Objective: To delineate the H9N2 influenza virus circulation within Iran and its neighboring countries, the potential source of the epidemic in these countries, and its date of origin.Methods: We obtained all hemagglu...Objective: To delineate the H9N2 influenza virus circulation within Iran and its neighboring countries, the potential source of the epidemic in these countries, and its date of origin.Methods: We obtained all hemagglutinin(HA) and neuraminidase(NA) nucleotide sequences of influenza H9N2 available up to December 25, 2020 from Iran and its neighboring countries(i.e., Pakistan, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Turkey, and Iraq). We also performed a Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo method to infer the evolutionary dynamic and the most recent common ancestor for the HA and NA sequences.Results: H9N2 epidemic may have started in Iran and Pakistan much earlier than the other investigated countries in the region, and an ongoing bidirectional dispersion of the virus between the investigated countries was also observed. The mean time of the most recent common ancestor of H9N2 viruses was 1988 for HA, and 1992 for NA.Conclusions: Strains from investigated countries rooted in Pakistan and Iran. Regular surveillance of H9N2 viruses, especially in the live bird markets, enhancing the biosecurity of poultry industry and screening newly arriving immigrants and tourists from neighboring countries at border should be considered to control spread of the virus. Furthermore, surveillance of viral molecular evolution should be initiated for effective prevention of epidemic and pandemic spreads.展开更多
Objective:To evaluate the prevalence of nymphal stages of L serrata in mesenteric lymph nodes of camels slaughtered in Mashhad slaughterhouse,Northeast of Iran.Methods:For this purpose, mesenteric lymph nodes of 400 c...Objective:To evaluate the prevalence of nymphal stages of L serrata in mesenteric lymph nodes of camels slaughtered in Mashhad slaughterhouse,Northeast of Iran.Methods:For this purpose, mesenteric lymph nodes of 400 camels of different sex and age were examined.The lymph nodes were examined macroscopically and a digestion method was also applied for investigation of samples which was negative macroscopically.Results:The mesenteric lymph nodes of 73 camels out of 400(18.25%) were infected by L serrata nymphs.Conclusions:Prevalence of L. serrata nymphs in males and females and different age was not significantly different(P>0.05), but difference was observed between the prevalence in different seasons(P< 0.05).The potential importance of these findings to human health is discussed.This is the first report of infection with L serrate of camels in camels slaughtered at northeast of Iran.展开更多
文摘Objective: To delineate the H9N2 influenza virus circulation within Iran and its neighboring countries, the potential source of the epidemic in these countries, and its date of origin.Methods: We obtained all hemagglutinin(HA) and neuraminidase(NA) nucleotide sequences of influenza H9N2 available up to December 25, 2020 from Iran and its neighboring countries(i.e., Pakistan, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Turkey, and Iraq). We also performed a Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo method to infer the evolutionary dynamic and the most recent common ancestor for the HA and NA sequences.Results: H9N2 epidemic may have started in Iran and Pakistan much earlier than the other investigated countries in the region, and an ongoing bidirectional dispersion of the virus between the investigated countries was also observed. The mean time of the most recent common ancestor of H9N2 viruses was 1988 for HA, and 1992 for NA.Conclusions: Strains from investigated countries rooted in Pakistan and Iran. Regular surveillance of H9N2 viruses, especially in the live bird markets, enhancing the biosecurity of poultry industry and screening newly arriving immigrants and tourists from neighboring countries at border should be considered to control spread of the virus. Furthermore, surveillance of viral molecular evolution should be initiated for effective prevention of epidemic and pandemic spreads.
基金Supported by the research council of Shahid-Bahonar University ofKerman(grant number:1389.4.16)
文摘Objective:To evaluate the prevalence of nymphal stages of L serrata in mesenteric lymph nodes of camels slaughtered in Mashhad slaughterhouse,Northeast of Iran.Methods:For this purpose, mesenteric lymph nodes of 400 camels of different sex and age were examined.The lymph nodes were examined macroscopically and a digestion method was also applied for investigation of samples which was negative macroscopically.Results:The mesenteric lymph nodes of 73 camels out of 400(18.25%) were infected by L serrata nymphs.Conclusions:Prevalence of L. serrata nymphs in males and females and different age was not significantly different(P>0.05), but difference was observed between the prevalence in different seasons(P< 0.05).The potential importance of these findings to human health is discussed.This is the first report of infection with L serrate of camels in camels slaughtered at northeast of Iran.
