This paper reviews current progress and future challenges of digital technology applications for energy system transi-tion in the context of net-zero.A list of case studies for such digitization enabled optimal design...This paper reviews current progress and future challenges of digital technology applications for energy system transi-tion in the context of net-zero.A list of case studies for such digitization enabled optimal design and operation of energy systems at various temporal and spatial scales are reviewed in the paper,including model predictive control,enterprise-wide optimization,eco-industrial park data management,and smart city.The key technological innova-tions across these applications,such as virtual representation of physical entities,ontological knowledge base,data-driven high dimensional surrogate model based parameterization are also inspected in the paper.Future challenges in terms of data privacy and security are also discussed as potential barriers for digitalization enabled net-zero energy system transition.展开更多
Fullerene-based materials,particularly[6,6]-phenyl-C_(61)-butyric acid methyl ester(PC_(61)BM),are extensively employed as electron transport materials(ETMs)in inverted perovskite solar cells(PSCs)due to their superio...Fullerene-based materials,particularly[6,6]-phenyl-C_(61)-butyric acid methyl ester(PC_(61)BM),are extensively employed as electron transport materials(ETMs)in inverted perovskite solar cells(PSCs)due to their superior electron transport properties.However,their insufficient passivation capability and tendency to aggregate in films can lead to interfacial charge accumulation and charge carrier recombination losses,ultimately compromising both the efficiency and stability of PSCs.To address these challenges,we developed a novel fullerene derivative,PC_(61)BP,by grafting a cyano-phosphate(CNPhP)functional group to fullerene.The phosphate moiety and-CN group in PC_(61)BP can coordinate with undercoordinated Pb^(2+)ions on the perovskite surface,facilitating defect passivation and suppressing charge nonradiative recombination.Importantly,the incorporation of the CNPhP group can modulate intermolecular interactions among PC_(61)BP molecules,preventing aggregation and promoting the formation of a more uniform film.Consequently,the inverted devices using PC_(61)BP as the ETM achieve a champion power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 26.01%,markedly outperforming the PC_(61)BM-based control device(PCE=24.59%),along with improved stability.Moreover,the 1.01 cm^(2)devices using PC_(61)BP as the ETM achieve a high efficiency of 24.48%.This study offers a promising strategy for advancing the performance of inverted PSCs through the rational design of fullerene-based ETMs.展开更多
基金fund of Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems(No.LLEUTS-202002)Peking University-Ordos Joint Laboratory for Carbon Neutrality.
文摘This paper reviews current progress and future challenges of digital technology applications for energy system transi-tion in the context of net-zero.A list of case studies for such digitization enabled optimal design and operation of energy systems at various temporal and spatial scales are reviewed in the paper,including model predictive control,enterprise-wide optimization,eco-industrial park data management,and smart city.The key technological innova-tions across these applications,such as virtual representation of physical entities,ontological knowledge base,data-driven high dimensional surrogate model based parameterization are also inspected in the paper.Future challenges in terms of data privacy and security are also discussed as potential barriers for digitalization enabled net-zero energy system transition.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(grant no.2022YFF0709901)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grants nos.22479121 and 52273182).
文摘Fullerene-based materials,particularly[6,6]-phenyl-C_(61)-butyric acid methyl ester(PC_(61)BM),are extensively employed as electron transport materials(ETMs)in inverted perovskite solar cells(PSCs)due to their superior electron transport properties.However,their insufficient passivation capability and tendency to aggregate in films can lead to interfacial charge accumulation and charge carrier recombination losses,ultimately compromising both the efficiency and stability of PSCs.To address these challenges,we developed a novel fullerene derivative,PC_(61)BP,by grafting a cyano-phosphate(CNPhP)functional group to fullerene.The phosphate moiety and-CN group in PC_(61)BP can coordinate with undercoordinated Pb^(2+)ions on the perovskite surface,facilitating defect passivation and suppressing charge nonradiative recombination.Importantly,the incorporation of the CNPhP group can modulate intermolecular interactions among PC_(61)BP molecules,preventing aggregation and promoting the formation of a more uniform film.Consequently,the inverted devices using PC_(61)BP as the ETM achieve a champion power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 26.01%,markedly outperforming the PC_(61)BM-based control device(PCE=24.59%),along with improved stability.Moreover,the 1.01 cm^(2)devices using PC_(61)BP as the ETM achieve a high efficiency of 24.48%.This study offers a promising strategy for advancing the performance of inverted PSCs through the rational design of fullerene-based ETMs.
