Background Inflammatory bowel disease causes intestinal structural damage,impairs gut function,hinders animal growth and development,and reduces farming efficiency.Previous studies demonstrated that lactate alleviates...Background Inflammatory bowel disease causes intestinal structural damage,impairs gut function,hinders animal growth and development,and reduces farming efficiency.Previous studies demonstrated that lactate alleviates dextran sulfate sodium(DSS)-induced inflammation and mitigates weight loss by enhancing intestinal barrier functions.However,the mechanisms underlying lactate-mediated protection of the intestinal epithelial barrier remain unclear.This study aimed to explore the protective effect of lactate on intestinal barrier damage in colitis piglets and the possible underlying mechanisms through in vivo and in vitro experiments.Methods A total of 6021-day-old weaned female piglets were randomly assigned into three groups based on weight:the control group(basal diet with physiological saline gavage),the DSS group(basal diet with 5%DSS gavage),and the DSS+LA group(2%lactate diet with 5%DSS gavage).There were 10 replicates per treatment,with 2 piglets per replicate.Jejunal morphology was assessed via hematoxylin and eosin staining,while Western blotting quantified the protein levels of proliferation markers,including cluster of differentiation 24(CD24),cyclin D1,and wingless/integrated(Wnt)/β-catenin signaling components.In vitro,0.08%DSS and 2–32 mmol/L sodium lactate-treated intestinal porcine epithelial cell line-J2(IPEC-J2)cells(n=4)were assessed for viability(Cell Counting Kit-8 assay),apoptosis(flow cytometry),and proliferation parameters,including cell cycle analysis and Leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein coupled receptor 5(Lgr5+)stem cell quantification.Results In vivo,DSS administration induced jejunal villus shortening(P<0.05),downregulated protein levels of CD24,cyclin D1,casein kinase 1(CK1),and dishevelled-2(DVL2)(P<0.05).In vitro,DSS promoted apoptosis,inhibited proliferation,diminished the Lgr5+cell populations(P<0.05),and reduced S-phase cell proportions(P<0.05).Conversely,lactate supplementation ameliorated DSS-induced villus atrophy(P<0.05),restored CD24,cyclin D1,CK1,and DVL2 protein levels(P<0.05).Furthermore,in vitro,sodium lactate attenuated DSS-induced apoptosis(P<0.05),enhanced IPEC-J2 proliferation(P<0.05),expanded Lgr5+cells(P<0.05),and increased S-phase progression(P<0.05).Conclusions In summary,lactate ameliorated intestinal barrier damage in DSS-induced colitis by activating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and restoring the balance between epithelial cell proliferation and apoptosis.This study provides novel mechanistic evidence supporting lactate's therapeutic potential for IBD management.展开更多
Background Low dietary energy levels can disrupt energy balance,causing metabolic disorders,particularly those involving in hepatic lipid metabolism.Betaine(BET),an important methyl donor,has demonstrated protective e...Background Low dietary energy levels can disrupt energy balance,causing metabolic disorders,particularly those involving in hepatic lipid metabolism.Betaine(BET),an important methyl donor,has demonstrated protective effects against liver diseases.However,its effects on hepatic lipid metabolism in pigs fed a low-net energy(NE)diet and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.Thirty-two pigs(85.52±2.27 kg)were randomly assigned to four treatments:N-NE group(normal NE diet,2,475 kcal/kg NE),N-NEB group(normal NE diet+1,500 mg/kg BET,2,475 kcal/kg NE),R100-NE group(low-NE diet,2,375 kcal/kg NE),and R100-NEB group(low-NE diet+1,500 mg/kg BET,2,375 kcal/kg NE).The experiment lasted 35 d.Results There was no significant difference in growth performance among the groups(P>0.05).Reducing dietary NE levels caused liver dysfunction and increased total glyceride concentration,accompanied by lipid metabolism disorders.BET supplementation in a low-NE diet exhibited hepatoprotective roles,as evidenced by increased TP concentration and reduced ALT level in serum(P<0.05),as well as decreased fat content,adipocyte size,and total glyceride concentration in the liver(P<0.05).Meanwhile,dietary BET alleviated low-NE diet-induced hepatic lipid metabolism disorder by downregulating mRNA expressions of genes related to fatty acid transport(FABP3 and CD36)and lipogenesis(SREBP1c and FASN),while upregulating mRNA expressions involved in lipolysis(CPT1 and HSL)(P<0.05).Furthermore,dietary BET increased serum SAM concentration and the SAM/SAH ratio in pigs fed low-NE diets(P<0.05),thereby providing sufficient methyl groups through regulating the activities of enzymes participated in BET metabolism.Mechanistically,BET increased m^(6)A modification level and regulated mRNA and protein expressions of m^(6)A modified proteins including METTL3,METTL14,WTAP,YTHDF1,and ALKBH5.Correlation analysis showed a significant association between m^(6)A RNA methylation and hepatic lipid metabolism,suggesting that m^(6)A RNA methylation may play a critical role in mediating hepatic lipid metabolism.Conclusions Dietary BET supplementation in low-NE diets alleviated hepatic lipid metabolism disorders by regulating m^(6)A RNA methylation,ultimately reducing hepatic lipid accumulation in finishing pigs.展开更多
Cupping therapy (CT) is an ancient traditional and complementary medicine practice. Recently, there has been a growing evidence of its potential benefits in the treatment of various diseases. The CT has been constantl...Cupping therapy (CT) is an ancient traditional and complementary medicine practice. Recently, there has been a growing evidence of its potential benefits in the treatment of various diseases. The CT has been constantly developing with the emergence of various modern and improved cupping devices. It is now evident that cupping could adjust the Qi, blood, Yin and Yang, dredge the meridian, as well as relieve the effect of illness, achieve fitness and relative equilibrium of Yin-Yang. It exerts its effects through the negative pressure suction via the mechanical and thermal stimulations, and the negative pressure effects induced by cupping. This article gives an overview of CT practice, its historical development, as well as its therapeutic effects and mechanism. Furthermore, a new and updated classification of CT was briefly introduced.展开更多
Background Inflammatory bowel disease is a significant health concern for both humans and large-scale farm animals.In the quest for effective alternatives to antibiotics,next-generation probiotics(NGPs)have emerged as...Background Inflammatory bowel disease is a significant health concern for both humans and large-scale farm animals.In the quest for effective alternatives to antibiotics,next-generation probiotics(NGPs)have emerged as a promising option.The genus Blautia presents a rich source of potential NGP strains.Here we successfully isolated Blautia hominis LYH1 strain from the intestines of healthy weaned piglets and characterized its biological traits.Its antiinflammatory activity was then assessed using macrophages,while its protective effects against colitis and gut barrier damage were validated in a DSS-induced mouse colitis model.Results B.hominis LYH1 displayed typical characteristics of an obligate anaerobe,including non-hemolytic and nonmotile features,and a genome enriched with carbohydrate-active enzyme genes.It produced metabolites with antibiotic-like compounds,demonstrating antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli.In vitro,B.hominis LYH1 effectively inhibited pathogen replication in macrophages,reducing cellular infections and alleviating inflammatory damage.In vivo,oral administration of B.hominis LYH1 or its metabolites significantly mitigated DSS-induced colitis in mice by suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines,inhibiting T-lymphocyte activation,and enhancing short-chain fatty acid production.Conclusions Our findings underscore B.hominis LYH1’s potential as a NGP for maintaining gut health and combating intestinal inflammation.These findings offer valuable insights into the development of antibiotic alternatives and innovative strategies for preventing and treating enteritis in both agricultural and medical settings.展开更多
Permanent-magnet synchronous machines(PMSMs)are widely used in robotics,rail transportation,and electric vehicles owing to their high power density,high efficiency,and high power factor.However,PMSMs often operate in ...Permanent-magnet synchronous machines(PMSMs)are widely used in robotics,rail transportation,and electric vehicles owing to their high power density,high efficiency,and high power factor.However,PMSMs often operate in harsh environments,where critical components such as windings and permanent magnets(PMs)are susceptible to failures.These faults can lead to a significant degradation in performance,posing substantial challenges to the reliable operation of PMSMs.This paper presents a comprehensive review of common fault types in PMSMs,along with their corresponding fault diagnosis and fault-tolerant control strategies.The underlying mechanisms of typical faults are systematically analyzed,followed by a detailed comparison of various diagnostic and fault-tolerant control methods to evaluate their respective advantages and limitations.Finally,the review concludes by identifying key research gaps in PMSM fault diagnosis and fault-tolerant control,while proposing potential future directions for advancing this field.展开更多
Objective: To investigate the influence of the new coronavirus epidemic on tumor radiotherapy patients in Zigong City, and provide radiotherapy feasibility and safety in other prefecture-level or low-risk areas. Metho...Objective: To investigate the influence of the new coronavirus epidemic on tumor radiotherapy patients in Zigong City, and provide radiotherapy feasibility and safety in other prefecture-level or low-risk areas. Methods: Retrospective Collection of data from January 31, 2020, in our hospital, this time period is an epidemic group. The control group was data from January 31, 2019-May 31, in our hospital. Patient data includes gender, age, tumor type, hospitalization fee, average hospitalization day, radiotherapy completion, treatment destination, and other information. Results: The patients with epidemic groups and control groups were 320 and 237, respectively, and the radiotherapy patients increased by 25.9%, increasing patients mainly from other departures outside the tumor department underperformance reform intervention. The epidemic group of brain and breast tumor patients were 39 and 37, respectively, with statistical differences (P < 0.05) compared to the control group (25 and 16 respectively). The number of tumor radiotherapy patients in other parts increased, but there was no statistical difference (P > 0.05). Inpatient costs, the average hospitalization day, radiotherapy completion, the purpose of treatment, and other data epidemic groups and control groups have no statistical difference (P > 0.05). Conclusion: The number of COVID-2019 epidemic interventions has increased the number of cancer radiotherapy patients in our hospital, and the epidemic situation has no effect on hospitalization, the average hospitalization day, radiotherapy, and the like. Optimizing the process of clinical treatment, strict prevention and control measures can ensure timely and safe radiotherapy in low-risk areas.展开更多
Chinese tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri chinensis) have become an increasingly important experimental animal in biomedical research due to their close relationship to primates. An accurately sequenced and assembled geno...Chinese tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri chinensis) have become an increasingly important experimental animal in biomedical research due to their close relationship to primates. An accurately sequenced and assembled genome is essential for understanding the genetic features and biology of this animal. In this study, we used long-read single-molecule sequencing and high-throughput chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C) technology to obtain a high-qualitychromosome-scale scaffolding of the Chinese tree shrew genome. The new reference genome (KIZ version 2: TS_2.0) resolved problems in presently available tree shrew genomes and enabled accurate identification of large and complex repeat regions, gene structures, and species-specific genomic structural variants. In addition, by sequencing the genomes of six Chinese tree shrew individuals, we produced a comprehensive map of 12.8 M single nucleotide polymorphisms and confirmed that the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) loci and immunoglobulin gene family exhibited high nucleotide diversity in the tree shrew genome. We updated the tree shrew genome database (TreeshrewDB v2.0: http://www.treeshrewdb.org) to include the genome annotation information and genetic variations. The new high-quality reference genome of the Chinese tree shrew and the updated TreeshrewDB will facilitate the use of this animal in many different fields of research.展开更多
Background： Rapeseed cake is a good source of protein for animal feed but its utilization is limited due to the presence of anti-nutritional substances, such as glucosinolates （GIs）, phytic acid, tannins etc. In th...Background： Rapeseed cake is a good source of protein for animal feed but its utilization is limited due to the presence of anti-nutritional substances, such as glucosinolates （GIs）, phytic acid, tannins etc. In the present study, a solid state fermentation （SSF） using Aspergillus niger was carried out with the purpose of degrading glucosinolates and improving the nutritional quality of rapeseed cake （RSC）. The effects of medium composition and incubation conditions on the GIs content in fermented rapeseed cake （FRSC） were investigated, and chemical composition and amino acid in vitro digestibility of RSC substrate fermented under optimal conditions were determined. Results： After 72 h of incubation at 34℃, a 76.89% decrease in GIs of RSC was obtained in solid medium containing 70% RSC, 30% wheat bran at optimal moisture content 60% （w/w）. Compared to unfermented RSC, trichloroacetic acid soluble protein （TCA-SP）, crude protein and ether extract contents of the FRSC were increased （P〈 0.05） 103.71, 23.02 and 23.54%, respectively. As expected, the contents of NDF and phytic acid declined （P〈 0.05） by 9.12 and 44.60%, respectively. Total amino acids （TAA） and essential amino acids （EAA） contents as well as AA in vitro digestibility of FRSC were improved significantly （P 〈 0.05）. Moreover, the enzyme activity of endoglucanase, xylanase, acid protease and phytase were increased （P 〈 0.05） during SSF. Conclusions： Our results indicate that the solid state fermentation offers an effective approach to improving the quality of proteins sources such as rapeseed cake.展开更多
基金funded by the Sichuan Science and Technology Program(2021ZDZX0009)the earmarked fund from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31972577)。
文摘Background Inflammatory bowel disease causes intestinal structural damage,impairs gut function,hinders animal growth and development,and reduces farming efficiency.Previous studies demonstrated that lactate alleviates dextran sulfate sodium(DSS)-induced inflammation and mitigates weight loss by enhancing intestinal barrier functions.However,the mechanisms underlying lactate-mediated protection of the intestinal epithelial barrier remain unclear.This study aimed to explore the protective effect of lactate on intestinal barrier damage in colitis piglets and the possible underlying mechanisms through in vivo and in vitro experiments.Methods A total of 6021-day-old weaned female piglets were randomly assigned into three groups based on weight:the control group(basal diet with physiological saline gavage),the DSS group(basal diet with 5%DSS gavage),and the DSS+LA group(2%lactate diet with 5%DSS gavage).There were 10 replicates per treatment,with 2 piglets per replicate.Jejunal morphology was assessed via hematoxylin and eosin staining,while Western blotting quantified the protein levels of proliferation markers,including cluster of differentiation 24(CD24),cyclin D1,and wingless/integrated(Wnt)/β-catenin signaling components.In vitro,0.08%DSS and 2–32 mmol/L sodium lactate-treated intestinal porcine epithelial cell line-J2(IPEC-J2)cells(n=4)were assessed for viability(Cell Counting Kit-8 assay),apoptosis(flow cytometry),and proliferation parameters,including cell cycle analysis and Leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein coupled receptor 5(Lgr5+)stem cell quantification.Results In vivo,DSS administration induced jejunal villus shortening(P<0.05),downregulated protein levels of CD24,cyclin D1,casein kinase 1(CK1),and dishevelled-2(DVL2)(P<0.05).In vitro,DSS promoted apoptosis,inhibited proliferation,diminished the Lgr5+cell populations(P<0.05),and reduced S-phase cell proportions(P<0.05).Conversely,lactate supplementation ameliorated DSS-induced villus atrophy(P<0.05),restored CD24,cyclin D1,CK1,and DVL2 protein levels(P<0.05).Furthermore,in vitro,sodium lactate attenuated DSS-induced apoptosis(P<0.05),enhanced IPEC-J2 proliferation(P<0.05),expanded Lgr5+cells(P<0.05),and increased S-phase progression(P<0.05).Conclusions In summary,lactate ameliorated intestinal barrier damage in DSS-induced colitis by activating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and restoring the balance between epithelial cell proliferation and apoptosis.This study provides novel mechanistic evidence supporting lactate's therapeutic potential for IBD management.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFD1300502)Sichuan Science and Technology Program(2021ZDZX0009)。
文摘Background Low dietary energy levels can disrupt energy balance,causing metabolic disorders,particularly those involving in hepatic lipid metabolism.Betaine(BET),an important methyl donor,has demonstrated protective effects against liver diseases.However,its effects on hepatic lipid metabolism in pigs fed a low-net energy(NE)diet and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.Thirty-two pigs(85.52±2.27 kg)were randomly assigned to four treatments:N-NE group(normal NE diet,2,475 kcal/kg NE),N-NEB group(normal NE diet+1,500 mg/kg BET,2,475 kcal/kg NE),R100-NE group(low-NE diet,2,375 kcal/kg NE),and R100-NEB group(low-NE diet+1,500 mg/kg BET,2,375 kcal/kg NE).The experiment lasted 35 d.Results There was no significant difference in growth performance among the groups(P>0.05).Reducing dietary NE levels caused liver dysfunction and increased total glyceride concentration,accompanied by lipid metabolism disorders.BET supplementation in a low-NE diet exhibited hepatoprotective roles,as evidenced by increased TP concentration and reduced ALT level in serum(P<0.05),as well as decreased fat content,adipocyte size,and total glyceride concentration in the liver(P<0.05).Meanwhile,dietary BET alleviated low-NE diet-induced hepatic lipid metabolism disorder by downregulating mRNA expressions of genes related to fatty acid transport(FABP3 and CD36)and lipogenesis(SREBP1c and FASN),while upregulating mRNA expressions involved in lipolysis(CPT1 and HSL)(P<0.05).Furthermore,dietary BET increased serum SAM concentration and the SAM/SAH ratio in pigs fed low-NE diets(P<0.05),thereby providing sufficient methyl groups through regulating the activities of enzymes participated in BET metabolism.Mechanistically,BET increased m^(6)A modification level and regulated mRNA and protein expressions of m^(6)A modified proteins including METTL3,METTL14,WTAP,YTHDF1,and ALKBH5.Correlation analysis showed a significant association between m^(6)A RNA methylation and hepatic lipid metabolism,suggesting that m^(6)A RNA methylation may play a critical role in mediating hepatic lipid metabolism.Conclusions Dietary BET supplementation in low-NE diets alleviated hepatic lipid metabolism disorders by regulating m^(6)A RNA methylation,ultimately reducing hepatic lipid accumulation in finishing pigs.
基金the Project (NO.20154030) from the Science and Technology Department of Guizhou Province and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.81873020).
文摘Cupping therapy (CT) is an ancient traditional and complementary medicine practice. Recently, there has been a growing evidence of its potential benefits in the treatment of various diseases. The CT has been constantly developing with the emergence of various modern and improved cupping devices. It is now evident that cupping could adjust the Qi, blood, Yin and Yang, dredge the meridian, as well as relieve the effect of illness, achieve fitness and relative equilibrium of Yin-Yang. It exerts its effects through the negative pressure suction via the mechanical and thermal stimulations, and the negative pressure effects induced by cupping. This article gives an overview of CT practice, its historical development, as well as its therapeutic effects and mechanism. Furthermore, a new and updated classification of CT was briefly introduced.
基金supported by Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province(2023NSFSC0237)National Natural Science Foundation of China(32372900)Major Special Projects in Sichuan Province(2021ZDZX0009).
文摘Background Inflammatory bowel disease is a significant health concern for both humans and large-scale farm animals.In the quest for effective alternatives to antibiotics,next-generation probiotics(NGPs)have emerged as a promising option.The genus Blautia presents a rich source of potential NGP strains.Here we successfully isolated Blautia hominis LYH1 strain from the intestines of healthy weaned piglets and characterized its biological traits.Its antiinflammatory activity was then assessed using macrophages,while its protective effects against colitis and gut barrier damage were validated in a DSS-induced mouse colitis model.Results B.hominis LYH1 displayed typical characteristics of an obligate anaerobe,including non-hemolytic and nonmotile features,and a genome enriched with carbohydrate-active enzyme genes.It produced metabolites with antibiotic-like compounds,demonstrating antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli.In vitro,B.hominis LYH1 effectively inhibited pathogen replication in macrophages,reducing cellular infections and alleviating inflammatory damage.In vivo,oral administration of B.hominis LYH1 or its metabolites significantly mitigated DSS-induced colitis in mice by suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines,inhibiting T-lymphocyte activation,and enhancing short-chain fatty acid production.Conclusions Our findings underscore B.hominis LYH1’s potential as a NGP for maintaining gut health and combating intestinal inflammation.These findings offer valuable insights into the development of antibiotic alternatives and innovative strategies for preventing and treating enteritis in both agricultural and medical settings.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China under Project 52437003 and 52421004in part by the National Key R&D Program of China under Project 2023YFB3406000in part by Heilongjiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation under Project YQ2022E029.
文摘Permanent-magnet synchronous machines(PMSMs)are widely used in robotics,rail transportation,and electric vehicles owing to their high power density,high efficiency,and high power factor.However,PMSMs often operate in harsh environments,where critical components such as windings and permanent magnets(PMs)are susceptible to failures.These faults can lead to a significant degradation in performance,posing substantial challenges to the reliable operation of PMSMs.This paper presents a comprehensive review of common fault types in PMSMs,along with their corresponding fault diagnosis and fault-tolerant control strategies.The underlying mechanisms of typical faults are systematically analyzed,followed by a detailed comparison of various diagnostic and fault-tolerant control methods to evaluate their respective advantages and limitations.Finally,the review concludes by identifying key research gaps in PMSM fault diagnosis and fault-tolerant control,while proposing potential future directions for advancing this field.
文摘Objective: To investigate the influence of the new coronavirus epidemic on tumor radiotherapy patients in Zigong City, and provide radiotherapy feasibility and safety in other prefecture-level or low-risk areas. Methods: Retrospective Collection of data from January 31, 2020, in our hospital, this time period is an epidemic group. The control group was data from January 31, 2019-May 31, in our hospital. Patient data includes gender, age, tumor type, hospitalization fee, average hospitalization day, radiotherapy completion, treatment destination, and other information. Results: The patients with epidemic groups and control groups were 320 and 237, respectively, and the radiotherapy patients increased by 25.9%, increasing patients mainly from other departures outside the tumor department underperformance reform intervention. The epidemic group of brain and breast tumor patients were 39 and 37, respectively, with statistical differences (P < 0.05) compared to the control group (25 and 16 respectively). The number of tumor radiotherapy patients in other parts increased, but there was no statistical difference (P > 0.05). Inpatient costs, the average hospitalization day, radiotherapy completion, the purpose of treatment, and other data epidemic groups and control groups have no statistical difference (P > 0.05). Conclusion: The number of COVID-2019 epidemic interventions has increased the number of cancer radiotherapy patients in our hospital, and the epidemic situation has no effect on hospitalization, the average hospitalization day, radiotherapy, and the like. Optimizing the process of clinical treatment, strict prevention and control measures can ensure timely and safe radiotherapy in low-risk areas.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U1402224,31601010,81571998,and U1702284)Yunnan Province(2015HA038 and 2018FB054)Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS zsys-02)
文摘Chinese tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri chinensis) have become an increasingly important experimental animal in biomedical research due to their close relationship to primates. An accurately sequenced and assembled genome is essential for understanding the genetic features and biology of this animal. In this study, we used long-read single-molecule sequencing and high-throughput chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C) technology to obtain a high-qualitychromosome-scale scaffolding of the Chinese tree shrew genome. The new reference genome (KIZ version 2: TS_2.0) resolved problems in presently available tree shrew genomes and enabled accurate identification of large and complex repeat regions, gene structures, and species-specific genomic structural variants. In addition, by sequencing the genomes of six Chinese tree shrew individuals, we produced a comprehensive map of 12.8 M single nucleotide polymorphisms and confirmed that the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) loci and immunoglobulin gene family exhibited high nucleotide diversity in the tree shrew genome. We updated the tree shrew genome database (TreeshrewDB v2.0: http://www.treeshrewdb.org) to include the genome annotation information and genetic variations. The new high-quality reference genome of the Chinese tree shrew and the updated TreeshrewDB will facilitate the use of this animal in many different fields of research.
基金granted by the Earmarked Fund for Modern Agro-industry Technology Research System of China(CARS-36)Feed Biotechnology Project of Sichuan Province of China with grant number 2010GZ0193
文摘Background： Rapeseed cake is a good source of protein for animal feed but its utilization is limited due to the presence of anti-nutritional substances, such as glucosinolates （GIs）, phytic acid, tannins etc. In the present study, a solid state fermentation （SSF） using Aspergillus niger was carried out with the purpose of degrading glucosinolates and improving the nutritional quality of rapeseed cake （RSC）. The effects of medium composition and incubation conditions on the GIs content in fermented rapeseed cake （FRSC） were investigated, and chemical composition and amino acid in vitro digestibility of RSC substrate fermented under optimal conditions were determined. Results： After 72 h of incubation at 34℃, a 76.89% decrease in GIs of RSC was obtained in solid medium containing 70% RSC, 30% wheat bran at optimal moisture content 60% （w/w）. Compared to unfermented RSC, trichloroacetic acid soluble protein （TCA-SP）, crude protein and ether extract contents of the FRSC were increased （P〈 0.05） 103.71, 23.02 and 23.54%, respectively. As expected, the contents of NDF and phytic acid declined （P〈 0.05） by 9.12 and 44.60%, respectively. Total amino acids （TAA） and essential amino acids （EAA） contents as well as AA in vitro digestibility of FRSC were improved significantly （P 〈 0.05）. Moreover, the enzyme activity of endoglucanase, xylanase, acid protease and phytase were increased （P 〈 0.05） during SSF. Conclusions： Our results indicate that the solid state fermentation offers an effective approach to improving the quality of proteins sources such as rapeseed cake.
