Objective:To ascertain the potential antibacterial activity of honey against clinical isolates of Escherichia coli(E.coli),Pseudomonas aeruginosa(P.aeruginosa) and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi(S.enterica serovar ...Objective:To ascertain the potential antibacterial activity of honey against clinical isolates of Escherichia coli(E.coli),Pseudomonas aeruginosa(P.aeruginosa) and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi(S.enterica serovar Typhi) by in vitro methods.Methods:The partial inhibitory concentration(PIC),minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration(MBC) values of the autoclaved honey(extracted from Apis indica hive by indigenous method) were determined for S.enterica serovar Typhi(n=8:from blood cultute), E.coli(n=5:from urine culture) and P.aeruginosa(n=5:from pus culture) isolates by in vitro methods.Results:The PICs of the honey tested for the isolates ranged 0.50%-1.25%(v/v) for S. enterica serovar Typhi,0.75%-1.50%(v/v) for E.coli and 1.00%-1.25%(v/v) for P.aeruginosa, while the MICs ranged 1.75%-3.00%(v/v),3.00%-3.50%(v/v) and 3.50%(v/v),respectively.The P.aeruginosa and E.coli isolates had MBC value of 4.00%(v/v):the S.enterica serovar Typhi showed MBCs in between 3.00%and 3.50%(v/v).The bactericidal activity of honey was achieved at concentration 3.00%(v/v) for S.enterica serovar Typhi and E.coli,and at 3.50%(v/v) for P. aeruginosa.Conclusions:The excellent antibacterial activity of honey against clinical bacterial isolates indicates the usefulness of honey in clinical practice against bacterial infection.展开更多
Objective:To evaluate the antibacterial activity of Emblica officinalis Gaertn(E.officinalis: Family:Euphorbiaceae) seed and Nymphae odorala Aiton(N.odorala:Family:Nymphaeaceae) stamen extracts,alone and in combinatio...Objective:To evaluate the antibacterial activity of Emblica officinalis Gaertn(E.officinalis: Family:Euphorbiaceae) seed and Nymphae odorala Aiton(N.odorala:Family:Nymphaeaceae) stamen extracts,alone and in combination,and in combination with amoxicillin(Ax) against Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus).Methods:Antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts of amla,E.officinalis,seed(AMS:500μg) and sapla,N.odorala,stamen(SAP:500 p g) for 12 methicillin-resistant S.aureus(MRSA) isolates was determined following agar diffusion:in order to assess the combined antibacterial activity,AMS(250μg) plus SAP(250μg) were considered.The Ax(10μg) activity alone and in combination with AMS(250μg),and SAP(250μg) was determined by disk diffusion.The zone diameters of inhibition(ZDIs) for the agents were recorded,and growth inhibitory indices(GIIs) were calculated.Results:The MRSA isolates (n=12) had AMS(500μg) and SAP(500μg) ZDIs of 12-19 mm and 21-24 mm,respectively.The ZDIs(range 24-27 mm) increased by 3-4 mm due to combined action of AMS(250μg) and SAP(250μg) indicating synergy between extracts for MRSA(GII 0.634-0.742).The MRSA isolates were resistant to Ax(ZDI:8-11 mm),which in combination with AMS and SAP had synergistic effect,both due to increased ZDI[mean±SD=(3.5±0.577) mm]and GII(0.631-0.894).Conclusions:The data suggest that the plants,E.officinalis and N.odorala alone or in combination,are promising in the development of phytomedicines,which may be used,alone or in combination with the antibiotic. Ax,against MRSA infection.展开更多
Cholera,caused by the infection of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae(V.cholerae) to humans,is a life threatening diarrheal disease with epidemic and pandemic potential.The V.cholerae,both 01 and 0139 serogroups,produce a pote...Cholera,caused by the infection of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae(V.cholerae) to humans,is a life threatening diarrheal disease with epidemic and pandemic potential.The V.cholerae,both 01 and 0139 serogroups,produce a potent enterotoxin(cholera toxin) responsible for the lethal symptoms of the disease.The O1 serogroup has two biotypes(phenotypes),classical and El Tor;each of which has two major serotypes(based on antigenic responses),Ogawa and Inaba and the extremely rare Hikojima.V.cholerae O1 strains interconvert and switch between the Ogawa and Inaba serotypes.Fluid and electrolyte replacement is the mainstay of treatment of cholera patients;the severe cases require antibiotic treatment to reduce the duration of illness and replacement of fluid intake.The antibiotic therapy cunenlly has faced difficulties due to the rapid emergence and spread o(multidrug resistant V.cholerae causing several outbreaks in the globe.Currently,cholera has been becoming endemic in an increasing number of geographical areas,reflecting a failure in implementation of control measures.However,the current safe oral vaccines lower the number of resistant infections and could thus represent an effective intervention measure to control antibiotic resistance in cholera.Overall,the priorities for cholera control remain public health interventions through improved drinking water,sanitation, surveillance and access to health care facilities,and lurther development of safe,effective and appropriate vaccines.Thus,this review describes the facts and phenomena related to the disease cholera,which is still a great threat mainly to the developing countries,and hence a grave global concern too.展开更多
Objective:To determine the antibiotic resistance of Vibrio choleras(V.cholerae) O1 biotype El Tor serotype Ogawa isolates involved in an outbreak of watery diarrhea in Kolkata,and to explore the role of plasmid in med...Objective:To determine the antibiotic resistance of Vibrio choleras(V.cholerae) O1 biotype El Tor serotype Ogawa isolates involved in an outbreak of watery diarrhea in Kolkata,and to explore the role of plasmid in mediating antibiotic resistance.Methods:Antibiotic susceptibility and minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC) values of antibiotics for the isolated V.cholerae 01 Ogawa(n=12) were determined by disk diffusion and agar dilution methods,respectively,using ampicillin(Am),chloramphenicol(C),trimethoprim(Tm),tetracycline(T).erythromycine(Er), nalidixic acid(Nx).ciprofloxacin(Cp),amikacin(Ak) and cefotaxime(Cf).Plasmid curing of multidrug resistant(MDR) V.cholerae 01 Ogawa strains was done following ethidium bromide treatment.Following electrophoresis,the plasmid DNAs,extracted from the isolated MDR V. cholerae O1 Ogawa strains and their cured derivatives,were visualized and documented in ’gel doc’ system.Results:The outbreak causing V.cholerae O1 Ogawa isolates were MDR as determined by disk diffusion susceptibility test,and MIC determination.The isolates showed three different drug resistance patterns:AmTmTErNx(for 6 isolates).TmTErCp(for 5 isolates), and AmTniNx(for one isolate),and showed uniform sensitivity to C,Ak and Cf.The loss of plasmids with the concomitant loss of resistance to Am,Tm,T and Er of the isolates occurred following ethidium bromide treatment.Conclusions:The current findings suggest that the V. cholerae O1 Ogawa associated with the cholera outbreak were MDR,and resistance to Am,Tm,T and Er among the isolates were plasmid mediated.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the prevalence of leptospirosis among patients from within and outside Kolkata.India,attending the Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine,for treatment during August 2002 to August 2008.Methods:...Objective:To investigate the prevalence of leptospirosis among patients from within and outside Kolkata.India,attending the Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine,for treatment during August 2002 to August 2008.Methods:The leptospirosis cases were determined on the basis of clinical, epidemiological,and biochemical factors,and were tested for leptospiral antibodies using IgM ELISA.Serum samples with absorbance ratio≥1.21 were interpreted as reactive.Results:The commonest presentation involved fever,headache and jaundice.The male-female ratio was 61:46.A total of 65(64.20%) cases had abnormal liver and renal functions respectively,and 57.1% had both the abnormalities.The highest incidence(75.35.04%) was recorded in SeptemberOctober followed by July-August(53.24.77%).The reactive cases had absorbance ratios between 1.21 and 8.21.and 53 showed equivocal result,while IgM non reactivity were seen in 90 patients (absorbance ratios 0.10-0.90).The patients responded to treatment with parenteral antibiotics, penicillin,ceftriaxone and cefotaxime;follow up did not reveal case fatality.Conclusions:The cardinal signs of leptospirosis help in making clinical diagnosis,but in any hyper-endemic situation any patient reporting with acute lever and signs of pulmonary,hepatic or renal involvement should be suspected to have leptospirosis and investigated accordingly.Increased awareness,and early diagnosis and treatment,can reduce mortality due to leptospirosis.展开更多
Objective:To evaluate the antibacterial activity of Ocimum sanctum(O.sanctum) leaf extract, alone,and in combination with chloramphenicol(C) and trimethoprim(Tm) against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi(S.typhi).Meth...Objective:To evaluate the antibacterial activity of Ocimum sanctum(O.sanctum) leaf extract, alone,and in combination with chloramphenicol(C) and trimethoprim(Tm) against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi(S.typhi).Methods:The antibacterial activity of ethanolic extract of tulsi, 0.sanctum,leaf(TLE:500μg) for 23 S.typhi isolates was determined following agar diffusion. The C(30μg) and Tm(5μg) activity alone and in combination with TLE(250μg) was determined by disk diffusion.The zone diameter of inhibition(ZDI) for the agents was recorded, and growth inhibitory indices(Glls) were calculated.Results:The S.typhi isolates(n=23),which were resistant to both C(ZDI 6 mm) and Tm(ZDI 6 mm),had TLE(500μg) ZDIs 16-24 mm.The ZDIs of C and Tm were increased up to 15-21 mm and 17-23 mm,respectively,when TLE(250μg) was added to the C and Tm discs.The Glls ranged 0.789-1.235 and 0.894-1.352,due to combined activity against S.typhi isolates,of C and TLE and Tm and TLE.respeclivelv.Conclusions:The data suggest that TLE,in combination with C and Tm,had synergistic activity for S.typhi isolates, and hence O.sanclum is potential in combating S.typhi drug resistance,as well promising in the development of non-antibiotic drug for S.typhi infection.展开更多
Objective:To search systematically for an alternative therapy with compounds particularly from plant origin.Methods:Efficacy test of different root extracts of Withania somnifera(W. somnifera)(L) Dunal against multi d...Objective:To search systematically for an alternative therapy with compounds particularly from plant origin.Methods:Efficacy test of different root extracts of Withania somnifera(W. somnifera)(L) Dunal against multi drug resistant(MDR) Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus) variants was performed following the agar well diffusion method.Evaluation of susceptibility pattern of the isolates was carried out by employing disk diffusion method using standard antibiotic disks. Results:In vitro study with W.somnifera root extracts was found to be effective against all the MDR S.aureus strains isolated from local and patient sources.Different root extracts of WS showed different degree of effectiveness against the isolates.Conclusions:The major active principles responsible for the antibacterial efficacy were mainly present in methanol(MeOH) extract and ethanol(EtOH) extracts as well as in butanol(BuOH) extract fraction.Amongst all the extracts the BuOH fraction was found to be most active against all the isolates but aqueous extract was the least active one.Finally it may be concluded that the antimicrobials from W.somnifera may raise an alternative therapy for MDR staphylococcal infections in near future.展开更多
Objective: Emergence of community-acquired infections due to multi drug resistant (MDR) common human pathogens have caused a great problem to clinicians and this directed us to search systematically for a different re...Objective: Emergence of community-acquired infections due to multi drug resistant (MDR) common human pathogens have caused a great problem to clinicians and this directed us to search systematically for a different remedy with compounds particularly from plant origin. Methods: The antibacterial activity was evaluated using agar well diffusion assay method against some common gram positive and gram negative bacteria. Results: In vitro study with Terminalia chebula Retz. (Combretaceae) stem bark extracts, eight isolated triterpenoids and four triterpenoid derivatives were found to be effective against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. Conclusions: Pure compounds from T.chebula could be effectively used as antibacterial agents if it is possible to develop the molecules synthetically. At the same time crude extracts with specified active principles could also be used and/or introduced in Traditional Medicine/Complementary Alternative Medicine (TM/CAM) as antibacterial into National/International Health Systems as per the guideline of Ayurvedic formularies.展开更多
文摘Objective:To ascertain the potential antibacterial activity of honey against clinical isolates of Escherichia coli(E.coli),Pseudomonas aeruginosa(P.aeruginosa) and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi(S.enterica serovar Typhi) by in vitro methods.Methods:The partial inhibitory concentration(PIC),minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration(MBC) values of the autoclaved honey(extracted from Apis indica hive by indigenous method) were determined for S.enterica serovar Typhi(n=8:from blood cultute), E.coli(n=5:from urine culture) and P.aeruginosa(n=5:from pus culture) isolates by in vitro methods.Results:The PICs of the honey tested for the isolates ranged 0.50%-1.25%(v/v) for S. enterica serovar Typhi,0.75%-1.50%(v/v) for E.coli and 1.00%-1.25%(v/v) for P.aeruginosa, while the MICs ranged 1.75%-3.00%(v/v),3.00%-3.50%(v/v) and 3.50%(v/v),respectively.The P.aeruginosa and E.coli isolates had MBC value of 4.00%(v/v):the S.enterica serovar Typhi showed MBCs in between 3.00%and 3.50%(v/v).The bactericidal activity of honey was achieved at concentration 3.00%(v/v) for S.enterica serovar Typhi and E.coli,and at 3.50%(v/v) for P. aeruginosa.Conclusions:The excellent antibacterial activity of honey against clinical bacterial isolates indicates the usefulness of honey in clinical practice against bacterial infection.
文摘Objective:To evaluate the antibacterial activity of Emblica officinalis Gaertn(E.officinalis: Family:Euphorbiaceae) seed and Nymphae odorala Aiton(N.odorala:Family:Nymphaeaceae) stamen extracts,alone and in combination,and in combination with amoxicillin(Ax) against Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus).Methods:Antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts of amla,E.officinalis,seed(AMS:500μg) and sapla,N.odorala,stamen(SAP:500 p g) for 12 methicillin-resistant S.aureus(MRSA) isolates was determined following agar diffusion:in order to assess the combined antibacterial activity,AMS(250μg) plus SAP(250μg) were considered.The Ax(10μg) activity alone and in combination with AMS(250μg),and SAP(250μg) was determined by disk diffusion.The zone diameters of inhibition(ZDIs) for the agents were recorded,and growth inhibitory indices(GIIs) were calculated.Results:The MRSA isolates (n=12) had AMS(500μg) and SAP(500μg) ZDIs of 12-19 mm and 21-24 mm,respectively.The ZDIs(range 24-27 mm) increased by 3-4 mm due to combined action of AMS(250μg) and SAP(250μg) indicating synergy between extracts for MRSA(GII 0.634-0.742).The MRSA isolates were resistant to Ax(ZDI:8-11 mm),which in combination with AMS and SAP had synergistic effect,both due to increased ZDI[mean±SD=(3.5±0.577) mm]and GII(0.631-0.894).Conclusions:The data suggest that the plants,E.officinalis and N.odorala alone or in combination,are promising in the development of phytomedicines,which may be used,alone or in combination with the antibiotic. Ax,against MRSA infection.
文摘Cholera,caused by the infection of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae(V.cholerae) to humans,is a life threatening diarrheal disease with epidemic and pandemic potential.The V.cholerae,both 01 and 0139 serogroups,produce a potent enterotoxin(cholera toxin) responsible for the lethal symptoms of the disease.The O1 serogroup has two biotypes(phenotypes),classical and El Tor;each of which has two major serotypes(based on antigenic responses),Ogawa and Inaba and the extremely rare Hikojima.V.cholerae O1 strains interconvert and switch between the Ogawa and Inaba serotypes.Fluid and electrolyte replacement is the mainstay of treatment of cholera patients;the severe cases require antibiotic treatment to reduce the duration of illness and replacement of fluid intake.The antibiotic therapy cunenlly has faced difficulties due to the rapid emergence and spread o(multidrug resistant V.cholerae causing several outbreaks in the globe.Currently,cholera has been becoming endemic in an increasing number of geographical areas,reflecting a failure in implementation of control measures.However,the current safe oral vaccines lower the number of resistant infections and could thus represent an effective intervention measure to control antibiotic resistance in cholera.Overall,the priorities for cholera control remain public health interventions through improved drinking water,sanitation, surveillance and access to health care facilities,and lurther development of safe,effective and appropriate vaccines.Thus,this review describes the facts and phenomena related to the disease cholera,which is still a great threat mainly to the developing countries,and hence a grave global concern too.
文摘Objective:To determine the antibiotic resistance of Vibrio choleras(V.cholerae) O1 biotype El Tor serotype Ogawa isolates involved in an outbreak of watery diarrhea in Kolkata,and to explore the role of plasmid in mediating antibiotic resistance.Methods:Antibiotic susceptibility and minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC) values of antibiotics for the isolated V.cholerae 01 Ogawa(n=12) were determined by disk diffusion and agar dilution methods,respectively,using ampicillin(Am),chloramphenicol(C),trimethoprim(Tm),tetracycline(T).erythromycine(Er), nalidixic acid(Nx).ciprofloxacin(Cp),amikacin(Ak) and cefotaxime(Cf).Plasmid curing of multidrug resistant(MDR) V.cholerae 01 Ogawa strains was done following ethidium bromide treatment.Following electrophoresis,the plasmid DNAs,extracted from the isolated MDR V. cholerae O1 Ogawa strains and their cured derivatives,were visualized and documented in ’gel doc’ system.Results:The outbreak causing V.cholerae O1 Ogawa isolates were MDR as determined by disk diffusion susceptibility test,and MIC determination.The isolates showed three different drug resistance patterns:AmTmTErNx(for 6 isolates).TmTErCp(for 5 isolates), and AmTniNx(for one isolate),and showed uniform sensitivity to C,Ak and Cf.The loss of plasmids with the concomitant loss of resistance to Am,Tm,T and Er of the isolates occurred following ethidium bromide treatment.Conclusions:The current findings suggest that the V. cholerae O1 Ogawa associated with the cholera outbreak were MDR,and resistance to Am,Tm,T and Er among the isolates were plasmid mediated.
文摘Objective:To investigate the prevalence of leptospirosis among patients from within and outside Kolkata.India,attending the Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine,for treatment during August 2002 to August 2008.Methods:The leptospirosis cases were determined on the basis of clinical, epidemiological,and biochemical factors,and were tested for leptospiral antibodies using IgM ELISA.Serum samples with absorbance ratio≥1.21 were interpreted as reactive.Results:The commonest presentation involved fever,headache and jaundice.The male-female ratio was 61:46.A total of 65(64.20%) cases had abnormal liver and renal functions respectively,and 57.1% had both the abnormalities.The highest incidence(75.35.04%) was recorded in SeptemberOctober followed by July-August(53.24.77%).The reactive cases had absorbance ratios between 1.21 and 8.21.and 53 showed equivocal result,while IgM non reactivity were seen in 90 patients (absorbance ratios 0.10-0.90).The patients responded to treatment with parenteral antibiotics, penicillin,ceftriaxone and cefotaxime;follow up did not reveal case fatality.Conclusions:The cardinal signs of leptospirosis help in making clinical diagnosis,but in any hyper-endemic situation any patient reporting with acute lever and signs of pulmonary,hepatic or renal involvement should be suspected to have leptospirosis and investigated accordingly.Increased awareness,and early diagnosis and treatment,can reduce mortality due to leptospirosis.
文摘Objective:To evaluate the antibacterial activity of Ocimum sanctum(O.sanctum) leaf extract, alone,and in combination with chloramphenicol(C) and trimethoprim(Tm) against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi(S.typhi).Methods:The antibacterial activity of ethanolic extract of tulsi, 0.sanctum,leaf(TLE:500μg) for 23 S.typhi isolates was determined following agar diffusion. The C(30μg) and Tm(5μg) activity alone and in combination with TLE(250μg) was determined by disk diffusion.The zone diameter of inhibition(ZDI) for the agents was recorded, and growth inhibitory indices(Glls) were calculated.Results:The S.typhi isolates(n=23),which were resistant to both C(ZDI 6 mm) and Tm(ZDI 6 mm),had TLE(500μg) ZDIs 16-24 mm.The ZDIs of C and Tm were increased up to 15-21 mm and 17-23 mm,respectively,when TLE(250μg) was added to the C and Tm discs.The Glls ranged 0.789-1.235 and 0.894-1.352,due to combined activity against S.typhi isolates,of C and TLE and Tm and TLE.respeclivelv.Conclusions:The data suggest that TLE,in combination with C and Tm,had synergistic activity for S.typhi isolates, and hence O.sanclum is potential in combating S.typhi drug resistance,as well promising in the development of non-antibiotic drug for S.typhi infection.
文摘Objective:To search systematically for an alternative therapy with compounds particularly from plant origin.Methods:Efficacy test of different root extracts of Withania somnifera(W. somnifera)(L) Dunal against multi drug resistant(MDR) Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus) variants was performed following the agar well diffusion method.Evaluation of susceptibility pattern of the isolates was carried out by employing disk diffusion method using standard antibiotic disks. Results:In vitro study with W.somnifera root extracts was found to be effective against all the MDR S.aureus strains isolated from local and patient sources.Different root extracts of WS showed different degree of effectiveness against the isolates.Conclusions:The major active principles responsible for the antibacterial efficacy were mainly present in methanol(MeOH) extract and ethanol(EtOH) extracts as well as in butanol(BuOH) extract fraction.Amongst all the extracts the BuOH fraction was found to be most active against all the isolates but aqueous extract was the least active one.Finally it may be concluded that the antimicrobials from W.somnifera may raise an alternative therapy for MDR staphylococcal infections in near future.
文摘Objective: Emergence of community-acquired infections due to multi drug resistant (MDR) common human pathogens have caused a great problem to clinicians and this directed us to search systematically for a different remedy with compounds particularly from plant origin. Methods: The antibacterial activity was evaluated using agar well diffusion assay method against some common gram positive and gram negative bacteria. Results: In vitro study with Terminalia chebula Retz. (Combretaceae) stem bark extracts, eight isolated triterpenoids and four triterpenoid derivatives were found to be effective against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. Conclusions: Pure compounds from T.chebula could be effectively used as antibacterial agents if it is possible to develop the molecules synthetically. At the same time crude extracts with specified active principles could also be used and/or introduced in Traditional Medicine/Complementary Alternative Medicine (TM/CAM) as antibacterial into National/International Health Systems as per the guideline of Ayurvedic formularies.
