Objective:To search for the most active antimicrobial and antioxidant sub-fractions related to traditional use of Ziziphus oxyphylla(Z.oxyphylla)and Cedrela serrata(C.serrata)in Pakistan against infectious and liver d...Objective:To search for the most active antimicrobial and antioxidant sub-fractions related to traditional use of Ziziphus oxyphylla(Z.oxyphylla)and Cedrela serrata(C.serrata)in Pakistan against infectious and liver diseases.Methods:Factions of different polarity were tested in vitro for their antiprotozoal,antimalarial,antibacterial and antifungal activity against different pathogens.Cytotoxicity on MRC-5 cell lines(human lung fibroblasts)as well as,in vitro radical scavenging activity was evaluated using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical assay.Results:The highest antiprotozoal activity was observed for the CHCl_(3)fractions of Z.oxyphylla roots and leaves,and C.serrata bark.The CHCl_(3)and Et OAc fractions of Z.oxyphylla roots,the CHCl_(3)fraction of Z.oxyphylla leaves,the Et OAc and the residual Me OH:H_(2)O fraction of C.serrata bark showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus.The same residual Me OH:H_(2)O fraction of C.serrata bark was active against Candida albicans.The highest antioxidant activity was observed for the more hydrophilic Et OAc fractions of Z.oxyphylla leaves,C.serrata bark and leaves,and the residual Me OH:H_(2)O fraction of C.serrata bark.Conclusions:This study supports at least in part the traditional uses of these plants for antimicrobial purposes and against liver diseases.展开更多
Due to the importance of detecting discontinuities in seismic data,this paper proposes alternative methods for preserving and detecting discontinuities(i.e.horizons,faults,channels etc.)in seismic image.Discontinuitie...Due to the importance of detecting discontinuities in seismic data,this paper proposes alternative methods for preserving and detecting discontinuities(i.e.horizons,faults,channels etc.)in seismic image.Discontinuities in seismic data usually indicate the sudden change in intensity or amplitude.In this paper the 4×4 masks with six direc-tions are proposed to detect discontinuities.An edge pixel usually belongs to one of the six possible edge directions.The shaded pixels in directional masks are used to find the difference between pixels.The direction with maximum difference larger than the given threshold is considered as an edge pixeh Areas that contain important information are often noisier than others,and the discontinuity detection algorithms are sensitive to random noise since they are based on difference of data,so suppressing random noise is important before detecting discontinuity.The common smoot hing method often blurs the edges of the image that is disadvantageous to edge detection.This paper adopts nonlinear smoothing by using rotating masks,four hexagonal masks and one octagonal mask,the smoothing process replaces the pixel intensity of the most homogeneous mask among the proposed masks.Compared to Luo's edge preserving smoothing(EPS),the results have shown improvements in filter computation time and peak signal to noise ratio during smoothing process,also discontinuity detection with EPS is clearer than without EPS.Seismic data interpreters can use discontinuities detection to identify faults,horizons,channels etc.展开更多
基金the Higher Education Commission(HEC)of Pakistan for obtaining a fellowship with grant number(1-8/HEC/HRD/2011/2162)
文摘Objective:To search for the most active antimicrobial and antioxidant sub-fractions related to traditional use of Ziziphus oxyphylla(Z.oxyphylla)and Cedrela serrata(C.serrata)in Pakistan against infectious and liver diseases.Methods:Factions of different polarity were tested in vitro for their antiprotozoal,antimalarial,antibacterial and antifungal activity against different pathogens.Cytotoxicity on MRC-5 cell lines(human lung fibroblasts)as well as,in vitro radical scavenging activity was evaluated using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical assay.Results:The highest antiprotozoal activity was observed for the CHCl_(3)fractions of Z.oxyphylla roots and leaves,and C.serrata bark.The CHCl_(3)and Et OAc fractions of Z.oxyphylla roots,the CHCl_(3)fraction of Z.oxyphylla leaves,the Et OAc and the residual Me OH:H_(2)O fraction of C.serrata bark showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus.The same residual Me OH:H_(2)O fraction of C.serrata bark was active against Candida albicans.The highest antioxidant activity was observed for the more hydrophilic Et OAc fractions of Z.oxyphylla leaves,C.serrata bark and leaves,and the residual Me OH:H_(2)O fraction of C.serrata bark.Conclusions:This study supports at least in part the traditional uses of these plants for antimicrobial purposes and against liver diseases.
文摘Due to the importance of detecting discontinuities in seismic data,this paper proposes alternative methods for preserving and detecting discontinuities(i.e.horizons,faults,channels etc.)in seismic image.Discontinuities in seismic data usually indicate the sudden change in intensity or amplitude.In this paper the 4×4 masks with six direc-tions are proposed to detect discontinuities.An edge pixel usually belongs to one of the six possible edge directions.The shaded pixels in directional masks are used to find the difference between pixels.The direction with maximum difference larger than the given threshold is considered as an edge pixeh Areas that contain important information are often noisier than others,and the discontinuity detection algorithms are sensitive to random noise since they are based on difference of data,so suppressing random noise is important before detecting discontinuity.The common smoot hing method often blurs the edges of the image that is disadvantageous to edge detection.This paper adopts nonlinear smoothing by using rotating masks,four hexagonal masks and one octagonal mask,the smoothing process replaces the pixel intensity of the most homogeneous mask among the proposed masks.Compared to Luo's edge preserving smoothing(EPS),the results have shown improvements in filter computation time and peak signal to noise ratio during smoothing process,also discontinuity detection with EPS is clearer than without EPS.Seismic data interpreters can use discontinuities detection to identify faults,horizons,channels etc.
