Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is characterized by its highly invasive andmetastatic potential,aswell as a propensity for recurrence,contributing to treatment failure and increased mortality.Under physiological conditio...Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is characterized by its highly invasive andmetastatic potential,aswell as a propensity for recurrence,contributing to treatment failure and increased mortality.Under physiological conditions,the liver maintains a balance in lipid biosynthesis,degradation,storage,and transport.HCC exhibits dysregulated lipid metabolism,driving tumor progression and therapeutic resistance.This review aims to elucidate the roles of fatty acid,sphingolipid,and cholesterol metabolism in HCC pathogenesis and explore emerging therapeutic strategies targeting these pathways.Key findings demonstrate that upregulated enzymes like fatty acid synthase(FASN),acetyl-CoA carboxylase(ACC),enhance de novo lipogenesis andβ-oxidation,and promote HCC proliferation,invasion,and apoptosis evasion.Sphingolipids exert dual functions:ceramides suppress tumors,while sphingosine-1-phosphate(S1P)drives oncogenic signaling.Aberrant cholesterolmetabolism,mediated byHMG-CoA reductase(HMGCR),liver X receptorα(LXRα),and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1(SREBP1),contributes to immunosuppression and drug resistance.Notably,inducing ferroptosis by disrupting lipid homeostasis represents a promising approach.Pharmacological inhibition of key nodes—such as FASN(Orlistat,TVB-3664),sphingomyelin synthase(D609),or cholesterol synthesis(statins,Genkwadaphnin)—synergizes with sorafenib/lenvatinib and overcomes resistance.We conclude that targeting lipid metabolic reprogramming,alone or combined with conventional therapies,offers significant potential for novelHCC treatment strategies.Future efforts should focus on overcoming metabolic plasticity and optimizing combinatorial regimens.展开更多
Nickel-based catalysts display promising potential in integrated hydrogen production through methanol electrooxidation(MOR).The unavoidable selfoxidation from Ni(OH)_(2)to NiOOH severely restricts their MOR performanc...Nickel-based catalysts display promising potential in integrated hydrogen production through methanol electrooxidation(MOR).The unavoidable selfoxidation from Ni(OH)_(2)to NiOOH severely restricts their MOR performance.To inspire the progress of MOR before self-oxidation of Ni species by altering reaction pathways,a heterostructured Ni-WO_(2)catalyst is constructed to follow the direct electrooxidation pathway of methanol.Insitu/ex-situ characterization techniques combined with density functional theory calculations reveal the constructed Ni-WO_(2)hetero structure alters the electronic structure of Ni site.It's found Ni-Ni bond in Ni-WO_(2)becomes longer and the electrons transfer from Ni sites to W sites.This results in up shifted d band center of Ni site and its closing to the Fermi energy level,which optimizes the CH_(3)OH adsorption and the deprotonation of*CH_(3)O into*CH_(2)O in potential-determining step.Moreover,the formed asymmetric adsorption sites increase the polarity of the methanol and the intermediate.As expected,CH_(3)OH molecule is highly converted into HCOOH via direct electrooxidation pathway.This obtained Ni-WO_(2)exhibits superior MOR activity with high peak current density of 325.26 mA cm^(-2) and performs long term of 90 h at10 mA cm^(-2) in hydrogen production.This work provides an important guidance for designing efficient Ni-based samples for direct electrooxidation of methanol.展开更多
Diatoms are important contributors to global net primary productivity,and play a crucial role in the biogeochemical cycles of carbon,phosphorus,nitrogen,iron,and silicon.Currently in some regions in the ocean,there’s...Diatoms are important contributors to global net primary productivity,and play a crucial role in the biogeochemical cycles of carbon,phosphorus,nitrogen,iron,and silicon.Currently in some regions in the ocean,there’s a trend that carbon content is high while oxygen concentration is low,and the underlying mechanisms of diatoms’response to low oxygen environments are worth investigating.Phaeodactylum tricornutum is a model diatom whose genome has been sequenced;it provides a universal molecular toolbox and a stable transgenic expression system.Therefore,the study of the responses of P.tricornutum to low oxygen has not only fundamental research significance but also important ecologic al significance.In this study,growth rates were determined and proteomic analysis and metabolomic analysis were performed to examine P.tricornutum responses under different oxygen concentrations(2%oxygen concentration for hypoxic condition and 21%oxygen concentration for the normal condition(sterilized air)).Results show that the hypoxic environment inhibited the growth of P.tricornutum.In the hypoxic conditions,P.tricornutum could reset its metabolism pathways,including enhancement in lipid utilization,replenishment of tricarboxylic acid(TCA)cycle through the glyoxylic acid cycle,and down-regulation of photorespiration to reduce energy waste.Additionally,the stress resistance mechanism was activated to facilitate the adaptation to low oxygen conditions.This study helps to reveal the different metabolic changes to hypoxia of diatom from that of higher plants,which might be ascribed to their different habitats and needs further exploration in the future.展开更多
Fine-grained visual classification(FGVC)is a very challenging task due to distinguishing subcategories under the same super-category.Recent works mainly localize discriminative image regions and capture subtle inter-c...Fine-grained visual classification(FGVC)is a very challenging task due to distinguishing subcategories under the same super-category.Recent works mainly localize discriminative image regions and capture subtle inter-class differences by utilizing attention-based methods.However,at the same layer,most attention-based works only consider large-scale attention blocks with the same size as feature maps,and they ignore small-scale attention blocks that are smaller than feature maps.To distinguish subcategories,it is important to exploit small local regions.In this work,a novel multi-scale attention network(MSANet)is proposed to capture large and small regions at the same layer in fine-grained visual classification.Specifically,a novel multi-scale attention layer(MSAL)is proposed,which generates multiple groups in each feature maps to capture different-scale discriminative regions.The groups based on large-scale regions can exploit global features and the groups based on the small-scale regions can extract local subtle features.Then,a simple feature fusion strategy is utilized to fully integrate global features and local subtle features to mine information that are more conducive to FGVC.Comprehensive experiments in Caltech-UCSD Birds-200-2011(CUB),FGVC-Aircraft(AIR)and Stanford Cars(Cars)datasets show that our method achieves the competitive performances,which demonstrate its effectiveness.展开更多
Addressing prevalent issues in Environmental Impact Assessment education,including the gap between theoretical instruction and practical application,as well as insufficient hands-on training,this study reconstructs an...Addressing prevalent issues in Environmental Impact Assessment education,including the gap between theoretical instruction and practical application,as well as insufficient hands-on training,this study reconstructs an integrated teaching framework grounded in the Outcome-Based Education(OBE)philosophy.The revised course defines clear competencies for applied talent development and embeds ideological and political dimensions within the coursework.By incorporating up-to-date legal statutes and real-world cases,the approach employs diverse pedagogies,including case-based and project-based learning,within a four-stage instructional sequence:theory acquisition,case analysis,practical implementation,and oral defense.In addition,a multi-faceted evaluation system encompassing continuous assessment,practical performance,and a comprehensive final examination has been instituted.Practical implementation indicates that this reform significantly strengthens students'theoretical knowledge,practical skills,and innovative capacity,yielding substantial improvements in teaching effectiveness.展开更多
Dear Editor,In hop(Humulus lupulus,Cannabaceae),the glandular trichomes of the female cones are highly efficient metabolic factories that accumulate specialized metabolites.These metabolites shape beer quality and mak...Dear Editor,In hop(Humulus lupulus,Cannabaceae),the glandular trichomes of the female cones are highly efficient metabolic factories that accumulate specialized metabolites.These metabolites shape beer quality and make hops indispensable to the brewing industry(Schonberger and Kostelecky,2011).While terpenoids define beer aroma,bitter acids(α-acids andβ-acids)confer the characteristic bitterness and were historically important for beer preservation.Among these,theα-acids-humulone,cohumulone,and adhumulone-are considered the‘‘soul’’of beer,serving as key ingredients that distinguish beer styles(Oladokun et al.,2017).Chemically,theα-acids undergo thermal isomerization during wort boiling to form iso-α-acids,the compounds responsible for beer bitterness(Figure 1A).展开更多
基金funded by grants from Guangxi Natural Science Foundation(2022JJA140639,2022JJA140776)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82060662,82560721)Guangxi University Student Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program Project(S202410601137,S202510601106).
文摘Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is characterized by its highly invasive andmetastatic potential,aswell as a propensity for recurrence,contributing to treatment failure and increased mortality.Under physiological conditions,the liver maintains a balance in lipid biosynthesis,degradation,storage,and transport.HCC exhibits dysregulated lipid metabolism,driving tumor progression and therapeutic resistance.This review aims to elucidate the roles of fatty acid,sphingolipid,and cholesterol metabolism in HCC pathogenesis and explore emerging therapeutic strategies targeting these pathways.Key findings demonstrate that upregulated enzymes like fatty acid synthase(FASN),acetyl-CoA carboxylase(ACC),enhance de novo lipogenesis andβ-oxidation,and promote HCC proliferation,invasion,and apoptosis evasion.Sphingolipids exert dual functions:ceramides suppress tumors,while sphingosine-1-phosphate(S1P)drives oncogenic signaling.Aberrant cholesterolmetabolism,mediated byHMG-CoA reductase(HMGCR),liver X receptorα(LXRα),and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1(SREBP1),contributes to immunosuppression and drug resistance.Notably,inducing ferroptosis by disrupting lipid homeostasis represents a promising approach.Pharmacological inhibition of key nodes—such as FASN(Orlistat,TVB-3664),sphingomyelin synthase(D609),or cholesterol synthesis(statins,Genkwadaphnin)—synergizes with sorafenib/lenvatinib and overcomes resistance.We conclude that targeting lipid metabolic reprogramming,alone or combined with conventional therapies,offers significant potential for novelHCC treatment strategies.Future efforts should focus on overcoming metabolic plasticity and optimizing combinatorial regimens.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U24A2023 and 21571119)the Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province(No.202203021221136)+4 种基金"Chunhui Plan"Cooperative Scientific Research Project of Education Ministry(No.HZKY20220510)the Scientific and Technological Innovation Programs of Higher Education Institution in Shanxi(No.2019L0466)the Graduate Education Innovation Project of Shanxi Province(Nos.2023JG093,2024KY421,and 2024XSY43)the Graduate Education Innovation Project of Shanxi Normal University(No.2021XSY038)1331 Engineering of Shanxi Province
文摘Nickel-based catalysts display promising potential in integrated hydrogen production through methanol electrooxidation(MOR).The unavoidable selfoxidation from Ni(OH)_(2)to NiOOH severely restricts their MOR performance.To inspire the progress of MOR before self-oxidation of Ni species by altering reaction pathways,a heterostructured Ni-WO_(2)catalyst is constructed to follow the direct electrooxidation pathway of methanol.Insitu/ex-situ characterization techniques combined with density functional theory calculations reveal the constructed Ni-WO_(2)hetero structure alters the electronic structure of Ni site.It's found Ni-Ni bond in Ni-WO_(2)becomes longer and the electrons transfer from Ni sites to W sites.This results in up shifted d band center of Ni site and its closing to the Fermi energy level,which optimizes the CH_(3)OH adsorption and the deprotonation of*CH_(3)O into*CH_(2)O in potential-determining step.Moreover,the formed asymmetric adsorption sites increase the polarity of the methanol and the intermediate.As expected,CH_(3)OH molecule is highly converted into HCOOH via direct electrooxidation pathway.This obtained Ni-WO_(2)exhibits superior MOR activity with high peak current density of 325.26 mA cm^(-2) and performs long term of 90 h at10 mA cm^(-2) in hydrogen production.This work provides an important guidance for designing efficient Ni-based samples for direct electrooxidation of methanol.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.41876158,31770024)the Natural Science Foundation of Hainan Province(No.420QN219)+3 种基金the Biology and Biochemistry ESI Cultivation Discipline Open Project of Qilu University of Technology(No.ESIBBC202004)the Innovation and Development Joint Fund of Natural Science Foundation from Shandong Province(No.ZR2021LSW022)the Young Taishan Scholarship to Xuekui XIA(No.tsqn202103100)the Start-up Fund Project of Hainan University(No.KYQD(ZR)20060)。
文摘Diatoms are important contributors to global net primary productivity,and play a crucial role in the biogeochemical cycles of carbon,phosphorus,nitrogen,iron,and silicon.Currently in some regions in the ocean,there’s a trend that carbon content is high while oxygen concentration is low,and the underlying mechanisms of diatoms’response to low oxygen environments are worth investigating.Phaeodactylum tricornutum is a model diatom whose genome has been sequenced;it provides a universal molecular toolbox and a stable transgenic expression system.Therefore,the study of the responses of P.tricornutum to low oxygen has not only fundamental research significance but also important ecologic al significance.In this study,growth rates were determined and proteomic analysis and metabolomic analysis were performed to examine P.tricornutum responses under different oxygen concentrations(2%oxygen concentration for hypoxic condition and 21%oxygen concentration for the normal condition(sterilized air)).Results show that the hypoxic environment inhibited the growth of P.tricornutum.In the hypoxic conditions,P.tricornutum could reset its metabolism pathways,including enhancement in lipid utilization,replenishment of tricarboxylic acid(TCA)cycle through the glyoxylic acid cycle,and down-regulation of photorespiration to reduce energy waste.Additionally,the stress resistance mechanism was activated to facilitate the adaptation to low oxygen conditions.This study helps to reveal the different metabolic changes to hypoxia of diatom from that of higher plants,which might be ascribed to their different habitats and needs further exploration in the future.
基金jointly supported by the National Science and Technology Major Project(2022ZD0117103)the National Natural Science Foundations of China(62272364)+2 种基金the provincial Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi(2024GH-ZDXM-47)the Research Project on Higher Education Teaching Reform of Shaanxi Province(23JG003)the Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi(2024JC-YBQN0639).
文摘Fine-grained visual classification(FGVC)is a very challenging task due to distinguishing subcategories under the same super-category.Recent works mainly localize discriminative image regions and capture subtle inter-class differences by utilizing attention-based methods.However,at the same layer,most attention-based works only consider large-scale attention blocks with the same size as feature maps,and they ignore small-scale attention blocks that are smaller than feature maps.To distinguish subcategories,it is important to exploit small local regions.In this work,a novel multi-scale attention network(MSANet)is proposed to capture large and small regions at the same layer in fine-grained visual classification.Specifically,a novel multi-scale attention layer(MSAL)is proposed,which generates multiple groups in each feature maps to capture different-scale discriminative regions.The groups based on large-scale regions can exploit global features and the groups based on the small-scale regions can extract local subtle features.Then,a simple feature fusion strategy is utilized to fully integrate global features and local subtle features to mine information that are more conducive to FGVC.Comprehensive experiments in Caltech-UCSD Birds-200-2011(CUB),FGVC-Aircraft(AIR)and Stanford Cars(Cars)datasets show that our method achieves the competitive performances,which demonstrate its effectiveness.
基金Supported by the Project of Henan Provincial Science and Technology Research Project(252102320110),Doctoral Research Foundation of Pingdingshan University(PXY-BSQD-2022032,PXY-BSQD-2023043)and Enterprise Commissioned Projects(PXY-HX-2025216-1).
文摘Addressing prevalent issues in Environmental Impact Assessment education,including the gap between theoretical instruction and practical application,as well as insufficient hands-on training,this study reconstructs an integrated teaching framework grounded in the Outcome-Based Education(OBE)philosophy.The revised course defines clear competencies for applied talent development and embeds ideological and political dimensions within the coursework.By incorporating up-to-date legal statutes and real-world cases,the approach employs diverse pedagogies,including case-based and project-based learning,within a four-stage instructional sequence:theory acquisition,case analysis,practical implementation,and oral defense.In addition,a multi-faceted evaluation system encompassing continuous assessment,practical performance,and a comprehensive final examination has been instituted.Practical implementation indicates that this reform significantly strengthens students'theoretical knowledge,practical skills,and innovative capacity,yielding substantial improvements in teaching effectiveness.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant no.32470265 to G.W.)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(grant no.2021M693388 to C.F.)We sincerely thank Dr.Jonathan E.Page(University of British Columbia,Canada)and Dr.Shawn M.Clark(National Research Council of Canada)for their valuable and insightful discussions on the hops project.
文摘Dear Editor,In hop(Humulus lupulus,Cannabaceae),the glandular trichomes of the female cones are highly efficient metabolic factories that accumulate specialized metabolites.These metabolites shape beer quality and make hops indispensable to the brewing industry(Schonberger and Kostelecky,2011).While terpenoids define beer aroma,bitter acids(α-acids andβ-acids)confer the characteristic bitterness and were historically important for beer preservation.Among these,theα-acids-humulone,cohumulone,and adhumulone-are considered the‘‘soul’’of beer,serving as key ingredients that distinguish beer styles(Oladokun et al.,2017).Chemically,theα-acids undergo thermal isomerization during wort boiling to form iso-α-acids,the compounds responsible for beer bitterness(Figure 1A).
