Postruminal intestinal inflammation and hindgut acidosis caused by increased dietary starch supply and thereby increased quantities of ruminal degradable starch(RDS)in ruminants have been widely studied.Although the r...Postruminal intestinal inflammation and hindgut acidosis caused by increased dietary starch supply and thereby increased quantities of ruminal degradable starch(RDS)in ruminants have been widely studied.Although the roles of the microbiota in mediating hindgut health that are focused on the hindgut have been widely studied,the absence of whole gastrointestinal insight may influence the depth of research.We integrated the microbiome,metabolome,and host transcriptome changes in the rumen,jejunum,ileum,and colon to investigate the contributions of foregut changes to hindgut gene expression driven by gastrointestinal microbiota and metabolite flow.Forty goats were randomly assigned to receive either a low rumen-degradation-rate starch diet(LRDS,n=20)or a high rumen-degradation-rate starch diet(HRDS,n=20).Compared with the HRDS group,the LRDS group significantly decreased the diarrheal rate.Based on the mean values of the fecal scores,6 represented goats of LRDS group(fecal scores=(4.58±0.120))and 6 represented goats of HRDS group(fecal scores=(3.53±0.343))were selected for sampling and subsequent analysis.LRDS had significantly decreased the colonic pathologic scores.Transcriptomic analysis revealed that LRDS reduced jejunal,ileal,and colonic inflammatory responses.An increase in beneficial commensals and a decreased abundance of pathogenic genera in the small intestine and hindgut were found in goats fed the LRDS diet using 16S rRNA gene sequencing.To identify microbial transmission as well as the transmission of microbial metabolites,8 genera were identified as core genera according to their calculated niche width.Metabolomics analysis revealed that a total of 554 metabolites were identified among different gastrointestinal sites.Then,metabolites were incorporated into 3 modules:metabolites increased in the current site(ICS),unchanged inflow metabolites in the current site(UICS),and metabolites decreased in the current site(DCS).The results indicated that the UICS metabolites contributed more than 10%to host gene expression in the jejunum,ileum,and colon.When we further focused on the effects of colonic UICS metabolites on the colonic immune-related differentially expressed genes(DEGs),the results indicated that 1-palmitoylglycerol and deoxycholic acid contributed 60.74 and 11.5%to the colonic immune-related DEGs,respectively.Our findings provide a preliminary framework of microbial effects that includes the microbiota and their metabolite changes,especially reduced 1-palmitoylglycerol and deoxycholic acid,in the former gastrointestinal tract that could be involved in the alleviation of colonic inflammation in goats fed LRDS diets.展开更多
An essential function carried out by bile acids(BA)is to aid in lipid absorption,as they emulsify lipids and combine with them to form chylomicrons.While BA have been utilized as lipid emulsifiers in monogastric and a...An essential function carried out by bile acids(BA)is to aid in lipid absorption,as they emulsify lipids and combine with them to form chylomicrons.While BA have been utilized as lipid emulsifiers in monogastric and aquatic animals,their impact on ruminants remains relatively unexplored.Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of BA on the lipid absorption of lactating dairy goats.In the Exp.1,twelve lactating goats with similar days in milk(42±2 d),body weight(46.2±5.1 kg),and milk yield(1.62±0.33 kg)were administered four BA doses(0,1,2,or 4 g/d)to explore the effects of BA supplementation.The results observed a positive correlation between the BA dose and plasma total bile acid concentration(P<0.001).Notably,when goats received BA,there was a trend of increase in the proportion of preformed fatty acids in milk(P=0.079).In the Exp.2,eighteen lactating goats with similar days in milk(100±6 d),body weight(45.0±3.7 kg),and milk yield(1.60±0.31 kg)were divided into two groups(HF and HFB):HF group received no BA,while HFB group received BA(4 g/d).Both the groups were fed diets with fat powder supplementation(1%of dry matter)for 5 weeks.BA supplementation led to a significant increase in milk yield(P=0.024)and fat concentration(P=0.045).Meanwhile,there was a significant rise of total bile acid concentration in plasma(P<0.001),rumen(P<0.001)and feces(P<0.001).Additionally,BA supplementation had a significant impact on blood metabolism,up-regulating 241 metabolites and down-regulating 208 metabolites(P<0.05).BA supplementation also altered the correlations among various plasma lipid components(P<0.05).In fatty acid(FA)analysis,26 different FA were detected,out of which 16 showed significant down-regulation upon BA supplementation(P<0.05).In conclusion,BA supplementation positively influenced lactating dairy goats,particularly when fed diets with fat powder supplementation.BA supplementation enhanced milk yield,improved milk fat concentration,and significantly altered lipid-related blood metabolism.These findings suggest that BA supplementation could be a valuable strategy for enhancing dairy production and lipid metabolism in dairy goats,offering potential benefits for the dairy industry.展开更多
Domestic waste in China is mainly collected as a combination of different types of materials.The components are variable and complex,with very different combustion characteristics making it difficult to optimize the b...Domestic waste in China is mainly collected as a combination of different types of materials.The components are variable and complex,with very different combustion characteristics making it difficult to optimize the burning to reduce pollution.There are still some controversies about the accuracy of using carbon monoxide(CO)emission to characterize waste incineration performance.Here,we investigated the relationship between waste classification,incineration conditions and dioxin emission and concluded that the concentration of CO in flue gas could not be used as the only criterion of combustion efficiency and safety.Considering the close relationship between the formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans(PCDD/Fs)and products of incomplete combustion,the relatively low concentrations of CO are not a reliable indicator that an incinerator equipped with an activated carbon injection system and fabric filter could achieve the national standards for PCDD/F emission.The goal,therefore,is not only to lower the emission of PCDD/Fs and other pollutants through clas-sifying the waste components at the source,but also to reduce the need for the treatment of incinerated waste to protect the environment and to increase the power generation efficiency of municipal solid waste incineration(MSWI)plants.As the demand for waste disposal continues to rapidly increase,the need for a safe waste incineration system with dioxin emission controls makes the classification of waste an indispensable part of future MSWI systems.展开更多
Bacterial and fungal necromass in soil showed opposite trends with rice growth.The contribution of GRSP increased but ASs decreased to SOC with rice growth.Microbial residues were mainly influenced by living microbial...Bacterial and fungal necromass in soil showed opposite trends with rice growth.The contribution of GRSP increased but ASs decreased to SOC with rice growth.Microbial residues were mainly influenced by living microbial biomass.Microbial residues play an important role in soil organic carbon(SOC)sequestration.Paddy fields are important agricultural ecosystems involved in the carbon cycle;however,microbial residues change with rice growth in soil from double-season rice,and the influence of these residues on SOC sequestration is uncertain.Here,we investigated the microbial residues(amino sugars(AS)and glomalin-related soil protein(GRSP))content and their contribution to SOC during the tillering stage(TS),heading stage(HS),and ripening stage(RS)in both early-and late-season rice in a double-cropping rice-growing area wherein the straw is returned after the earlyseason rice is harvested.Microbial biomass significantly increased from the early-to the late-season.In addition,the content of bacterial residues decreased(7.94%,P=0.008),while the fungal residues increased(8.15%,P<0.001)in the late-season compared with the early-season,suggesting that bacterial residues were recycled more rapidly than fungal residues.Amino sugar content and its contribution to SOC decreased from the TS to the RS in the late-season soil,probably because of the nutrient requirements of the rapidly growing rice.The contribution of GRSP to SOC increased by 10.5%,whereas that of ASs decreased by 4.5%from the early-to the late-season.Living soil microbes rather than soil physicochemical properties were the main factors influencing microbial residue accumulation.The results of this study provide a theoretical basis from a microbial perspective which will facilitate future efforts to enhance SOC sequestration during paddy field management.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32072761,31902184 and 32102570)the Shaanxi Provincial Science and Technology Association Young Talents Lifting Program Project,China(20220203)。
文摘Postruminal intestinal inflammation and hindgut acidosis caused by increased dietary starch supply and thereby increased quantities of ruminal degradable starch(RDS)in ruminants have been widely studied.Although the roles of the microbiota in mediating hindgut health that are focused on the hindgut have been widely studied,the absence of whole gastrointestinal insight may influence the depth of research.We integrated the microbiome,metabolome,and host transcriptome changes in the rumen,jejunum,ileum,and colon to investigate the contributions of foregut changes to hindgut gene expression driven by gastrointestinal microbiota and metabolite flow.Forty goats were randomly assigned to receive either a low rumen-degradation-rate starch diet(LRDS,n=20)or a high rumen-degradation-rate starch diet(HRDS,n=20).Compared with the HRDS group,the LRDS group significantly decreased the diarrheal rate.Based on the mean values of the fecal scores,6 represented goats of LRDS group(fecal scores=(4.58±0.120))and 6 represented goats of HRDS group(fecal scores=(3.53±0.343))were selected for sampling and subsequent analysis.LRDS had significantly decreased the colonic pathologic scores.Transcriptomic analysis revealed that LRDS reduced jejunal,ileal,and colonic inflammatory responses.An increase in beneficial commensals and a decreased abundance of pathogenic genera in the small intestine and hindgut were found in goats fed the LRDS diet using 16S rRNA gene sequencing.To identify microbial transmission as well as the transmission of microbial metabolites,8 genera were identified as core genera according to their calculated niche width.Metabolomics analysis revealed that a total of 554 metabolites were identified among different gastrointestinal sites.Then,metabolites were incorporated into 3 modules:metabolites increased in the current site(ICS),unchanged inflow metabolites in the current site(UICS),and metabolites decreased in the current site(DCS).The results indicated that the UICS metabolites contributed more than 10%to host gene expression in the jejunum,ileum,and colon.When we further focused on the effects of colonic UICS metabolites on the colonic immune-related differentially expressed genes(DEGs),the results indicated that 1-palmitoylglycerol and deoxycholic acid contributed 60.74 and 11.5%to the colonic immune-related DEGs,respectively.Our findings provide a preliminary framework of microbial effects that includes the microbiota and their metabolite changes,especially reduced 1-palmitoylglycerol and deoxycholic acid,in the former gastrointestinal tract that could be involved in the alleviation of colonic inflammation in goats fed LRDS diets.
基金funded by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant numbers 32072761 and 32102570)Shaanxi Livestock and Poultry Breeding Double-chain Fusion Key Project(grant number 2022GD-TSLD-46–0501)The authors would like to acknowledge the support and care provided by the Innovative Research Team of Animal Nutrition&Healthy Feeding at Northwest A&F University for the dairy goats.We extend our appreciation to all team members who played a role in sample collection and analysis.Special thanks are due to Dr.Jing Zhang,Miss.Jing Zhao,and Miss.Wenjing Cao from the Horticulture Science Research Center at Northwest A&F University for their valuable technical assistance in GC analysis.
文摘An essential function carried out by bile acids(BA)is to aid in lipid absorption,as they emulsify lipids and combine with them to form chylomicrons.While BA have been utilized as lipid emulsifiers in monogastric and aquatic animals,their impact on ruminants remains relatively unexplored.Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of BA on the lipid absorption of lactating dairy goats.In the Exp.1,twelve lactating goats with similar days in milk(42±2 d),body weight(46.2±5.1 kg),and milk yield(1.62±0.33 kg)were administered four BA doses(0,1,2,or 4 g/d)to explore the effects of BA supplementation.The results observed a positive correlation between the BA dose and plasma total bile acid concentration(P<0.001).Notably,when goats received BA,there was a trend of increase in the proportion of preformed fatty acids in milk(P=0.079).In the Exp.2,eighteen lactating goats with similar days in milk(100±6 d),body weight(45.0±3.7 kg),and milk yield(1.60±0.31 kg)were divided into two groups(HF and HFB):HF group received no BA,while HFB group received BA(4 g/d).Both the groups were fed diets with fat powder supplementation(1%of dry matter)for 5 weeks.BA supplementation led to a significant increase in milk yield(P=0.024)and fat concentration(P=0.045).Meanwhile,there was a significant rise of total bile acid concentration in plasma(P<0.001),rumen(P<0.001)and feces(P<0.001).Additionally,BA supplementation had a significant impact on blood metabolism,up-regulating 241 metabolites and down-regulating 208 metabolites(P<0.05).BA supplementation also altered the correlations among various plasma lipid components(P<0.05).In fatty acid(FA)analysis,26 different FA were detected,out of which 16 showed significant down-regulation upon BA supplementation(P<0.05).In conclusion,BA supplementation positively influenced lactating dairy goats,particularly when fed diets with fat powder supplementation.BA supplementation enhanced milk yield,improved milk fat concentration,and significantly altered lipid-related blood metabolism.These findings suggest that BA supplementation could be a valuable strategy for enhancing dairy production and lipid metabolism in dairy goats,offering potential benefits for the dairy industry.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51621005)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFC0703100).
文摘Domestic waste in China is mainly collected as a combination of different types of materials.The components are variable and complex,with very different combustion characteristics making it difficult to optimize the burning to reduce pollution.There are still some controversies about the accuracy of using carbon monoxide(CO)emission to characterize waste incineration performance.Here,we investigated the relationship between waste classification,incineration conditions and dioxin emission and concluded that the concentration of CO in flue gas could not be used as the only criterion of combustion efficiency and safety.Considering the close relationship between the formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans(PCDD/Fs)and products of incomplete combustion,the relatively low concentrations of CO are not a reliable indicator that an incinerator equipped with an activated carbon injection system and fabric filter could achieve the national standards for PCDD/F emission.The goal,therefore,is not only to lower the emission of PCDD/Fs and other pollutants through clas-sifying the waste components at the source,but also to reduce the need for the treatment of incinerated waste to protect the environment and to increase the power generation efficiency of municipal solid waste incineration(MSWI)plants.As the demand for waste disposal continues to rapidly increase,the need for a safe waste incineration system with dioxin emission controls makes the classification of waste an indispensable part of future MSWI systems.
基金supported by the Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Technology in Rice Breeding(Grant No.2020B1212060047)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42007041,32101827)+1 种基金Funding from South China Botanical Garden,Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.QNXM-05)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(Grant No.2022A1515010822).
文摘Bacterial and fungal necromass in soil showed opposite trends with rice growth.The contribution of GRSP increased but ASs decreased to SOC with rice growth.Microbial residues were mainly influenced by living microbial biomass.Microbial residues play an important role in soil organic carbon(SOC)sequestration.Paddy fields are important agricultural ecosystems involved in the carbon cycle;however,microbial residues change with rice growth in soil from double-season rice,and the influence of these residues on SOC sequestration is uncertain.Here,we investigated the microbial residues(amino sugars(AS)and glomalin-related soil protein(GRSP))content and their contribution to SOC during the tillering stage(TS),heading stage(HS),and ripening stage(RS)in both early-and late-season rice in a double-cropping rice-growing area wherein the straw is returned after the earlyseason rice is harvested.Microbial biomass significantly increased from the early-to the late-season.In addition,the content of bacterial residues decreased(7.94%,P=0.008),while the fungal residues increased(8.15%,P<0.001)in the late-season compared with the early-season,suggesting that bacterial residues were recycled more rapidly than fungal residues.Amino sugar content and its contribution to SOC decreased from the TS to the RS in the late-season soil,probably because of the nutrient requirements of the rapidly growing rice.The contribution of GRSP to SOC increased by 10.5%,whereas that of ASs decreased by 4.5%from the early-to the late-season.Living soil microbes rather than soil physicochemical properties were the main factors influencing microbial residue accumulation.The results of this study provide a theoretical basis from a microbial perspective which will facilitate future efforts to enhance SOC sequestration during paddy field management.
