electrodes suffer from low scalp compliance,high scalpelectrode impedance,and inferior interfacial stability.Here,we propose an injectable eutectogelenabled electrode for high-quality,long-term scalp electroencephalogram monitoring.This gelatinbased eutectogel exhibits temperature-controlled reversible phase transitions,enabling rapid in-situ gelation on the scalp and forming a robust self-adhesive interface.It demonstrates exceptional mechanical durability(1000 cycles at 100%strain),robust adhesion(0.7 N cm^(-1)on human epidermis and 1.7 N cm^(-1)on Ag/AgCl electrode),and outstanding anti-drying properties(negligible water loss after 7 days).Additionally,the eutectogel shows superior healing properties,antibacterial properties,and recyclability.Furthermore,it exhibits remarkably low scalp-electrode contact impedance(<20 kΩat 16 Hz).The eutectogel is injected on the human scalp with dense hair for high-fidelity electroencephalogram recording,enabling long-term monitoring.Its practical applications include monitoring visual evoked potentials,steady-state visual evoked potentials,somatosensory evoked potentials,slow vertex response,auditory brainstem response,multi-channel cognitive electroencephalogram during various daily activities,and event-related potentials P300 signals.The eutectogel-enabled electrode provides a versatile and reliable solution for long-term electroencephalogram monitoring in diverse clinical and research settings.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (52303371)Guangdong Science and Technology Department (STKJ2023075, 2022A1515110209, and 2021B0301030005)+2 种基金Guangdong Education Department (2022KQNCX112)seed fund (GCII-Seed-202406) from GTIIT Changzhou Innovation Institutethe Key Discipline (KD) Fund, the Technion, and the Start-Up Fund from Guangdong Technion。
文摘Soft electronics have seen extensive development due to their lightness,outstanding mechanical flexibility,and biocompatibility,which make them ideal for a variety of applications,including health monitoring,human-machine interfaces,and advanced augmented reality/virtual reality communications[1,2].Ionic liquid(IL)-based conductive hydrogels are typically made up of a polymer network swollen with IL,which are organic salts in a liquid state at or near room temperature,rather than traditional inorganic/organic salt electrolyte solutions[3-5].These hydrogels leverage the unique properties of IL,such as high ionic conductivity,nonvolatility,and thermal stability,to create a flexible conductive material suitable for various applications in soft electronics,such as actuators,wearable sensors,and stretchable energy generation/storage devices[6-8].
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(Grant No.2024B1515020100)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42306093,42406071,42306073,42206070)。
文摘The oceanic transform fault(OTF)is one of the three types of plate boundaries.It provides an important channel for the exchange of material and energy within the Earth's interior,which is significant for understanding global plate tectonics.In recent years,substantial progress has been made in the study of OTFs,including their morphology,crustal accretion mode,stress and strain state,brittle-ductile deformation structures,and segmentation and symmetry of seismicity.The combined effects of magmatism and tectonism shape the morphology and structure of OTF:the spreading rate and the age offsets reflect the thermal structure of the OTF,and thus affect the intensity of magmatism;meanwhile,the stress within the lithosphere and plate motion control the tectonic features and formation of faults.Three-dimensional dynamic models have demonstrated that increased magmatism at mid-ocean ridges destabilizes the fault,thereby facilitating the dynamic evolution of the OTF.Moreover,the maximum depth of earthquakes on OTF is controlled by the thermal structure of the lithosphere,which is crucial for characterizing the frictional properties of faults and understanding their seismic behaviors.Based on recent comprehensive research findings,this paper reviews the tectonic features,three-dimensional morphological structure,and lithospheric thermal structure of OTF,and discusses important scientific issues,including the magmatic-tectonic co-evolution and geodynamic mechanisms of OTF.Future research will combine high-resolution observations and theoretical simulations to further elucidate the processes and mechanisms of OTF,providing important advances to global plate tectonic theory.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Numbers:52303371,W2521021Guangdong Science and Technology Department,Grant/Award Numbers:2021B0301030005,STKJ2023075,2022A1515110209+5 种基金Guangdong Education Department,Grant/Award Number:2022KQNCX112Guangdong TechnionGTIIT Changzhou Innovation Institute,Grant/Award Number:GCII-Seed-202406Key Discipline(KD)FundTechnionStart-Up Fund from Guangdong Technion。
文摘Stretchable epidermal electronics with stable electrical performance have been widely applied in numerous fields,including advanced medical therapy,wear-able electronics,soft robotics,and human–machine interaction.However,con-ventional stretchable devices,which typically integrate a pliant substrate and a conductor,often encounter inferior electrical performance under sustained or intense stretching due to poor stretchability,limited permeability,and the notable disparity in Young's modulus between the substrate and the conductor.This mechanical discord intensifies problems such as reduced durability and inconsistent conductivity.In this work,we address these limitations by devising a liquid metal-based flexible conductor via an innovative direct coating method.This conductor,supported by an electrospun fiber nanomesh,reveals markedly enhanced permeability through a pre-stretch activation process.The resulting electrode demonstrates remarkable electrical conductivity reaching 3730 S cm^(-1),superior permeability with a water vapor transmission rate of 40.2 g m^(-)2 h^(-1),and extraordinary stretchability(>2000%strain),coupled with exceptional mechanical durability.The liquid metal fiber mat structure allows for the creation of breathable,on-skin electronics capable of long-term electro-physiological monitoring,rendering it ideal for continuous health monitoring applications.
基金supported by National Major Scientific Research Instrument Development Project:62227803the Key Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China:62331016+2 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China:62141109the Leading-edge Technology Programme of Jiangsu Natural Science Foundation:BK20212012Key Research and Development Plan Project of Jiangsu Province:BE2022812.
文摘Pancreatic cancer is one of the deadly malignancies with a significant mortality rate and there are currently few therapeutic options for it.The tumor microenvironment(TME)in pancreatic cancer,distinguished by fibrosis and the existence of cancer-associated fibroblasts(CAFs),exerts a pivotal influence on both tumor advancement and resistance to therapy.Recent advancements in the field of engineered extracellular vesicles(EVs)offer novel avenues for targeted therapy in pancreatic cancer.This study aimed to develop engineered EVs for the targeted reprogramming of CAFs and modulating the TME in pancreatic cancer.EVs obtained from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(BMSCs)were loaded with miR-138-5p and the anti-fibrotic agent pirfenidone(PFD)and subjected to surface modification with integrinα5-targeting peptides(named IEVs-PFD/138)to reprogram CAFs and suppress their pro-tumorigenic effects.Integrinα5-targeting peptide modification enhanced the CAF-targeting ability of EVs.miR-138-5p directly inhibited the formation of the FERMT2-TGFBR1 complex,inhibiting TGF-βsignaling pathway activation.In addition,miR-138-5p inhibited proline-mediated collagen synthesis by directly targeting the FERMT2-PYCR1 complex.The combination of miR-138-5p and PFD in EVs synergistically promoted CAF reprogramming and suppressed the pro-cancer effects of CAFs.Preclinical experiments using the orthotopic stroma-rich and patient-derived xenograft mouse models yielded promising results.In particular,IEVs-PFD/138 effectively reprogrammed CAFs and remodeled TME,which resulted in decreased tumor pressure,enhanced gemcitabine perfusion,tumor hypoxia amelioration,and greater sensitivity of cancer cells to chemotherapy.Thus,the strategy developed in this study can improve chemotherapy outcomes.Utilizing IEVs-PFD/138 as a targeted therapeutic agent to modulate CAFs and the TME represents a promising therapeutic approach for pancreatic cancer.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2017YFB1003000)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.61872079,61572129,61602112,61502097,61702096,61320106007,61632008,and 61702097)+4 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(Nos.BK20160695 and BK20170689)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.2242018k1G019)the Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Network and Information Security(No.BM2003201)the Key Laboratory of Computer Network and Information Integration of Ministry of Education of China(No.93K-9)partially supported by the Collaborative Innovation Center of Novel Software Technology and Industrialization and Collaborative Innovation Center of Wireless Communications Technology
文摘With the continuous enrichment of cloud services, an increasing number of applications are being deployed in data centers. These emerging applications are often communication-intensive and data-parallel, and their performance is closely related to the underlying network. With their distributed nature, the applications consist of tasks that involve a collection of parallel flows. Traditional techniques to optimize flow-level metrics are agnostic to task-level requirements, leading to poor application-level performance. In this paper, we address the heterogeneous task-level requirements of applications and propose task-aware flow scheduling. First, we model tasks' sensitivity to their completion time by utilities. Second, on the basis of Nash bargaining theory, we establish a flow scheduling model with heterogeneous utility characteristics, and analyze it using Lagrange multiplier method and KKT condition. Third, we propose two utility-aware bandwidth allocation algorithms with different practical constraints. Finally, we present Tasch, a system that enables tasks to maintain high utilities and guarantees the fairness of utilities. To demonstrate the feasibility of our system, we conduct comprehensive evaluations with realworld traffic trace. Communication stages complete up to 1.4 faster on average, task utilities increase up to 2.26,and the fairness of tasks improves up to 8.66 using Tasch in comparison to per-flow mechanisms.
基金the financial support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52173046,52473050,and 22275166)the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(No.LZ21E030002)。
文摘The overuse and ineffective management of plastics have led to significant environmental pollution. Catalytic upcycling into value-added chemicals has emerged as a promising solution. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in catalytic upcycling, focusing on the cleavage of chemical bonds such as carbon-carbon (C-C), carbon-oxygen (C-O), and carbon-hydrogen (C-H) in plastics. It systematically discusses plastics conversion via electrocatalysis, thermal catalysis, and photocatalysis. Additionally, it explores the conversion of plastics into value-added chemicals and functional polymers. The review also addresses the challenges in this field and aims to offer insights for developing sustainable and effective plastics upcycling technologies.
基金The study is supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFC0909003)the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council(GNT1147769)the Bellberry-Viertel Senior Medical Research Fellowship to D.Y.
文摘Upon priming,naive CD4^(+) helper T(Th)cells differentiate into distinct subsets with specialized functions.The differentiation of Th subsets is driven not only by signals from the T cell receptor(TCR)and costimulatory receptors but is also critically dependent on the specific cytokine milieu.By mimicking such conditions,robust methods have been developed for the in vitro differentiation of type 1 and type 2 Th(Th1 and Th2)cells,and more recently,IL-17-producing Th(Th17)cells and regulatory T(Treg)cells,1 which greatly support the research and applications of these Th subsets.Follicular helper T(Tfh)cells represent another Th subset that specializes in supporting the germinal center(GC)response and regulating the generation of memory B cells and long-lived plasma cells.2 However,current methods for in vitro Tfh differentiation are not optimal.Even in the best practice,only 20%of polarized cells showed the expression of CXCR5,the key Tfh functional marker.3 Here,we report an optimized in vitro differentiation method that generates 50–75%CXCR5+cells with enhanced B cell helper function.We demonstrate that the priming of antigen-presenting cells(APCs)by lipopolysaccharide(LPS)and the increase of the APC:T cell ratio were key to efficiently generating Tfh cells in vitro.
