To better understand the effects of direct sowing under mulch-based cropping system (DMC) in Burkina Faso’s cotton production systems, randomized blocks of Fisher experimental design were implemented at Farako-B<s...To better understand the effects of direct sowing under mulch-based cropping system (DMC) in Burkina Faso’s cotton production systems, randomized blocks of Fisher experimental design were implemented at Farako-B<span style="white-space:nowrap;">a</span> research station from 2010 to 2019. The study was conducted on lixisoil to evaluate DMC effects on biomass production, crops yields and soil chemical properties in a maize and cotton rotation system associated with cover crop. Conventional tillage and direct seeding without cover crop were compared to DMC under <em>B</em>. <em>ruziziensis</em> (GERM. & EVRARD), DMC under <em>B</em>. <em>ruziziensis</em> + <em>M</em><em>.</em> <em>cochinchinensis</em> mulch and DMC under <em>C. juncea</em> (L.) mulch used in association with maize. Biomass production, crop yields and soil chemistry were evaluated. Results showed that over 10 years, no-till with or without a cover crop provided cotton seed and maize yields that were statistically equivalent to the tillage commonly practiced by farmers. Cover crop has allowed increasing the biomass production compared to Conventional Tillage and Direct Seeding. Maize yield has not varied significantly with the cover crop. After 10 years of maize and cotton rotation, the improvement raised from +27% to +38% for organic matter and from +15% to +29% for nitrogen with DMC including legumes such as <em>M. cochinchinensis</em> and <em>C. juncea</em> compared to Conventional Tillage on 0 - 5 cm depth. No significant differences were found on soil pH like P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> and K<sub>2</sub>O content. Although DMC with <em>C. juncea</em> used as cover crop did not provide the best biomass production, it contributes to increase nitrogen and organic matter and presents better mineral balances in 10 years of rotation. The 5 - 10 cm and 10 - 20 cm were little influenced by DMC systems.展开更多
Burkina Faso is an agricultural and landlocked country whose agriculture is dependent on climatic hazards. Irrigated agriculture therefore appears as an alternative to secure, intensify and sustainably increase agricu...Burkina Faso is an agricultural and landlocked country whose agriculture is dependent on climatic hazards. Irrigated agriculture therefore appears as an alternative to secure, intensify and sustainably increase agricultural production. However, irrigation systems in Burkina Faso suffer from numerous technical, organizational, land and structural problems, which strongly undermine their performance. This is the case of the irrigated perimeter of Karfiguéla which since its development in 1977, has experienced insufficient water. This research has contributed to the reflection on the performance and operation of gravity irrigation networks on the irrigated perimeter in Burkina Faso and the contribution of satellite images in the mapping of irrigated perimeters. Then, an approach based on a mapping of hydraulic networks and on four main diagnostic methods were used: 1) mapping of hydraulic networks, 2) a detailed visual inspection of hydraulic infrastructure, 3) estimation of canals’ hydraulic efficiency, 4) surveys of the various actors involved in the management of the perimeter. These methods lead to the same results concerning the state of degradation and the functioning of irrigation networks in wet seasons. In terms of results, Karfiguéla perimeter has a net area of 360 ha and is supplied by a network made up of a supply canal, a primary canal, four (4) secondary canals, 37 tertiary ones, and quaternary ones for plots of water supply, all in ordinary concrete except the quaternary which are in rammed soil. The efficiency of the canals in the rainy season, greater than 100%, shows that the irrigation network during this period functions as a drainage network while the real drainage network is disorderly and non-functional. The damage to the irrigation network, siltation, grassing, erosion, overturning, large cracks and many others are all the more severe as we advance toward the Quaternary. The Strickler roughness coefficient values of the order of 68 for the feeder, 47 for the primary, between 32 and 52 for the secondaries and 31 for the tertiaries also reflect a high degradation of the channels. Upkeep and maintenance are rare and generally poorly executed. Improving the performance of irrigation on the perimeter requires a complete rehabilitation of the hydraulic network, the reinforcement of the management and maintenance capacity of the operators’ works and the search for a water resource complementary to the Comoé River to support irrigation, for example, the exploitation of the alluvial aquifer which unfolds under the perimeter and is easily accessible through rudimentary wells and sumps. All this is essential to ensure the sustainability of the rice-growing activity, which has a concentration of nearly 1200 farmers.展开更多
文摘To better understand the effects of direct sowing under mulch-based cropping system (DMC) in Burkina Faso’s cotton production systems, randomized blocks of Fisher experimental design were implemented at Farako-B<span style="white-space:nowrap;">a</span> research station from 2010 to 2019. The study was conducted on lixisoil to evaluate DMC effects on biomass production, crops yields and soil chemical properties in a maize and cotton rotation system associated with cover crop. Conventional tillage and direct seeding without cover crop were compared to DMC under <em>B</em>. <em>ruziziensis</em> (GERM. & EVRARD), DMC under <em>B</em>. <em>ruziziensis</em> + <em>M</em><em>.</em> <em>cochinchinensis</em> mulch and DMC under <em>C. juncea</em> (L.) mulch used in association with maize. Biomass production, crop yields and soil chemistry were evaluated. Results showed that over 10 years, no-till with or without a cover crop provided cotton seed and maize yields that were statistically equivalent to the tillage commonly practiced by farmers. Cover crop has allowed increasing the biomass production compared to Conventional Tillage and Direct Seeding. Maize yield has not varied significantly with the cover crop. After 10 years of maize and cotton rotation, the improvement raised from +27% to +38% for organic matter and from +15% to +29% for nitrogen with DMC including legumes such as <em>M. cochinchinensis</em> and <em>C. juncea</em> compared to Conventional Tillage on 0 - 5 cm depth. No significant differences were found on soil pH like P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> and K<sub>2</sub>O content. Although DMC with <em>C. juncea</em> used as cover crop did not provide the best biomass production, it contributes to increase nitrogen and organic matter and presents better mineral balances in 10 years of rotation. The 5 - 10 cm and 10 - 20 cm were little influenced by DMC systems.
文摘Burkina Faso is an agricultural and landlocked country whose agriculture is dependent on climatic hazards. Irrigated agriculture therefore appears as an alternative to secure, intensify and sustainably increase agricultural production. However, irrigation systems in Burkina Faso suffer from numerous technical, organizational, land and structural problems, which strongly undermine their performance. This is the case of the irrigated perimeter of Karfiguéla which since its development in 1977, has experienced insufficient water. This research has contributed to the reflection on the performance and operation of gravity irrigation networks on the irrigated perimeter in Burkina Faso and the contribution of satellite images in the mapping of irrigated perimeters. Then, an approach based on a mapping of hydraulic networks and on four main diagnostic methods were used: 1) mapping of hydraulic networks, 2) a detailed visual inspection of hydraulic infrastructure, 3) estimation of canals’ hydraulic efficiency, 4) surveys of the various actors involved in the management of the perimeter. These methods lead to the same results concerning the state of degradation and the functioning of irrigation networks in wet seasons. In terms of results, Karfiguéla perimeter has a net area of 360 ha and is supplied by a network made up of a supply canal, a primary canal, four (4) secondary canals, 37 tertiary ones, and quaternary ones for plots of water supply, all in ordinary concrete except the quaternary which are in rammed soil. The efficiency of the canals in the rainy season, greater than 100%, shows that the irrigation network during this period functions as a drainage network while the real drainage network is disorderly and non-functional. The damage to the irrigation network, siltation, grassing, erosion, overturning, large cracks and many others are all the more severe as we advance toward the Quaternary. The Strickler roughness coefficient values of the order of 68 for the feeder, 47 for the primary, between 32 and 52 for the secondaries and 31 for the tertiaries also reflect a high degradation of the channels. Upkeep and maintenance are rare and generally poorly executed. Improving the performance of irrigation on the perimeter requires a complete rehabilitation of the hydraulic network, the reinforcement of the management and maintenance capacity of the operators’ works and the search for a water resource complementary to the Comoé River to support irrigation, for example, the exploitation of the alluvial aquifer which unfolds under the perimeter and is easily accessible through rudimentary wells and sumps. All this is essential to ensure the sustainability of the rice-growing activity, which has a concentration of nearly 1200 farmers.
