Faced with a shortage of agricultural land and a changing climate,Asia urgently needs to focus on smart agriculture to meet the food demands of an increasing population.In recent years,advances in information technolo...Faced with a shortage of agricultural land and a changing climate,Asia urgently needs to focus on smart agriculture to meet the food demands of an increasing population.In recent years,advances in information technology and governmental support have promoted the rapid development of smart agriculture in Asia.This study provides a comprehensive review of the progress of smart agriculture in Asia.First,using bib-liometrics,we conduct a comprehensive analysis of Asian smart-agriculture research in terms of countries,institutions,and keywords.Second,we investigate innovative technologies used in smart agriculture and provide a systematic summary of agricultural production in Asia,from breeding to harvest.In addition,we conduct qualitative and quantitative assessments of smart-agriculture policies across Asia and present cutting-edge solutions to key challenges such as climate change,labor shortage,and water scarcity.Currently,Asian smart-agriculture policies are insufficient in areas such as risk prevention and control,in-ternational cooperation,and standardization.Accordingly,future efforts may focus on enhancing data se-curity and standardization to promote the global development and popularization of smart agriculture.Finally,we discuss trends and challenges that need to be considered and addressed in the future.This re-view aims to analyze the technical characteristics and application status of smart agriculture in Asia and to provide resources for researchers and policy makers.展开更多
Rice transplanting requires the operator to manipulate the rice transplanter in straight trajectories.Various markers are proposed to help experienced drivers in keeping straightforward and parallel to the previous pa...Rice transplanting requires the operator to manipulate the rice transplanter in straight trajectories.Various markers are proposed to help experienced drivers in keeping straightforward and parallel to the previous path,which are extremely boring in terms of large-scale fields.The objective of this research was to develop an autonomous navigation system that automatically guided a rice transplanter working along predetermined paths in the field.The rice transplanter used in this research was commercially available and originally manually-operated.An automatic manipulating system was developed instead of manual functions including steering,stop,going forward and reverse.A sensor fusion algorithm was adopted to integrate measurements of the Real-Time Kinematic Global Navigation Satellite System(RTK-GNSS)and Inertial Measurement Unit(IMU),and calculate the absolute moving direction under the UTM coordinate system.A headland turning control method was proposed to ensure a robust turning process considering that the rice transplanter featured a small turning radius and a relatively large slip rate at extreme steering angles.Experiments were designed and conducted to verify the performance of the newly developed autonomous navigation system.Results showed that both lateral and heading errors were less than 8 cm and 3 degrees,respectively,in terms of following straight paths.And headland turns were robustly executed according to the required pattern.展开更多
The aim of this study was to develop a general-purpose electric off-road robot vehicle by using automatic control technologies.The vehicle prototype used in this study was a commercially-purchased electricity utility ...The aim of this study was to develop a general-purpose electric off-road robot vehicle by using automatic control technologies.The vehicle prototype used in this study was a commercially-purchased electricity utility vehicle that was designed originally for manual operations.A manipulating unit,an automatic steering system and a speed control system were developed and integrated into a CAN-bus network for operating on functions(forward,reverse,park or stop),realizing desired steering angles and maintaining a constant speed,respectively,in the mode of automation.An autonomous navigation system based on RTK-GPS and IMU was used to evaluate the performance of the newly developed off-road robot.Field tests showed that the maximum error in speed control was 0.29 m/s and 0.22 m/s for speed tests and autonomous runs,respectively.The lateral offset was less than 10 cm in terms of straight paths,indicating that the automatic steering control system was of good performance.展开更多
The objective of this research was to develop an uncut crop edge detection system for a combine harvester.A laser rangefinder(LF)was selected as a primary sensor,combined with a pan-tilt unit(PTU)and an inertial measu...The objective of this research was to develop an uncut crop edge detection system for a combine harvester.A laser rangefinder(LF)was selected as a primary sensor,combined with a pan-tilt unit(PTU)and an inertial measurement unit(IMU).Three-dimensional field information can be obtained when the PTU rotates the laser rangefinder in the vertical plane.A field profile was modeled by analyzing range data.Otsu’s method was used to detect the crop edge position on each scanning profile,and the least squares method was applied to fit the uncut crop edge.Fundamental performance of the system was first evaluated under laboratory conditions.Then,validation experiments were conducted under both static and dynamic conditions in a wheat field during harvesting season.To verify the error of the detection system,the real position of the edge was measured by GPS for accuracy evaluation.The results showed an average lateral error of±12 cm,with a Root-Mean-Square Error(RMSE)of 3.01 cm for the static test,and an average lateral error of±25 cm,with an RMSE of 10.15 cm for the dynamic test.The proposed laser rangefinder-based uncut crop edge detection system exhibited a satisfactory performance for edge detection under different conditions in the field,and can provide reliable information for further study.展开更多
An adaptive turning algorithm for a four-wheel robot tractor in the headland is presented in this paper.The navigation sensors consisted of an inertial measurement unit and a real-time kinematic global positioning sys...An adaptive turning algorithm for a four-wheel robot tractor in the headland is presented in this paper.The navigation sensors consisted of an inertial measurement unit and a real-time kinematic global positioning system(GPS).An objective function based on weights was used to create the navigation path,connecting by continuous primitives.The asymmetric steering mechanism was then taken into consideration with a vehicle model.To follow the path accurately,the slide movement of the robot and the steering rate were taken into account by estimating the turning radius in real time.In addition,the vehicle model was tuned based on the results of each turn.Therefore,the turning control algorithm was optimized on the basis of the specific conditions in the field.Field experiments showed that the robot tractor approached the next path with an average lateral deviation of 3.9 cm at a speed of 1.2 m/s during a turn.Compared to a conventional turning scheme,the time consumption and turning trajectory were decreased by 17%and 21%,respectively.展开更多
Precision seeding requires that the corn drill drop seeds into the soil by a specific in-row spacing while its travelling speed fluctuates due to unevenness of the field ground.This paper presents a low-cost precision...Precision seeding requires that the corn drill drop seeds into the soil by a specific in-row spacing while its travelling speed fluctuates due to unevenness of the field ground.This paper presents a low-cost precision seeding control system for a conventional corn drill with mechanical metering devices of finger-pickup type.A median filtering method was implemented in the control system to process measurements from a rotary encoder in order to acquire stable values of the corn drill travelling speed.The metering unit was driven by an electric motor controlled by the metering ECU according to the actual travelling speed and the desired in-row spacing in real-time.A user interface was programmed to communicate with ECUs for configuring parameters and displaying operating information during working.The newly-developed precision seeding control system was first calibrated in terms of speed measurement and control for two ECUs.Experiments were conducted on a seeding test platform in the laboratory for evaluating its accuracy in dropping seeds by giving different in-row spacing under different travelling speeds of the conveyor sticky belt.Results showed that the average spacing error was less than 2 cm and the maximum RMS error was 0.78 cm for all spacing values including 25 cm,30 cm and 35 cm under the travelling speed of 1.0-8.0 km/h.These indicated that the low-cost precision seeding control system worked in a both accurate and stable way.展开更多
Smart technology which is the backbone of high-efficiency production opens a new horizon in sustainable agriculture.Nowadays,harvesting the heavy-weight crops is considered an arduous job,specifically in Japan which h...Smart technology which is the backbone of high-efficiency production opens a new horizon in sustainable agriculture.Nowadays,harvesting the heavy-weight crops is considered an arduous job,specifically in Japan which has faced a serious labor shortage in agricultural fields.In this study,a development procedure and evaluation of a 4-degrees-of-freedom articulated robotic arm is presented,and it provides an appropriate infrastructure to develop a smart harvesting robotic system for heavy-weight crops such as pumpkin,watermelon,melon,and cabbage.This robotic arm designed as an actuating unit of a robot tractor for the agricultural outdoor environment.In this regard,different degree of freedom was evaluated under consideration of economic and technical indexes to find an optimized mechanism.The controlling algorithm of the system was developed by consideration of kinematic and dynamic aspects of the real-world condition.A special harvesting methodology was developed based on optimum harvesting conditions.A controlling unit was developed by using PLC system.Experimental performance,accuracy,payload per weight,and repeatability of the system were measured.The payload per weight,overall average accuracy,and overall average repeatability of the robot were 0.21,1.85 mm,and±0.51 mm,respectively.The results indicated that the developed system had a front access,harvesting length,and workspace volume of 2.024 m,1.36 m,and 8.27 m^(3),respectively.One of the significant advantages of the proposed robotic arm is its capability to use in different industries with minimum modifications.展开更多
This research introduces a new inclination correction method with increased accuracy applied to the guidance system of an agricultural vehicle.The method considers the geometry of a robot tractor and uses an Inertial ...This research introduces a new inclination correction method with increased accuracy applied to the guidance system of an agricultural vehicle.The method considers the geometry of a robot tractor and uses an Inertial Measurement Unit(IMU)to correct the lateral error of the RTK-GPS antenna measurements raised by the tractor's inclinations.A parameters optimization experiment and an automatic guidance experiment under real working conditions were used to compare the accuracy of a traditional correction method with the new correction method,by calculating the RMSE of the lateral error and the error reduction percentage.An additional tuned correction method was found by using a simple analytical method to find the optimal variables that reduced the lateral error to a minimum.The results indicate that the new correction method and the tuned correction method display a significant error reduction percentage compared to the traditional correction method.The methods could correct the GPS lateral error caused by the roll inclinations in real-time.The resulting lateral deviation caused by the tractor's inclinations could be reduced up to 23%for typical travelling speeds.展开更多
In this study,a lightweight phenotyping system that combined the advantages of both deep learning-based panicle detection and the photogrammetry based on light consumer-level UAVs was proposed.A two-year experiment wa...In this study,a lightweight phenotyping system that combined the advantages of both deep learning-based panicle detection and the photogrammetry based on light consumer-level UAVs was proposed.A two-year experiment was conducted to perform data collection and accuracy validation.A deep learning model,named Mask Region-based Convolutional Neural Network(Mask R-CNN),was trained to detect panicles in complex scenes of paddy fields.A total of 13857 images were fed into Mask R-CNN,with 80%used for training and 20%used for validation.Scores,precision,recall,Average Precision(AP),and F1-score of the Mask R-CNN,were 82.46%,80.60%,79.46%,and 79.66%,respectively.A complete workflow was proposed to preprocess flight trajectories and remove repeated detection and noises.Eventually,the evident changed in rice growth during the heading stage was visualized with geographic distributions,and the total number of panicles was predicted before harvest.The average error of the predicted amounts of panicles was 33.98%.Experimental results showed the feasibility of using the developed system as the high-throughput phenotyping approach.展开更多
The objective of this research was to determine the Nomoto model maneuverability indices of an agricultural unmanned airboat which was developed to perform autonomous weeding and paddy growth monitoring in a paddy fie...The objective of this research was to determine the Nomoto model maneuverability indices of an agricultural unmanned airboat which was developed to perform autonomous weeding and paddy growth monitoring in a paddy field.A global positioning system compass and an inertial measurement unit were attached on the airboat body to record the position,heading and angular rate.The zig-zag experiments were adopted to obtain the maneuverability indices.The Matlab-based maneuvering simulations were conducted and compared with field experimental data of circular motion test and sinusoidal running test,respectively.The results showed that the trace error was at sub-meter level,which expounds the validity of the obtained maneuvering indices.The proposed Nomoto model maneuverability indices can be used to improve the airboat precise automatic control in paddy field.展开更多
基金funded by the Zhejiang Province Agricultural Machinery Research,Manufacturing and Application Integration Project(grant numbers 2023-YT-06,YF20220801)the National Innovation Park for Forestry and Grass Equipment(grant numbers 2023YG08)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Zhejiang Provincial Universities(grant numbers 226-2024-00191).
文摘Faced with a shortage of agricultural land and a changing climate,Asia urgently needs to focus on smart agriculture to meet the food demands of an increasing population.In recent years,advances in information technology and governmental support have promoted the rapid development of smart agriculture in Asia.This study provides a comprehensive review of the progress of smart agriculture in Asia.First,using bib-liometrics,we conduct a comprehensive analysis of Asian smart-agriculture research in terms of countries,institutions,and keywords.Second,we investigate innovative technologies used in smart agriculture and provide a systematic summary of agricultural production in Asia,from breeding to harvest.In addition,we conduct qualitative and quantitative assessments of smart-agriculture policies across Asia and present cutting-edge solutions to key challenges such as climate change,labor shortage,and water scarcity.Currently,Asian smart-agriculture policies are insufficient in areas such as risk prevention and control,in-ternational cooperation,and standardization.Accordingly,future efforts may focus on enhancing data se-curity and standardization to promote the global development and popularization of smart agriculture.Finally,we discuss trends and challenges that need to be considered and addressed in the future.This re-view aims to analyze the technical characteristics and application status of smart agriculture in Asia and to provide resources for researchers and policy makers.
基金This research was financially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31501230)Shandong Province Natural Science Foundation of China for Youths(No.ZR2014CQ058)+1 种基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China Sub-project(No.2017YFD0700405)Shandong Province Science and Technology Planning Project of Higher Education(No.J17KA145).
文摘Rice transplanting requires the operator to manipulate the rice transplanter in straight trajectories.Various markers are proposed to help experienced drivers in keeping straightforward and parallel to the previous path,which are extremely boring in terms of large-scale fields.The objective of this research was to develop an autonomous navigation system that automatically guided a rice transplanter working along predetermined paths in the field.The rice transplanter used in this research was commercially available and originally manually-operated.An automatic manipulating system was developed instead of manual functions including steering,stop,going forward and reverse.A sensor fusion algorithm was adopted to integrate measurements of the Real-Time Kinematic Global Navigation Satellite System(RTK-GNSS)and Inertial Measurement Unit(IMU),and calculate the absolute moving direction under the UTM coordinate system.A headland turning control method was proposed to ensure a robust turning process considering that the rice transplanter featured a small turning radius and a relatively large slip rate at extreme steering angles.Experiments were designed and conducted to verify the performance of the newly developed autonomous navigation system.Results showed that both lateral and heading errors were less than 8 cm and 3 degrees,respectively,in terms of following straight paths.And headland turns were robustly executed according to the required pattern.
文摘The aim of this study was to develop a general-purpose electric off-road robot vehicle by using automatic control technologies.The vehicle prototype used in this study was a commercially-purchased electricity utility vehicle that was designed originally for manual operations.A manipulating unit,an automatic steering system and a speed control system were developed and integrated into a CAN-bus network for operating on functions(forward,reverse,park or stop),realizing desired steering angles and maintaining a constant speed,respectively,in the mode of automation.An autonomous navigation system based on RTK-GPS and IMU was used to evaluate the performance of the newly developed off-road robot.Field tests showed that the maximum error in speed control was 0.29 m/s and 0.22 m/s for speed tests and autonomous runs,respectively.The lateral offset was less than 10 cm in terms of straight paths,indicating that the automatic steering control system was of good performance.
基金the fund of China Scholarship Council,Chinese Universities Scientific Fund(ZD2013015)the research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China(20130204110020).
文摘The objective of this research was to develop an uncut crop edge detection system for a combine harvester.A laser rangefinder(LF)was selected as a primary sensor,combined with a pan-tilt unit(PTU)and an inertial measurement unit(IMU).Three-dimensional field information can be obtained when the PTU rotates the laser rangefinder in the vertical plane.A field profile was modeled by analyzing range data.Otsu’s method was used to detect the crop edge position on each scanning profile,and the least squares method was applied to fit the uncut crop edge.Fundamental performance of the system was first evaluated under laboratory conditions.Then,validation experiments were conducted under both static and dynamic conditions in a wheat field during harvesting season.To verify the error of the detection system,the real position of the edge was measured by GPS for accuracy evaluation.The results showed an average lateral error of±12 cm,with a Root-Mean-Square Error(RMSE)of 3.01 cm for the static test,and an average lateral error of±25 cm,with an RMSE of 10.15 cm for the dynamic test.The proposed laser rangefinder-based uncut crop edge detection system exhibited a satisfactory performance for edge detection under different conditions in the field,and can provide reliable information for further study.
基金This study was supported by the R&D program of SIP(Cross-Ministerial Strategic Innovation Promotion Program)“Technologies for Creating Next-generation Agriculture,Forestry and Fisheries”.
文摘An adaptive turning algorithm for a four-wheel robot tractor in the headland is presented in this paper.The navigation sensors consisted of an inertial measurement unit and a real-time kinematic global positioning system(GPS).An objective function based on weights was used to create the navigation path,connecting by continuous primitives.The asymmetric steering mechanism was then taken into consideration with a vehicle model.To follow the path accurately,the slide movement of the robot and the steering rate were taken into account by estimating the turning radius in real time.In addition,the vehicle model was tuned based on the results of each turn.Therefore,the turning control algorithm was optimized on the basis of the specific conditions in the field.Field experiments showed that the robot tractor approached the next path with an average lateral deviation of 3.9 cm at a speed of 1.2 m/s during a turn.Compared to a conventional turning scheme,the time consumption and turning trajectory were decreased by 17%and 21%,respectively.
基金This research was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31501230)Shandong Province Natural Science Foundation of China(No.ZR2014CQ058)+1 种基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China Sub-project(No.2017YFD0700405)Shandong Province Science and Technology Planning Project of Higher Education(J17KA145).
文摘Precision seeding requires that the corn drill drop seeds into the soil by a specific in-row spacing while its travelling speed fluctuates due to unevenness of the field ground.This paper presents a low-cost precision seeding control system for a conventional corn drill with mechanical metering devices of finger-pickup type.A median filtering method was implemented in the control system to process measurements from a rotary encoder in order to acquire stable values of the corn drill travelling speed.The metering unit was driven by an electric motor controlled by the metering ECU according to the actual travelling speed and the desired in-row spacing in real-time.A user interface was programmed to communicate with ECUs for configuring parameters and displaying operating information during working.The newly-developed precision seeding control system was first calibrated in terms of speed measurement and control for two ECUs.Experiments were conducted on a seeding test platform in the laboratory for evaluating its accuracy in dropping seeds by giving different in-row spacing under different travelling speeds of the conveyor sticky belt.Results showed that the average spacing error was less than 2 cm and the maximum RMS error was 0.78 cm for all spacing values including 25 cm,30 cm and 35 cm under the travelling speed of 1.0-8.0 km/h.These indicated that the low-cost precision seeding control system worked in a both accurate and stable way.
基金This study was supported by the Cross-ministerial Strategic Innovation Promotion Program(SIP)managed by Cabinet Office.
文摘Smart technology which is the backbone of high-efficiency production opens a new horizon in sustainable agriculture.Nowadays,harvesting the heavy-weight crops is considered an arduous job,specifically in Japan which has faced a serious labor shortage in agricultural fields.In this study,a development procedure and evaluation of a 4-degrees-of-freedom articulated robotic arm is presented,and it provides an appropriate infrastructure to develop a smart harvesting robotic system for heavy-weight crops such as pumpkin,watermelon,melon,and cabbage.This robotic arm designed as an actuating unit of a robot tractor for the agricultural outdoor environment.In this regard,different degree of freedom was evaluated under consideration of economic and technical indexes to find an optimized mechanism.The controlling algorithm of the system was developed by consideration of kinematic and dynamic aspects of the real-world condition.A special harvesting methodology was developed based on optimum harvesting conditions.A controlling unit was developed by using PLC system.Experimental performance,accuracy,payload per weight,and repeatability of the system were measured.The payload per weight,overall average accuracy,and overall average repeatability of the robot were 0.21,1.85 mm,and±0.51 mm,respectively.The results indicated that the developed system had a front access,harvesting length,and workspace volume of 2.024 m,1.36 m,and 8.27 m^(3),respectively.One of the significant advantages of the proposed robotic arm is its capability to use in different industries with minimum modifications.
文摘This research introduces a new inclination correction method with increased accuracy applied to the guidance system of an agricultural vehicle.The method considers the geometry of a robot tractor and uses an Inertial Measurement Unit(IMU)to correct the lateral error of the RTK-GPS antenna measurements raised by the tractor's inclinations.A parameters optimization experiment and an automatic guidance experiment under real working conditions were used to compare the accuracy of a traditional correction method with the new correction method,by calculating the RMSE of the lateral error and the error reduction percentage.An additional tuned correction method was found by using a simple analytical method to find the optimal variables that reduced the lateral error to a minimum.The results indicate that the new correction method and the tuned correction method display a significant error reduction percentage compared to the traditional correction method.The methods could correct the GPS lateral error caused by the roll inclinations in real-time.The resulting lateral deviation caused by the tractor's inclinations could be reduced up to 23%for typical travelling speeds.
文摘In this study,a lightweight phenotyping system that combined the advantages of both deep learning-based panicle detection and the photogrammetry based on light consumer-level UAVs was proposed.A two-year experiment was conducted to perform data collection and accuracy validation.A deep learning model,named Mask Region-based Convolutional Neural Network(Mask R-CNN),was trained to detect panicles in complex scenes of paddy fields.A total of 13857 images were fed into Mask R-CNN,with 80%used for training and 20%used for validation.Scores,precision,recall,Average Precision(AP),and F1-score of the Mask R-CNN,were 82.46%,80.60%,79.46%,and 79.66%,respectively.A complete workflow was proposed to preprocess flight trajectories and remove repeated detection and noises.Eventually,the evident changed in rice growth during the heading stage was visualized with geographic distributions,and the total number of panicles was predicted before harvest.The average error of the predicted amounts of panicles was 33.98%.Experimental results showed the feasibility of using the developed system as the high-throughput phenotyping approach.
文摘The objective of this research was to determine the Nomoto model maneuverability indices of an agricultural unmanned airboat which was developed to perform autonomous weeding and paddy growth monitoring in a paddy field.A global positioning system compass and an inertial measurement unit were attached on the airboat body to record the position,heading and angular rate.The zig-zag experiments were adopted to obtain the maneuverability indices.The Matlab-based maneuvering simulations were conducted and compared with field experimental data of circular motion test and sinusoidal running test,respectively.The results showed that the trace error was at sub-meter level,which expounds the validity of the obtained maneuvering indices.The proposed Nomoto model maneuverability indices can be used to improve the airboat precise automatic control in paddy field.
