Energy and environment are the key concerns in todays’agriculture.This study investigated energy balance and environmental impact of rice and wheat production systems in terms of energy ratio,impact of energy inputs ...Energy and environment are the key concerns in todays’agriculture.This study investigated energy balance and environmental impact of rice and wheat production systems in terms of energy ratio,impact of energy inputs to the crop yield and CO2e(carbon dioxide equivalent)emissions under terai and hill geographical regions of Nepal.Primary data were collected from 139 randomly selected farms by using structured questionnaire.The results revealed that the total energy consumption in rice and wheat production were 9.70 GJ/hm^(2)(terai)to 11.78 GJ/hm^(2)(hill)and 8.40 GJ/hm^(2)(hill)to 10.95 GJ/hm^(2)(terai),respectively.The energy balance of rice and wheat production were found 46.33 GJ/hm^(2)(hill)to 59.29 GJ/hm^(2)(terai)and 27.14 GJ/hm^(2)(terai)to 38.52 GJ/hm^(2)(hill),respectively,where energy use efficiency in terai and hill were found to be 7.14 and 4.97 in rice,and 3.49 and 5.59 in wheat,respectively.The contribution of fertilizer on impacts was significant among other energy inputs in rice and wheat production in both geographical regions.The CO_(2)e emissions from rice and wheat were higher by 52%and 78%in hill as compared to respective crop rice(1786 kg CO_(2)e/hm^(2))and wheat(843 kg CO2e/hm^(2))in terai.This study showed that rice production system in terai is more energy and environmentally efficient,whilst wheat production in hill is more energy efficient.展开更多
Technologically empowering farmers/smallholders notably accelerates the knowledge transfer to monitor plantations in developing countries.Advanced,cost-effective technologies can rapidly increase the effectiveness of ...Technologically empowering farmers/smallholders notably accelerates the knowledge transfer to monitor plantations in developing countries.Advanced,cost-effective technologies can rapidly increase the effectiveness of using expenses,labor,and time.There is no limit to using digital cameras for non-destructive measurements,such as nutrient monitoring,pests and diseases,yield monitoring,and other information related to individual plant conditions in the plantation area.This paper elaborates the fundamental concepts and best practices for future research on how to use image information from a single digital camera in decision support systems as a solution to monitoring plantations such as coffee,cocoa,and tree crops.This paper reviews the recent and potential research on plantation monitoring using a digital camera and other suitable integrated sensors.Moreover,we propose a protocol for use as a possible solution for smallholders to cope with the limitation in network/internet access infrastructure.Following this protocol,an integrated system for monitoring the farm activities of smallholders can be established.展开更多
基金the necessary support received from Agricultural Learning Exchanges in Asian Regional Networking(AgLEARN)project of USAID/RDMA and the Asian Institute of Technology(AIT),Thailand.
文摘Energy and environment are the key concerns in todays’agriculture.This study investigated energy balance and environmental impact of rice and wheat production systems in terms of energy ratio,impact of energy inputs to the crop yield and CO2e(carbon dioxide equivalent)emissions under terai and hill geographical regions of Nepal.Primary data were collected from 139 randomly selected farms by using structured questionnaire.The results revealed that the total energy consumption in rice and wheat production were 9.70 GJ/hm^(2)(terai)to 11.78 GJ/hm^(2)(hill)and 8.40 GJ/hm^(2)(hill)to 10.95 GJ/hm^(2)(terai),respectively.The energy balance of rice and wheat production were found 46.33 GJ/hm^(2)(hill)to 59.29 GJ/hm^(2)(terai)and 27.14 GJ/hm^(2)(terai)to 38.52 GJ/hm^(2)(hill),respectively,where energy use efficiency in terai and hill were found to be 7.14 and 4.97 in rice,and 3.49 and 5.59 in wheat,respectively.The contribution of fertilizer on impacts was significant among other energy inputs in rice and wheat production in both geographical regions.The CO_(2)e emissions from rice and wheat were higher by 52%and 78%in hill as compared to respective crop rice(1786 kg CO_(2)e/hm^(2))and wheat(843 kg CO2e/hm^(2))in terai.This study showed that rice production system in terai is more energy and environmentally efficient,whilst wheat production in hill is more energy efficient.
基金This article is part of the 2018 IsDB Project of Jember University(Batch 2).The authors would like to thank the Indonesia Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute(ICCRI)–Indonesia,and Laboratory of Precision Agriculture and Geo-informatics University of Jember-Indonesia.
文摘Technologically empowering farmers/smallholders notably accelerates the knowledge transfer to monitor plantations in developing countries.Advanced,cost-effective technologies can rapidly increase the effectiveness of using expenses,labor,and time.There is no limit to using digital cameras for non-destructive measurements,such as nutrient monitoring,pests and diseases,yield monitoring,and other information related to individual plant conditions in the plantation area.This paper elaborates the fundamental concepts and best practices for future research on how to use image information from a single digital camera in decision support systems as a solution to monitoring plantations such as coffee,cocoa,and tree crops.This paper reviews the recent and potential research on plantation monitoring using a digital camera and other suitable integrated sensors.Moreover,we propose a protocol for use as a possible solution for smallholders to cope with the limitation in network/internet access infrastructure.Following this protocol,an integrated system for monitoring the farm activities of smallholders can be established.
