Objective:To investigate the clinical effect of combined application of calcitriol and low-calcium dialysate in the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism(SHPT).Methods:Eighty-nine patients with SHPT who visited t...Objective:To investigate the clinical effect of combined application of calcitriol and low-calcium dialysate in the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism(SHPT).Methods:Eighty-nine patients with SHPT who visited the hospital from February 2023 to February 2025 were included in the study.They were divided into an observation group(n=45)and a control group(n=44)using a random number table method.The observation group received calcitriol combined with low-calcium dialysate treatment,while the control group received calcitriol combined with conventional dialysate treatment.The differences in intact parathyroid hormone(iPTH),calcium and phosphorus metabolism indicators,renal function indicators,and adverse reaction rates were compared and evaluated before and after treatment between the two groups.Results:Compared with before treatment,the levels of iPTH,serum phosphorus,and calcium-phosphorus product were significantly reduced in both groups after treatment,and the observation group had lower levels than the control group(P<0.05).Additionally,the blood calcium levels in both groups increased compared to before treatment,and the observation group had higher levels than the control group(P<0.05).After intervention,there was no statistically significant difference in renal function indicators between the two groups(P>0.05).The incidence of adverse reactions in the observation group was lower than that in the control group(P<0.05).Conclusion:The combination of calcitriol and low-calcium dialysate for the treatment of SHPT can effectively reduce the levels of iPTH,serum phosphorus,and calcium-phosphorus product,increase blood calcium levels,and has a low incidence of adverse reactions.It has no significant effect on renal function and is a safe and effective treatment method.展开更多
Purpose: To examine, within a social–ecological framework, associations between multifaceted individual and environmental factors and habitual physical activity(HPA) among older Chinese adults.Methods: Through a mix ...Purpose: To examine, within a social–ecological framework, associations between multifaceted individual and environmental factors and habitual physical activity(HPA) among older Chinese adults.Methods: Through a mix of qualitative and quantitative methods, a survey instrument assessing various factors underlying 3 social–ecological dimensions of intrapersonal, interpersonal, and community and environmental resources was developed. Using a cross-sectional design, older adults(n = 1580, aged 67 ± 7 years) recruited from 10 communities in Shandong province completed the social–ecological survey of HPA. Data were analyzed using Partial Least Squares Path Modeling.Results: Factors related to intrapersonal(medical knowledge, motivation, physical function, sport skills, socioeconomic status, and education),interpersonal(social support, social activity, and social norms), and community and physical environmental resources(safety, capacity, availability of and access to physical activity facilities) were found to be significantly associated with older adults' participation in HPA.Conclusion: The findings provide an initial validation of a social–ecological approach to the study of HPA in China, suggesting that strategies aimed at promoting physical activity in older adults should address multiple levels of factors that may contribute to the likelihood of older Chinese adults being physically active.展开更多
In common wheat, insoluble glutenin （IG） is an important fraction of flour glutenin macropolymers, and insoluble glutenin content （IGC） is positively associated with key end-use quality parameters. Here, we presen...In common wheat, insoluble glutenin （IG） is an important fraction of flour glutenin macropolymers, and insoluble glutenin content （IGC） is positively associated with key end-use quality parameters. Here, we present a genetic analysis of the chromosomal loci affecting IGC with the data collected from 90 common wheat varieties cultivated in four environments. Statistical analysis showed that IGC was controlled mainly genetically and influenced by the environment. Among the major genetic components known to affect end-use quality, 1BL/1RS translocation had a significantly negative effect on IGC across all four environments. As to the different alleles of Glu-A1, -B1 and -D1 loci, Glu-Ala, Glu-Blb and Glu-Dld exhibited relatively strong positive effects on IGC in all environments. To identify new loci affecting IGC, association mapping with 1355 DArT markers was conducted. A total of 133 markers were found associated with IGC in two or more environments （P 〈 0.05）, ten of which consistently affected IGC in all four environments. The phenotypic variance explained by the ten markers varied from 4.66% to 8.03%, and their elite alleles performed significantly better than the inferior counterparts in enhancing IGC. Among the ten markers, wPt-3743 and wPt-733835 reflected the action of Glu-D1, and wPt-664972 probably indicated the effect of GIu-A1. The other seven markers, forming three clusters on 2AL. 3BL or 7BL chromosome arms, represented newly identified genetic determinants of IGC. Our work provided novel insights into the genetic control of IGC, which may facilitate wheat end- use quality improvement through molecular breeding in the future.展开更多
Puccinia striiformis Westend. f. sp. tritici(Pst) pathotype CYR34 is widely virulent and prevalent in China.Here, we report identification of a strpie rust resistance(Yr) gene, designated Yr041133, in winter wheat lin...Puccinia striiformis Westend. f. sp. tritici(Pst) pathotype CYR34 is widely virulent and prevalent in China.Here, we report identification of a strpie rust resistance(Yr) gene, designated Yr041133, in winter wheat line 041133. This line produced a hypersensitive reaction to CYR34 and conferred resistance to 13 other pathotypes. Resistance to CYR34 in line 041133 was controlled by a single dominant gene. Bulked segregant RNA sequencing(BSR-Seq) was performed on a pair of RNA bulks generated by pooling resistant and susceptible recombinant inbred lines. Yr041133 was mapped to a 1.7 c M genetic interval on the chromosome arm 7 BL that corresponded to a 0.8 Mb physical interval(608.9–609.7 Mb) in the Chinese Spring reference genome. Based on its unique physical location Yr041133 differred from the other Yr genes on this chromosome arm.展开更多
Nitrogen(N)-doped carbon materials as metal catalyst supports have attracted signifi cant attention,but the eff ect of N dopants on catalytic performance remains unclear,especially for complex reaction processes such ...Nitrogen(N)-doped carbon materials as metal catalyst supports have attracted signifi cant attention,but the eff ect of N dopants on catalytic performance remains unclear,especially for complex reaction processes such as Fischer-Tropsch synthesis(FTS).Herein,we engineered ruthenium(Ru)FTS catalysts supported on N-doped carbon overlayers on TiO_(2)nanoparticles.By regulating the carbonization temperatures,we successfully controlled the types and contents of N dopants to identify their impacts on metal-support interactions(MSI).Our fi ndings revealed that N dopants establish a favorable surface environment for electron transfer from the support to the Ru species.Moreover,pyridinic N demonstrates the highest electron-donating ability,followed by pyrrolic N and graphitic N.In addition to realizing excellent catalytic stability,strengthening the interaction between Ru sites and N dopants increases the Ru^(0)/Ru^(δ+)ratios to enlarge the active site numbers and surface electron density of Ru species to enhance the strength of adsorbed CO.Consequently,it improves the catalyst’s overall performance,encompassing intrinsic and apparent activities,as well as its ability for carbon chain growth.Accordingly,the as-synthesized Ru/TiO_(2)@CN-700 catalyst with abundant pyridine N dopants exhibits a superhigh C_(5+)time yield of 219.4 mol CO/(mol Ru·h)and C_(5+)selectivity of 85.5%.展开更多
A large number of apoptotic vesicles(ApoVs)are released during apoptosis,and mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs)-derived ApoVs(MSC-ApoVs)have significant efficacy in the field of tissue regeneration.ApoVs extracted by densit...A large number of apoptotic vesicles(ApoVs)are released during apoptosis,and mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs)-derived ApoVs(MSC-ApoVs)have significant efficacy in the field of tissue regeneration.ApoVs extracted by density gradient centrifugation have a larger volume and wider diameter distribution,high yield and drug loading efficiency,and inherit the apoptotic traces of FasL,phosphatidylserine(PS),ICAM-3,and other parent cells and the ability to target cell membranes.MSC-ApoVs can significantly promote skin wound healing;however,whether they can promote wound healing in the early stages by playing an antibacterial role is unclear.In the present study,human umbilical cord MSC-derived ApoVs(hucMSC-ApoVs)were extracted and prepared.An in vitro antibacterial test confirmed that hucMSC-ApoVs effectively inhibited the growth of bacteria and sterilized bacteria.In vivo experiments revealed that hucMSC-ApoVs can accelerate the healing of infected wounds.Further exploration of the antibacterial mechanism revealed that hucMSC-ApoVs significantly interfered with bacterial catabolic processes.In gram-positive bacteria(MRSA),hucMSC-ApoVs affect the normal metabolic process of bacteria mainly by inhibiting the metabolism of purines,pyrimidines,and other nucleotides of MRSA and arginine biosynthesis,whereas in the gram-negative bacteria E.coli,they affect this process.HucMSC-ApoVs inhibit bacterial metabolic processes such as sulfur,fatty acid,arginine,and proline metabolism;in particular,hucMSC-ApoVs can interfere with the ethanolamine metabolic process in E.coli by regulating a series of ethanolamine genes(Eut)that encode ethanolamine degrading enzymes.These findings suggest that hucMSC-ApoVs are useful natural reagents for inhibiting wound bacterial infection and promoting wound healing.展开更多
Wound healing refers to the healing process that occurs after the skin and other tissues are separated or damaged by internal or external forces.It is a complex combination of tissue regeneration,granulation tissue hy...Wound healing refers to the healing process that occurs after the skin and other tissues are separated or damaged by internal or external forces.It is a complex combination of tissue regeneration,granulation tissue hyperplasia,and scar formation,and shows the synergistic effects of these processes.After skin damage,the environment around the wound and the cells at site of the damage respond immediately,and a range of cytokines and growth factors are released.In cutaneous injury,extracellular vesicle(EV)signaling plays a vital role in the healing process via paracrine and endocrine mechanisms.EVs are natural intercellular and inter-organ communication tools that carry various bioactive substances for message exchange.Stem cells and stem cell EVs facilitate tissue repair,showing promising potential in regenerative medicine.Nevertheless,EVs derived from specific skin tissue cells,such as epidermal cells,fibroblasts,vascular endothelial cells and inflammatory cells,also play important roles in cutaneous tissue repair.Here,we describe the characteristics of wound healing,concentrating on the production and functions of EVs derived from specific skin cells,and provide new ideas for wound therapy using EVs.展开更多
Since the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)began to spread,it remains pandemic worldwide.The European Medicines Agency’s human medicines committee and Food and Drug Administration have only granted a conditional mar...Since the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)began to spread,it remains pandemic worldwide.The European Medicines Agency’s human medicines committee and Food and Drug Administration have only granted a conditional marketing authorization for remdesivir to treat COVID-19.It is essential to apply other valuable treatments.Convalescent plasma(CP),donated by persons who have recovered from COVID-19,is the cellular component of blood that contains specific antibodies.Therefore,to determine the feasibility of CP for COVID-19,the effectiveness and controversy are discussed in depth here.It is suggested that CP plays a certain role in the treatment of COVID-19.As a treatment,it may have its own indications and contraindications,which need to be further discussed.Meanwhile,it is critical to establish a standard procedure for treatment from CP collection,preservation,transport,to transfusion,and conduct some large sample randomized controlled trials to confirm the transfusion dosage,appropriate time,frequency,and actively prevent adverse outcomes that may occur.展开更多
Energy metabolism is essential for insect metamorphosis. The accumulation and utilization of energy is still not completely clear during larval–pupal metamorphosis of holometabolous insects. We used metabolome and tr...Energy metabolism is essential for insect metamorphosis. The accumulation and utilization of energy is still not completely clear during larval–pupal metamorphosis of holometabolous insects. We used metabolome and transcriptome analysis to reveal key metabolic changes in the fat body and plasma and the underlying metabolic regulation mechanism of Helicoverpa armigera, an important global agricultural insect pest, during larval–pupal metamorphosis. During the feeding stage, activation of aerobic glycolysis provided intermediate metabolites and energy for cell proliferation and lipid synthesis. During the non-feeding stages (the initiation of the wandering stage and the prepupal stage), aerobic glycolysis was suppressed, while, triglyceride degradation was activated in the fat body. The blocking of metabolic pathways in the fat body was probably caused by 20-hydroxyecdysone-induced cell apoptosis. 20-hydroxyecdysone cooperated with carnitine to promote the degradation of triglycerides and the accumulation of acylcarnitines in the hemolymph, allowing rapid transportation and supply of lipids from the fat body to other organs, which provided a valuable reference for revealing the metabolic regulation mechanism of lepidopteran larvae during the last instar. Carnitine and acylcarnitines are first reported to be key factors that mediate the degradation and utilization of lipids during larval–pupal metamorphosis of lepidopteran insects.展开更多
文摘Objective:To investigate the clinical effect of combined application of calcitriol and low-calcium dialysate in the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism(SHPT).Methods:Eighty-nine patients with SHPT who visited the hospital from February 2023 to February 2025 were included in the study.They were divided into an observation group(n=45)and a control group(n=44)using a random number table method.The observation group received calcitriol combined with low-calcium dialysate treatment,while the control group received calcitriol combined with conventional dialysate treatment.The differences in intact parathyroid hormone(iPTH),calcium and phosphorus metabolism indicators,renal function indicators,and adverse reaction rates were compared and evaluated before and after treatment between the two groups.Results:Compared with before treatment,the levels of iPTH,serum phosphorus,and calcium-phosphorus product were significantly reduced in both groups after treatment,and the observation group had lower levels than the control group(P<0.05).Additionally,the blood calcium levels in both groups increased compared to before treatment,and the observation group had higher levels than the control group(P<0.05).After intervention,there was no statistically significant difference in renal function indicators between the two groups(P>0.05).The incidence of adverse reactions in the observation group was lower than that in the control group(P<0.05).Conclusion:The combination of calcitriol and low-calcium dialysate for the treatment of SHPT can effectively reduce the levels of iPTH,serum phosphorus,and calcium-phosphorus product,increase blood calcium levels,and has a low incidence of adverse reactions.It has no significant effect on renal function and is a safe and effective treatment method.
基金supported by grant from the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (2015FY111600)
文摘Purpose: To examine, within a social–ecological framework, associations between multifaceted individual and environmental factors and habitual physical activity(HPA) among older Chinese adults.Methods: Through a mix of qualitative and quantitative methods, a survey instrument assessing various factors underlying 3 social–ecological dimensions of intrapersonal, interpersonal, and community and environmental resources was developed. Using a cross-sectional design, older adults(n = 1580, aged 67 ± 7 years) recruited from 10 communities in Shandong province completed the social–ecological survey of HPA. Data were analyzed using Partial Least Squares Path Modeling.Results: Factors related to intrapersonal(medical knowledge, motivation, physical function, sport skills, socioeconomic status, and education),interpersonal(social support, social activity, and social norms), and community and physical environmental resources(safety, capacity, availability of and access to physical activity facilities) were found to be significantly associated with older adults' participation in HPA.Conclusion: The findings provide an initial validation of a social–ecological approach to the study of HPA in China, suggesting that strategies aimed at promoting physical activity in older adults should address multiple levels of factors that may contribute to the likelihood of older Chinese adults being physically active.
基金supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (Grant No. 2014CB138104)Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. XDA08010302)the National Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 31371611)
文摘In common wheat, insoluble glutenin （IG） is an important fraction of flour glutenin macropolymers, and insoluble glutenin content （IGC） is positively associated with key end-use quality parameters. Here, we present a genetic analysis of the chromosomal loci affecting IGC with the data collected from 90 common wheat varieties cultivated in four environments. Statistical analysis showed that IGC was controlled mainly genetically and influenced by the environment. Among the major genetic components known to affect end-use quality, 1BL/1RS translocation had a significantly negative effect on IGC across all four environments. As to the different alleles of Glu-A1, -B1 and -D1 loci, Glu-Ala, Glu-Blb and Glu-Dld exhibited relatively strong positive effects on IGC in all environments. To identify new loci affecting IGC, association mapping with 1355 DArT markers was conducted. A total of 133 markers were found associated with IGC in two or more environments （P 〈 0.05）, ten of which consistently affected IGC in all four environments. The phenotypic variance explained by the ten markers varied from 4.66% to 8.03%, and their elite alleles performed significantly better than the inferior counterparts in enhancing IGC. Among the ten markers, wPt-3743 and wPt-733835 reflected the action of Glu-D1, and wPt-664972 probably indicated the effect of GIu-A1. The other seven markers, forming three clusters on 2AL. 3BL or 7BL chromosome arms, represented newly identified genetic determinants of IGC. Our work provided novel insights into the genetic control of IGC, which may facilitate wheat end- use quality improvement through molecular breeding in the future.
基金Financial support of this research by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFD0101000)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of CAAS(CAAS-ZDRW202002)。
文摘Puccinia striiformis Westend. f. sp. tritici(Pst) pathotype CYR34 is widely virulent and prevalent in China.Here, we report identification of a strpie rust resistance(Yr) gene, designated Yr041133, in winter wheat line 041133. This line produced a hypersensitive reaction to CYR34 and conferred resistance to 13 other pathotypes. Resistance to CYR34 in line 041133 was controlled by a single dominant gene. Bulked segregant RNA sequencing(BSR-Seq) was performed on a pair of RNA bulks generated by pooling resistant and susceptible recombinant inbred lines. Yr041133 was mapped to a 1.7 c M genetic interval on the chromosome arm 7 BL that corresponded to a 0.8 Mb physical interval(608.9–609.7 Mb) in the Chinese Spring reference genome. Based on its unique physical location Yr041133 differred from the other Yr genes on this chromosome arm.
基金the financial support from by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2022YFB4101800)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22278298)Program for Introducing Talents of Discipline to Universities of China(No.BP0618007).
文摘Nitrogen(N)-doped carbon materials as metal catalyst supports have attracted signifi cant attention,but the eff ect of N dopants on catalytic performance remains unclear,especially for complex reaction processes such as Fischer-Tropsch synthesis(FTS).Herein,we engineered ruthenium(Ru)FTS catalysts supported on N-doped carbon overlayers on TiO_(2)nanoparticles.By regulating the carbonization temperatures,we successfully controlled the types and contents of N dopants to identify their impacts on metal-support interactions(MSI).Our fi ndings revealed that N dopants establish a favorable surface environment for electron transfer from the support to the Ru species.Moreover,pyridinic N demonstrates the highest electron-donating ability,followed by pyrrolic N and graphitic N.In addition to realizing excellent catalytic stability,strengthening the interaction between Ru sites and N dopants increases the Ru^(0)/Ru^(δ+)ratios to enlarge the active site numbers and surface electron density of Ru species to enhance the strength of adsorbed CO.Consequently,it improves the catalyst’s overall performance,encompassing intrinsic and apparent activities,as well as its ability for carbon chain growth.Accordingly,the as-synthesized Ru/TiO_(2)@CN-700 catalyst with abundant pyridine N dopants exhibits a superhigh C_(5+)time yield of 219.4 mol CO/(mol Ru·h)and C_(5+)selectivity of 85.5%.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.82372552 and 82303775)the Excellent Youth of Natural Science Research Projects in Anhui Province Universities(No.2023AH030060)+2 种基金Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation(No.2408085Y016)Anhui Province Excellent Research and Innovation Team Project(No.2024AH010013)the Anhui Medical University Research Fund Youth Project(No.2023xkj018).
文摘A large number of apoptotic vesicles(ApoVs)are released during apoptosis,and mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs)-derived ApoVs(MSC-ApoVs)have significant efficacy in the field of tissue regeneration.ApoVs extracted by density gradient centrifugation have a larger volume and wider diameter distribution,high yield and drug loading efficiency,and inherit the apoptotic traces of FasL,phosphatidylserine(PS),ICAM-3,and other parent cells and the ability to target cell membranes.MSC-ApoVs can significantly promote skin wound healing;however,whether they can promote wound healing in the early stages by playing an antibacterial role is unclear.In the present study,human umbilical cord MSC-derived ApoVs(hucMSC-ApoVs)were extracted and prepared.An in vitro antibacterial test confirmed that hucMSC-ApoVs effectively inhibited the growth of bacteria and sterilized bacteria.In vivo experiments revealed that hucMSC-ApoVs can accelerate the healing of infected wounds.Further exploration of the antibacterial mechanism revealed that hucMSC-ApoVs significantly interfered with bacterial catabolic processes.In gram-positive bacteria(MRSA),hucMSC-ApoVs affect the normal metabolic process of bacteria mainly by inhibiting the metabolism of purines,pyrimidines,and other nucleotides of MRSA and arginine biosynthesis,whereas in the gram-negative bacteria E.coli,they affect this process.HucMSC-ApoVs inhibit bacterial metabolic processes such as sulfur,fatty acid,arginine,and proline metabolism;in particular,hucMSC-ApoVs can interfere with the ethanolamine metabolic process in E.coli by regulating a series of ethanolamine genes(Eut)that encode ethanolamine degrading enzymes.These findings suggest that hucMSC-ApoVs are useful natural reagents for inhibiting wound bacterial infection and promoting wound healing.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Youth Foundation of China(Grant 82001975)the Natural Science Youth Foundation of the Jiangsu Province(Grant BK20190841)+4 种基金Jiangsu Province‘Entrepreneurship and Innovation Program’-Entrepreneurship and innovation Doctoral category.Top Talent Support Program for young and middle-aged people of Wuxi Health Committee(HB2020108)The Foundation of Clinical Science and Technology of Wuxi(No.Q202059)The Natural Science Youth Foundation of the Jiangsu Province(Grant BK20210074)The Innovation Fund on Medicine and Education Connection of Jiangsu University(JDY2022017)The Innovation Project for Graduate Student Research of Jiangsu Province(Grant No.KYCX21_3406).
文摘Wound healing refers to the healing process that occurs after the skin and other tissues are separated or damaged by internal or external forces.It is a complex combination of tissue regeneration,granulation tissue hyperplasia,and scar formation,and shows the synergistic effects of these processes.After skin damage,the environment around the wound and the cells at site of the damage respond immediately,and a range of cytokines and growth factors are released.In cutaneous injury,extracellular vesicle(EV)signaling plays a vital role in the healing process via paracrine and endocrine mechanisms.EVs are natural intercellular and inter-organ communication tools that carry various bioactive substances for message exchange.Stem cells and stem cell EVs facilitate tissue repair,showing promising potential in regenerative medicine.Nevertheless,EVs derived from specific skin tissue cells,such as epidermal cells,fibroblasts,vascular endothelial cells and inflammatory cells,also play important roles in cutaneous tissue repair.Here,we describe the characteristics of wound healing,concentrating on the production and functions of EVs derived from specific skin cells,and provide new ideas for wound therapy using EVs.
基金This work was supported by the provincial and ministerial joint project of the State Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of High Morbidity in Central Asia(ProjectSKL-HIDCA2019-ZY4)Prevention and Treatment of Major Infectious Diseases such as AIDS and Hepatitis(Project SQ2018ZX100302).
文摘Since the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)began to spread,it remains pandemic worldwide.The European Medicines Agency’s human medicines committee and Food and Drug Administration have only granted a conditional marketing authorization for remdesivir to treat COVID-19.It is essential to apply other valuable treatments.Convalescent plasma(CP),donated by persons who have recovered from COVID-19,is the cellular component of blood that contains specific antibodies.Therefore,to determine the feasibility of CP for COVID-19,the effectiveness and controversy are discussed in depth here.It is suggested that CP plays a certain role in the treatment of COVID-19.As a treatment,it may have its own indications and contraindications,which need to be further discussed.Meanwhile,it is critical to establish a standard procedure for treatment from CP collection,preservation,transport,to transfusion,and conduct some large sample randomized controlled trials to confirm the transfusion dosage,appropriate time,frequency,and actively prevent adverse outcomes that may occur.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Pro-gram of China(Grant No.2022YFD1400700).
文摘Energy metabolism is essential for insect metamorphosis. The accumulation and utilization of energy is still not completely clear during larval–pupal metamorphosis of holometabolous insects. We used metabolome and transcriptome analysis to reveal key metabolic changes in the fat body and plasma and the underlying metabolic regulation mechanism of Helicoverpa armigera, an important global agricultural insect pest, during larval–pupal metamorphosis. During the feeding stage, activation of aerobic glycolysis provided intermediate metabolites and energy for cell proliferation and lipid synthesis. During the non-feeding stages (the initiation of the wandering stage and the prepupal stage), aerobic glycolysis was suppressed, while, triglyceride degradation was activated in the fat body. The blocking of metabolic pathways in the fat body was probably caused by 20-hydroxyecdysone-induced cell apoptosis. 20-hydroxyecdysone cooperated with carnitine to promote the degradation of triglycerides and the accumulation of acylcarnitines in the hemolymph, allowing rapid transportation and supply of lipids from the fat body to other organs, which provided a valuable reference for revealing the metabolic regulation mechanism of lepidopteran larvae during the last instar. Carnitine and acylcarnitines are first reported to be key factors that mediate the degradation and utilization of lipids during larval–pupal metamorphosis of lepidopteran insects.
