Patna is among the cities high populated at risk of ecological and environmental deterioration due to a variety of human activities,such as poor land cover management.One of the most crucial elements of a successful l...Patna is among the cities high populated at risk of ecological and environmental deterioration due to a variety of human activities,such as poor land cover management.One of the most crucial elements of a successful land resource management plan is the evaluation of Land Use Land Cover(LULC).Over the past 20 years,our planet’s land cover resources have undergone substantial changes due to rapid development.The Land Use Land Cover(LULC)categories of the Patna Urban Agglomeration(PUA),including water bodies,agricultural land,barren land,built-up areas,and vegetation,were identified using Geographic Information System(GIS)techniques.Three multi-temporal images were analyzed and classified through supervised classification using the maximum likelihood method.By comparing three separately created LULC categorized maps from 1990 and 2024,temporal changes were analyzed.In order to update land cover or manage natural resources,it is vital to use change detection as a tool to identify changes in LULC over time in PUA,Patna between 1990,2010 and 2024.According to their respective Kappa coefficients,the accuracy rates for 1990,2010 and 2024 LULC are 91.66 and 94.93,respectively.An accuracy evaluation was conducted to determine the correctness of the classification system and to determine the efficacy of the LULC classification maps.One hundred reference test pixels were identified.There have been found significant changes in the LULC were built up area has increased doubled in last thirty-four years of timeline.展开更多
Land use transformations in Sonipat District,Haryana,driven by urbanization,industrialization,and land acquisitions,have posed significant ecological and socio-economic challenges,particularly concerning food security...Land use transformations in Sonipat District,Haryana,driven by urbanization,industrialization,and land acquisitions,have posed significant ecological and socio-economic challenges,particularly concerning food security.This study investigates the interplay between these land use changes and their environmental implications at macro(district)and micro(village)levels,focusing on agricultural productivity and resource sustainability.The study employs a mixed-method approach,integrating secondary data from official datasets and primary data gathered through structured household surveys,focus group discussions,and visual analysis techniques.Data from 20 villages,selected based on predominant land use characteristics,were analysed using statistical and geospatial tools,including ArcGIS and STATA,to quantify food grain losses and evaluate environmental degradation.Findings of this study reveal a 19%reduction in agricultural land over two decades(2000-2024),correlating with increased residential and industrial areas.Groundwater resources face severe overexploitation,with pollution from industrial clusters further degrading water and soil quality.The study estimates a total food grain loss of 1.5 million kilograms across surveyed villages due to land acquisitions.A strong positive correlation(R^(2)=0.98)between land acquisition and food loss underscores the direct impact of urbanization on agricultural output.The research underscores the urgency of sustainable land management practices,including preserving agricultural lands,optimizing groundwater usage,and enhancing community involvement in planning.By addressing these challenges,the study advocates for balanced urban expansion and food security to ensure ecological and economic resilience in the region.展开更多
This study examines the effects of rapid land use changes in India,with a specific focus on Sonipat District in Haryana—a region undergoing significant urban expansion.Over the past two decades,rural landscapes in So...This study examines the effects of rapid land use changes in India,with a specific focus on Sonipat District in Haryana—a region undergoing significant urban expansion.Over the past two decades,rural landscapes in Sonipat have undergone notable transformation,as open spaces and agricultural lands are increasingly converted into residential colonies,commercial hubs,and industrial zones.While such changes reflect economic development and urban growth,they also raise critical concerns about sustainability,especially in terms of food security,groundwater depletion,and environmental degradation.The study examines land use changes between 2000 and 2024 using remote sensing techniques and spatial analysis.It further incorporates secondary data and insights from community-level interactions to assess the socio-economic and ecological impacts of this transformation.The findings indicate rising land fragmentation,loss of agricultural livelihoods,pressure on civic infrastructure,and increasing pollution—factors that threaten long-term regional sustainability.The study underscores the urgent need to reconcile urban development with environmental and social sustainability.By offering a detailed case study of Sonipat,this research contributes to the broader discourse on India’s urbanisation pathways.It aims to provide policymakers,planners,and researchers with evidence-based recommendations to manage land transitions more responsibly,promoting urban growth models that ensure ecological integrity,equitable development,and long-term resilience.展开更多
Enhanced oil recovery(EOR)refers to themanymethodologies used to augment the volume of crude oil extracted froman oil reservoir.These approaches are used subsequent to the exhaustion of basic and secondary recovery me...Enhanced oil recovery(EOR)refers to themanymethodologies used to augment the volume of crude oil extracted froman oil reservoir.These approaches are used subsequent to the exhaustion of basic and secondary recovery methods.There are three primary categories of Enhanced Oil Recovery(EOR):thermal,gas injection,and chemical.Enhanced oil recovery methods may be costly and intricate;yet,they facilitate the extraction of supplementary oil that would otherwise remain in the reservoir.Enhanced Oil Recovery(EOR)may prolong the lifespan of an oil field and augment the total output from a specific field.The parameters influencing oil recovery are a significant problem in Enhanced Oil Recovery(EOR)systems,necessitating further examination of the components that impact them.This research examined the impact of permeability fluctuations on fluid dynamics inside a sandstone reservoir and presented a contemporary overview of the three phases of Enhanced Oil Recovery(EOR),including detailed explanations of the methodologies used and the processes facilitating oil recovery.The challenges faced with several common EOR mechanisms were identified,and solutions were suggested.Additionally,the modern trend of incorporating nanotechnology and its synergistic impacts on the stability and efficacy of conventional chemicals for enhanced oil recovery(EOR)was scrutinised and evaluated.Ultimately,laboratory results and field activities were examined.The study looked closely at hownanoparticlesmove through reservoirs and evaluated enhanced oil recovery(EOR),mobility ratio,and fluid displacement efficiency.This study offers comprehensive insights into the use of enhanced oil recovery techniques for sustainable energy generation.展开更多
Spinal cord injury presents a significant challenge in regenerative medicine due to the complex and deli-cate nature of neural tissue repair.This study aims to design a conductive hydrogel embedded with magnetic MgFe_...Spinal cord injury presents a significant challenge in regenerative medicine due to the complex and deli-cate nature of neural tissue repair.This study aims to design a conductive hydrogel embedded with magnetic MgFe_(2)O_(4) nanoparticles to establish a bioelectrically active and spatially stable microenvironment that promotes spinal cord regeneration through computational analysis(BIOVIA Materials Studio).Hydrogels,known for their biocompatibility and extracellular matrix-mimicking properties,support essential cellular behaviors such as adhesion,proliferation,and migration.The integration of MgFe_(2)O_(4) nanoparticles imparts both electrical conductivity and magnetic responsiveness,enabling controlled transmission of electrical signals that are crucial for guiding cellular processes like differentiation and directed migration.Furthermore,the hydrogel acts as a delivery medium,facilitating the adsorption of MgFe_(2)O_(4) nanoparticles onto spinal tissue through strong Van der Waals and intramolecular interactions.The computational simulations revealed a robust adsorption profile,with a binding distance of 20.180Åand a cumulative adsorption energy of 2740.42 kcal/mol,indicating stable nanoparticle-tissue interactions.Pressure-dependent sorption analysis further demonstrated that reduced pressure conditions enhance adsorption strength,promoting tighter material-tissue integration.The adverse Van der Waals energy and increased intramolecular energy observed under these conditions underscore the importance of optimized adsorption settings for functional tissue interface formation.Altogether,the conductive hydrogel-MgFe_(2)O_(4) composite system offers a promising therapeutic platform by combining structural support,electrical stimulation,and magnetic guidance,thereby enhancing cell-material interactions and fostering an environment conducive to spinal cord tissue repair.展开更多
In the present paper we consider a class of entire functions represented by Dirichlet series whose coefficients belong to a commutative Banach algebra and prove it to be a complex FK-space and a Frechet space.
Evolutionary history of continents and supercontinents, and their implications on solid earth processes, require an understanding of the growth of the continental crust through time and space.Suture zones are the remn...Evolutionary history of continents and supercontinents, and their implications on solid earth processes, require an understanding of the growth of the continental crust through time and space.Suture zones are the remnant regions inherited by Proterozoic tectonics between amalgamated terranes and the long-lived shear systems are commonly assumed to represent such boundaries.One such often debated is the展开更多
With the surge of demand for instant high power in miniaturized electronic and mechanical systems,supercapacitors(SCs)are considered as one of the viable candidates to fulfill the requirements.Thus,long-term resilienc...With the surge of demand for instant high power in miniaturized electronic and mechanical systems,supercapacitors(SCs)are considered as one of the viable candidates to fulfill the requirements.Thus,long-term resilience and superior energy density associated with self-discharge in SCs are obviously critical,but securing electrode materials,which can meet both benefits of SCs and persist charged potential for a comparatively prolonged duration,are still elusive.Herein,hierarchically refined nickel-sulfide heterostructure(CuO-NS)on CuO(CO)scaffold is achieved through optimized film formation,exhibiting a threefold improvement in the essential electrochemical characteristics and outstanding capacitance retention(∼5%loss).Self-discharge behavior and its mechanism are systematically investigated via morphological control and nanostructural evolution.Furthermore,significant mitigation of self-discharge owing to an increase in surface area and refined nanostructure is displayed.Remarkably,CuO-NS2(20 cycle overcoating)based SC can retain over 60%of the charged potential for a complete voltage holding and a self-discharge test for 16 h.An appealing demonstration of wireless power transmission in burst mode is demonstrated for secure digital(SD)card data writing,powered by SCs,which substantiates that it can be readily leveraged in power management systems.This enables us to realize one of the envisioned applications soon.展开更多
To cope up with the sustainable energy storage goals for supercapacitors(SCs),the self-discharge in SC electrodes is a significant hurdle,and thereby,nickel sulfide(NS)with high conductivity is adopted as a test vehic...To cope up with the sustainable energy storage goals for supercapacitors(SCs),the self-discharge in SC electrodes is a significant hurdle,and thereby,nickel sulfide(NS)with high conductivity is adopted as a test vehicle for understanding the morphological evolution effects for long-life SCs.Herein,honeycomb-like NS is hierarchically formed over hydrothermally grown nickel oxide(NO)via successive ionic layer adsorption reaction(SILAR)method.Their heterostructure shows a fivefold improvement in specific capacitance from 348 F g^(−1) to 2077 F g^(−1)at 1 mV s^(−1) over bare NO.Furthermore,the remarkable upliftment of capacitance retention is achieved from 60.7%to 92.3%even after 3000 cycles via morphological control of NS/NO hetero-structure with the help of highly conductive NS.More importantly,the self-discharge behaviors and synergistic role of leakage current associated with morphological evolution via NS overcoating are studied in detail.In particular,the self-discharge mitigation from 45%(NO)to 35%(NS20/NO)due to the NS/NO heterostructure and the behind mechanism are ascribed to the activated-controlled Faradaic reaction coupled with a charge redistribution.This study emphasizes the potential importance of composite heterostructure by tuning the electrical conductivity and morphological adjustment NO via consecutive overcoating of NS through SILAR as a novel strategy.This enhances charge storage,redox kinetics,and the mitigation of self-discharge properties of the active electrode materials.For practical validation on sustainable energy storage,NS20/NO supercapacitors illuminate the LED for 35%longer than NO after one-time charging,potentially beneficial for the next generation SCs.展开更多
Epoxy glass fiber laminate composite (PMCs) are finding ever increasing applications in aerospace and automobile industries due to its high strength to weight ratio and resistance to aqueous environment. Additions of ...Epoxy glass fiber laminate composite (PMCs) are finding ever increasing applications in aerospace and automobile industries due to its high strength to weight ratio and resistance to aqueous environment. Additions of particulate reinforcements in the polymer matrix are reported to improve the Interlaminar Shear Strength and Interlaminar Fracture Toughness of the composites. In the present investigation, epoxy glass fiber laminate composites were processed using hand layup and vacuum bagging technique. The particulate reinforcement precipitator fly ash (25 - 45 μm) was added in the epoxy matrix by mechanical mixing up to 10 wt%. The effects of fly ash reinforcement on the mechanical properties and Interlaminar Fracture Toughness were studied before and after exposure to aqueous fog in a salt fog chamber at 45°C. In unexposed condition Mode I interlaminar fracture toughness of epoxy glass fiber laminate composite improved by the addition of fly ash reinforcement 10% (By weight) by 49.43% and when it was subjected to aqueous fog for 10 days the interlaminar fracture toughness improved 58.42%. Exposure to aqueous fog for 10 days causes plasticization of resin matrix and weakening of fiber/matrix interface results in improvement in interlaminar fracture toughness. The fracture surfaces were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy.展开更多
Gravity anomalies across the Indian region depict most of the geological and tectonic domains of the Indian continental lithosphere,which evolved through Archean cratonic nucleation,Proterozoic accretion,Phanerozoic I...Gravity anomalies across the Indian region depict most of the geological and tectonic domains of the Indian continental lithosphere,which evolved through Archean cratonic nucleation,Proterozoic accretion,Phanerozoic India-Eurasia plate convergence,and modification through many thermal perturbations and rifting.Integrated analysis of gravity and geoid anomalies together with topographic and heat flow data led to deciphering the mechanism of isostatic compensation of topographic and geological loads,lithospheric structure,and composition.展开更多
In this research paper,a solar air heater with triangular fins has been experimentally analysed and optimized.Initially,an experimental set-up of a solar air heater having triangular fins has been developed at the loc...In this research paper,a solar air heater with triangular fins has been experimentally analysed and optimized.Initially,an experimental set-up of a solar air heater having triangular fins has been developed at the location of 28.10°N,78.23°E.The heat transfer rate through fins and fins efficiency has been determined by the Finite Difference Method model equations.The experimental data and modeled data of response parameters have been optimized in MINITAB-17 software by the Response Surface Methodology tool.For creating the response surface design,three input parameters have been selected namely solar intensity,Reynolds number,and fin base-to-height ratio.The range of solar intensity,Reynolds number,and fin base-to-height ratio is 600 to 1000W/m^(2),4000 to 6000,and 0.4 to 0.8 respectively.The response surface design has been analyzed by calculating the outlet temperature,friction factor,Nusselt number,fin efficiency,thermal performance factor,and exergy efficiency.The optimum settings of input parameters:solar intensity is 1000 W/m^(2);Reynolds number is 4969.7,and the fin base to height ratio is 0.6060,on which these response:namely outlet temperature of 92.531℃,friction factor of 0.2350,Nusselt number of 127.761,thermal efficiency of 50.836%,thermal performance factor of 1.4947,and exergy efficiency of 8.762%.展开更多
文摘Patna is among the cities high populated at risk of ecological and environmental deterioration due to a variety of human activities,such as poor land cover management.One of the most crucial elements of a successful land resource management plan is the evaluation of Land Use Land Cover(LULC).Over the past 20 years,our planet’s land cover resources have undergone substantial changes due to rapid development.The Land Use Land Cover(LULC)categories of the Patna Urban Agglomeration(PUA),including water bodies,agricultural land,barren land,built-up areas,and vegetation,were identified using Geographic Information System(GIS)techniques.Three multi-temporal images were analyzed and classified through supervised classification using the maximum likelihood method.By comparing three separately created LULC categorized maps from 1990 and 2024,temporal changes were analyzed.In order to update land cover or manage natural resources,it is vital to use change detection as a tool to identify changes in LULC over time in PUA,Patna between 1990,2010 and 2024.According to their respective Kappa coefficients,the accuracy rates for 1990,2010 and 2024 LULC are 91.66 and 94.93,respectively.An accuracy evaluation was conducted to determine the correctness of the classification system and to determine the efficacy of the LULC classification maps.One hundred reference test pixels were identified.There have been found significant changes in the LULC were built up area has increased doubled in last thirty-four years of timeline.
文摘Land use transformations in Sonipat District,Haryana,driven by urbanization,industrialization,and land acquisitions,have posed significant ecological and socio-economic challenges,particularly concerning food security.This study investigates the interplay between these land use changes and their environmental implications at macro(district)and micro(village)levels,focusing on agricultural productivity and resource sustainability.The study employs a mixed-method approach,integrating secondary data from official datasets and primary data gathered through structured household surveys,focus group discussions,and visual analysis techniques.Data from 20 villages,selected based on predominant land use characteristics,were analysed using statistical and geospatial tools,including ArcGIS and STATA,to quantify food grain losses and evaluate environmental degradation.Findings of this study reveal a 19%reduction in agricultural land over two decades(2000-2024),correlating with increased residential and industrial areas.Groundwater resources face severe overexploitation,with pollution from industrial clusters further degrading water and soil quality.The study estimates a total food grain loss of 1.5 million kilograms across surveyed villages due to land acquisitions.A strong positive correlation(R^(2)=0.98)between land acquisition and food loss underscores the direct impact of urbanization on agricultural output.The research underscores the urgency of sustainable land management practices,including preserving agricultural lands,optimizing groundwater usage,and enhancing community involvement in planning.By addressing these challenges,the study advocates for balanced urban expansion and food security to ensure ecological and economic resilience in the region.
文摘This study examines the effects of rapid land use changes in India,with a specific focus on Sonipat District in Haryana—a region undergoing significant urban expansion.Over the past two decades,rural landscapes in Sonipat have undergone notable transformation,as open spaces and agricultural lands are increasingly converted into residential colonies,commercial hubs,and industrial zones.While such changes reflect economic development and urban growth,they also raise critical concerns about sustainability,especially in terms of food security,groundwater depletion,and environmental degradation.The study examines land use changes between 2000 and 2024 using remote sensing techniques and spatial analysis.It further incorporates secondary data and insights from community-level interactions to assess the socio-economic and ecological impacts of this transformation.The findings indicate rising land fragmentation,loss of agricultural livelihoods,pressure on civic infrastructure,and increasing pollution—factors that threaten long-term regional sustainability.The study underscores the urgent need to reconcile urban development with environmental and social sustainability.By offering a detailed case study of Sonipat,this research contributes to the broader discourse on India’s urbanisation pathways.It aims to provide policymakers,planners,and researchers with evidence-based recommendations to manage land transitions more responsibly,promoting urban growth models that ensure ecological integrity,equitable development,and long-term resilience.
文摘Enhanced oil recovery(EOR)refers to themanymethodologies used to augment the volume of crude oil extracted froman oil reservoir.These approaches are used subsequent to the exhaustion of basic and secondary recovery methods.There are three primary categories of Enhanced Oil Recovery(EOR):thermal,gas injection,and chemical.Enhanced oil recovery methods may be costly and intricate;yet,they facilitate the extraction of supplementary oil that would otherwise remain in the reservoir.Enhanced Oil Recovery(EOR)may prolong the lifespan of an oil field and augment the total output from a specific field.The parameters influencing oil recovery are a significant problem in Enhanced Oil Recovery(EOR)systems,necessitating further examination of the components that impact them.This research examined the impact of permeability fluctuations on fluid dynamics inside a sandstone reservoir and presented a contemporary overview of the three phases of Enhanced Oil Recovery(EOR),including detailed explanations of the methodologies used and the processes facilitating oil recovery.The challenges faced with several common EOR mechanisms were identified,and solutions were suggested.Additionally,the modern trend of incorporating nanotechnology and its synergistic impacts on the stability and efficacy of conventional chemicals for enhanced oil recovery(EOR)was scrutinised and evaluated.Ultimately,laboratory results and field activities were examined.The study looked closely at hownanoparticlesmove through reservoirs and evaluated enhanced oil recovery(EOR),mobility ratio,and fluid displacement efficiency.This study offers comprehensive insights into the use of enhanced oil recovery techniques for sustainable energy generation.
基金the“Young Talent Research Grant”:(600-RMC/YTR/5/3(004/2022)Universiti Teknologi Mara(UiTM)for providing the financial support.
文摘Spinal cord injury presents a significant challenge in regenerative medicine due to the complex and deli-cate nature of neural tissue repair.This study aims to design a conductive hydrogel embedded with magnetic MgFe_(2)O_(4) nanoparticles to establish a bioelectrically active and spatially stable microenvironment that promotes spinal cord regeneration through computational analysis(BIOVIA Materials Studio).Hydrogels,known for their biocompatibility and extracellular matrix-mimicking properties,support essential cellular behaviors such as adhesion,proliferation,and migration.The integration of MgFe_(2)O_(4) nanoparticles imparts both electrical conductivity and magnetic responsiveness,enabling controlled transmission of electrical signals that are crucial for guiding cellular processes like differentiation and directed migration.Furthermore,the hydrogel acts as a delivery medium,facilitating the adsorption of MgFe_(2)O_(4) nanoparticles onto spinal tissue through strong Van der Waals and intramolecular interactions.The computational simulations revealed a robust adsorption profile,with a binding distance of 20.180Åand a cumulative adsorption energy of 2740.42 kcal/mol,indicating stable nanoparticle-tissue interactions.Pressure-dependent sorption analysis further demonstrated that reduced pressure conditions enhance adsorption strength,promoting tighter material-tissue integration.The adverse Van der Waals energy and increased intramolecular energy observed under these conditions underscore the importance of optimized adsorption settings for functional tissue interface formation.Altogether,the conductive hydrogel-MgFe_(2)O_(4) composite system offers a promising therapeutic platform by combining structural support,electrical stimulation,and magnetic guidance,thereby enhancing cell-material interactions and fostering an environment conducive to spinal cord tissue repair.
文摘In the present paper we consider a class of entire functions represented by Dirichlet series whose coefficients belong to a commutative Banach algebra and prove it to be a complex FK-space and a Frechet space.
文摘Evolutionary history of continents and supercontinents, and their implications on solid earth processes, require an understanding of the growth of the continental crust through time and space.Suture zones are the remnant regions inherited by Proterozoic tectonics between amalgamated terranes and the long-lived shear systems are commonly assumed to represent such boundaries.One such often debated is the
基金supported by the Incheon National University Research Grant in 2022,Incheon,Republic of Korea.
文摘With the surge of demand for instant high power in miniaturized electronic and mechanical systems,supercapacitors(SCs)are considered as one of the viable candidates to fulfill the requirements.Thus,long-term resilience and superior energy density associated with self-discharge in SCs are obviously critical,but securing electrode materials,which can meet both benefits of SCs and persist charged potential for a comparatively prolonged duration,are still elusive.Herein,hierarchically refined nickel-sulfide heterostructure(CuO-NS)on CuO(CO)scaffold is achieved through optimized film formation,exhibiting a threefold improvement in the essential electrochemical characteristics and outstanding capacitance retention(∼5%loss).Self-discharge behavior and its mechanism are systematically investigated via morphological control and nanostructural evolution.Furthermore,significant mitigation of self-discharge owing to an increase in surface area and refined nanostructure is displayed.Remarkably,CuO-NS2(20 cycle overcoating)based SC can retain over 60%of the charged potential for a complete voltage holding and a self-discharge test for 16 h.An appealing demonstration of wireless power transmission in burst mode is demonstrated for secure digital(SD)card data writing,powered by SCs,which substantiates that it can be readily leveraged in power management systems.This enables us to realize one of the envisioned applications soon.
基金supported by the National Research Founda-tion of Korea(NRF)funded by the Ministry of Science,ICT and Fu-ture Planning(NRF-2021R1A2C1012593)in part by the Prior-ity Research Centers Program through the National Research Foun-dation of Korea(NRF)funded by the Ministry of Education(NRF-2020R1A6A1A03041954).
文摘To cope up with the sustainable energy storage goals for supercapacitors(SCs),the self-discharge in SC electrodes is a significant hurdle,and thereby,nickel sulfide(NS)with high conductivity is adopted as a test vehicle for understanding the morphological evolution effects for long-life SCs.Herein,honeycomb-like NS is hierarchically formed over hydrothermally grown nickel oxide(NO)via successive ionic layer adsorption reaction(SILAR)method.Their heterostructure shows a fivefold improvement in specific capacitance from 348 F g^(−1) to 2077 F g^(−1)at 1 mV s^(−1) over bare NO.Furthermore,the remarkable upliftment of capacitance retention is achieved from 60.7%to 92.3%even after 3000 cycles via morphological control of NS/NO hetero-structure with the help of highly conductive NS.More importantly,the self-discharge behaviors and synergistic role of leakage current associated with morphological evolution via NS overcoating are studied in detail.In particular,the self-discharge mitigation from 45%(NO)to 35%(NS20/NO)due to the NS/NO heterostructure and the behind mechanism are ascribed to the activated-controlled Faradaic reaction coupled with a charge redistribution.This study emphasizes the potential importance of composite heterostructure by tuning the electrical conductivity and morphological adjustment NO via consecutive overcoating of NS through SILAR as a novel strategy.This enhances charge storage,redox kinetics,and the mitigation of self-discharge properties of the active electrode materials.For practical validation on sustainable energy storage,NS20/NO supercapacitors illuminate the LED for 35%longer than NO after one-time charging,potentially beneficial for the next generation SCs.
文摘Epoxy glass fiber laminate composite (PMCs) are finding ever increasing applications in aerospace and automobile industries due to its high strength to weight ratio and resistance to aqueous environment. Additions of particulate reinforcements in the polymer matrix are reported to improve the Interlaminar Shear Strength and Interlaminar Fracture Toughness of the composites. In the present investigation, epoxy glass fiber laminate composites were processed using hand layup and vacuum bagging technique. The particulate reinforcement precipitator fly ash (25 - 45 μm) was added in the epoxy matrix by mechanical mixing up to 10 wt%. The effects of fly ash reinforcement on the mechanical properties and Interlaminar Fracture Toughness were studied before and after exposure to aqueous fog in a salt fog chamber at 45°C. In unexposed condition Mode I interlaminar fracture toughness of epoxy glass fiber laminate composite improved by the addition of fly ash reinforcement 10% (By weight) by 49.43% and when it was subjected to aqueous fog for 10 days the interlaminar fracture toughness improved 58.42%. Exposure to aqueous fog for 10 days causes plasticization of resin matrix and weakening of fiber/matrix interface results in improvement in interlaminar fracture toughness. The fracture surfaces were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy.
文摘Gravity anomalies across the Indian region depict most of the geological and tectonic domains of the Indian continental lithosphere,which evolved through Archean cratonic nucleation,Proterozoic accretion,Phanerozoic India-Eurasia plate convergence,and modification through many thermal perturbations and rifting.Integrated analysis of gravity and geoid anomalies together with topographic and heat flow data led to deciphering the mechanism of isostatic compensation of topographic and geological loads,lithospheric structure,and composition.
文摘In this research paper,a solar air heater with triangular fins has been experimentally analysed and optimized.Initially,an experimental set-up of a solar air heater having triangular fins has been developed at the location of 28.10°N,78.23°E.The heat transfer rate through fins and fins efficiency has been determined by the Finite Difference Method model equations.The experimental data and modeled data of response parameters have been optimized in MINITAB-17 software by the Response Surface Methodology tool.For creating the response surface design,three input parameters have been selected namely solar intensity,Reynolds number,and fin base-to-height ratio.The range of solar intensity,Reynolds number,and fin base-to-height ratio is 600 to 1000W/m^(2),4000 to 6000,and 0.4 to 0.8 respectively.The response surface design has been analyzed by calculating the outlet temperature,friction factor,Nusselt number,fin efficiency,thermal performance factor,and exergy efficiency.The optimum settings of input parameters:solar intensity is 1000 W/m^(2);Reynolds number is 4969.7,and the fin base to height ratio is 0.6060,on which these response:namely outlet temperature of 92.531℃,friction factor of 0.2350,Nusselt number of 127.761,thermal efficiency of 50.836%,thermal performance factor of 1.4947,and exergy efficiency of 8.762%.
