Barley(Hordeum vulgare ssp.vulgare)is one of the oldest founder crops in human civilization and has been widely dispersed across the globe to support human society as a livestock feed and a raw material for the brewin...Barley(Hordeum vulgare ssp.vulgare)is one of the oldest founder crops in human civilization and has been widely dispersed across the globe to support human society as a livestock feed and a raw material for the brewing industries.Since the early half of the 20th century,it has been used for innovative research on cyto-genetics,biochemistry,and genetics,facilitated by its mode of reproduction through self-pollination and its true diploid status,which have contributed to the accumulation of numerous germplasm and mutant re-sources.In the era of molecular genomics and biology,a multitude of barley genes and their related regula-tory mechanisms have been identified and functionally validated,providing a paradigm for equivalent studies in other Triticeae crops.This review highlights important advances on barley research over the past decade,focusing mainly on genomics and genomics-assisted germplasm exploration,genetic dissection of develop-mental and adaptation-related traits,and the complex dynamics of yield and quality formation.In the coming decade,the prospect of integrating these innovations in barley research and breeding shows great promise.Barley is proposed as a reference Triticeae crop for the discovery and functional validation of new genes and the dissection of their molecular mechanisms.The application of precise genome editing as well as genomic prediction and selection,further enhanced by artificial intelligence-based tools and applications,is expected to promote barley improvement to efficiently meet the evolving global demands for this important crop.展开更多
Barley is a diploid species with a genome smaller than those of other members of the Triticeae tribe,making it an attractive model for genetic studies in Triticeae crops.The recent development of barley genomics has c...Barley is a diploid species with a genome smaller than those of other members of the Triticeae tribe,making it an attractive model for genetic studies in Triticeae crops.The recent development of barley genomics has created a need for a high-throughput platform to identify genetically uniform mutants for gene function investigations.In this study,we report an ethyl methanesulfonate(EMS)-mutagenized population consisting of 8525M_(3) lines in the barley landrace“Hatiexi”(HTX),which we complement with a high-quality de novo assembly of a reference genome for this genotype.The mutation rate within the population ranged from 1.51 to 4.09 mutations per megabase,depending on the treatment dosage of EMS and the mutation discrimination platform used for genotype analysis.We implemented a three-dimensional DNA pooling strategy combined with multiplexed amplicon sequencing to create a highly efficient and cost-effective TILLING(targeting induced locus lesion in genomes)platform in barley.Mutations were successfully identified from 72 mixed amplicons within a DNA pool containing 64 individual mutants and from 56 mixed amplicons within a pool containing 144 individuals.We discovered abundant allelic mutants for dozens of genes,including the barley Green Revolution contributor gene Brassinosteroid insensitive 1(BRI1).As a proof of concept,we rapidly determined the causal gene responsible for a chlorotic mutant by following the MutMap strategy,demonstrating the value of this resource to support forward and reverse genetic studies in barley.展开更多
Hordeum bulbosum L., a wild relative of barley （Hordeum vulgare L.）, has been considered as a valuable source of genetic diversity for barley improvement. Since the 1990s, a considerable number of barley/H, bulbosum...Hordeum bulbosum L., a wild relative of barley （Hordeum vulgare L.）, has been considered as a valuable source of genetic diversity for barley improvement. Since the 1990s, a considerable number of barley/H, bulbosum introgression lines （IL）s has been generated, with segments introgressed from H. bulbosum harboring a diverse set of desirable traits. However, the efficient utilization of these ILs has been hampered, largely due to the lack of suitable molecular tools for their genetic characterization and highly reduced interspecific recombination frequencies in the region of the introgression. In the present study, we utilized genotyping-by-sequencing for the detailed molecular characterization of 145 ILs. Genotypic information allows the genetic diversity within the set of ILs to be determined and a strategy was outlined to tackle the obstacle of reduced recombination frequencies. Furthermore, we compiled exome capture re-sequencing information of barley and H. bulbosum and designed an integrated barley/ H. bulbosum sequence resource with polymorphism information on interspecific and intraspecific sequence variations of both species. The integrated sequence will be valuable for marker development in barley/H, bulbosum ILs derived from any barley and H. bulbosum donors. This study provides the tools for the widespread utilization of barley/H, bulbosum ILs in applied barley breeding and academic research.展开更多
While the humble spud may seem simple enough boiled on a plate,a lot of thought and effort goes into producing the varieties we like to eat.Potato lovers are conservative:the Russet Burbank,for instance,has produced o...While the humble spud may seem simple enough boiled on a plate,a lot of thought and effort goes into producing the varieties we like to eat.Potato lovers are conservative:the Russet Burbank,for instance,has produced our favorite French fries since 1902(Bethke et al.,2014).Cultivars need to be genetically stable-a state that is achieved in self-pollinating crop species like wheat and barley by repeated inbreeding.展开更多
Over the past 70 years,the world has witnessed extraordinary growth in crop productivity,enabled by a suite of technological advances,including higher yielding crop varieties,improved farm management,synthetic agroche...Over the past 70 years,the world has witnessed extraordinary growth in crop productivity,enabled by a suite of technological advances,including higher yielding crop varieties,improved farm management,synthetic agrochemicals,and agricultural mechanization.While this"Green Revolution"intensified crop production,and is credited with reducing famine and malnutrition,its benefits were accompanied by several undesirable collateral effects(Pingali,2012).These include a narrowing of agricultural biodiversity,stemming from increased monoculture and greater reliance on a smaller number of crops and crop varieties for the majority of our calories.This reduction in diversity has created vulnerabilities to pest and disease epidemics,climate variation,and ultimately to human health(Harlan,1972).展开更多
基金supported by the Sino-German Center for Research Promotion-Mobility Program(M-0440)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of CAAS and State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding to P.Y.,and the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32472148 to C.J.32241041 to K.J.).
文摘Barley(Hordeum vulgare ssp.vulgare)is one of the oldest founder crops in human civilization and has been widely dispersed across the globe to support human society as a livestock feed and a raw material for the brewing industries.Since the early half of the 20th century,it has been used for innovative research on cyto-genetics,biochemistry,and genetics,facilitated by its mode of reproduction through self-pollination and its true diploid status,which have contributed to the accumulation of numerous germplasm and mutant re-sources.In the era of molecular genomics and biology,a multitude of barley genes and their related regula-tory mechanisms have been identified and functionally validated,providing a paradigm for equivalent studies in other Triticeae crops.This review highlights important advances on barley research over the past decade,focusing mainly on genomics and genomics-assisted germplasm exploration,genetic dissection of develop-mental and adaptation-related traits,and the complex dynamics of yield and quality formation.In the coming decade,the prospect of integrating these innovations in barley research and breeding shows great promise.Barley is proposed as a reference Triticeae crop for the discovery and functional validation of new genes and the dissection of their molecular mechanisms.The application of precise genome editing as well as genomic prediction and selection,further enhanced by artificial intelligence-based tools and applications,is expected to promote barley improvement to efficiently meet the evolving global demands for this important crop.
基金funded by grants from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFD1000702/2018YFD1000700)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(CAAS),China.
文摘Barley is a diploid species with a genome smaller than those of other members of the Triticeae tribe,making it an attractive model for genetic studies in Triticeae crops.The recent development of barley genomics has created a need for a high-throughput platform to identify genetically uniform mutants for gene function investigations.In this study,we report an ethyl methanesulfonate(EMS)-mutagenized population consisting of 8525M_(3) lines in the barley landrace“Hatiexi”(HTX),which we complement with a high-quality de novo assembly of a reference genome for this genotype.The mutation rate within the population ranged from 1.51 to 4.09 mutations per megabase,depending on the treatment dosage of EMS and the mutation discrimination platform used for genotype analysis.We implemented a three-dimensional DNA pooling strategy combined with multiplexed amplicon sequencing to create a highly efficient and cost-effective TILLING(targeting induced locus lesion in genomes)platform in barley.Mutations were successfully identified from 72 mixed amplicons within a DNA pool containing 64 individual mutants and from 56 mixed amplicons within a pool containing 144 individuals.We discovered abundant allelic mutants for dozens of genes,including the barley Green Revolution contributor gene Brassinosteroid insensitive 1(BRI1).As a proof of concept,we rapidly determined the causal gene responsible for a chlorotic mutant by following the MutMap strategy,demonstrating the value of this resource to support forward and reverse genetic studies in barley.
文摘Hordeum bulbosum L., a wild relative of barley （Hordeum vulgare L.）, has been considered as a valuable source of genetic diversity for barley improvement. Since the 1990s, a considerable number of barley/H, bulbosum introgression lines （IL）s has been generated, with segments introgressed from H. bulbosum harboring a diverse set of desirable traits. However, the efficient utilization of these ILs has been hampered, largely due to the lack of suitable molecular tools for their genetic characterization and highly reduced interspecific recombination frequencies in the region of the introgression. In the present study, we utilized genotyping-by-sequencing for the detailed molecular characterization of 145 ILs. Genotypic information allows the genetic diversity within the set of ILs to be determined and a strategy was outlined to tackle the obstacle of reduced recombination frequencies. Furthermore, we compiled exome capture re-sequencing information of barley and H. bulbosum and designed an integrated barley/ H. bulbosum sequence resource with polymorphism information on interspecific and intraspecific sequence variations of both species. The integrated sequence will be valuable for marker development in barley/H, bulbosum ILs derived from any barley and H. bulbosum donors. This study provides the tools for the widespread utilization of barley/H, bulbosum ILs in applied barley breeding and academic research.
文摘While the humble spud may seem simple enough boiled on a plate,a lot of thought and effort goes into producing the varieties we like to eat.Potato lovers are conservative:the Russet Burbank,for instance,has produced our favorite French fries since 1902(Bethke et al.,2014).Cultivars need to be genetically stable-a state that is achieved in self-pollinating crop species like wheat and barley by repeated inbreeding.
文摘Over the past 70 years,the world has witnessed extraordinary growth in crop productivity,enabled by a suite of technological advances,including higher yielding crop varieties,improved farm management,synthetic agrochemicals,and agricultural mechanization.While this"Green Revolution"intensified crop production,and is credited with reducing famine and malnutrition,its benefits were accompanied by several undesirable collateral effects(Pingali,2012).These include a narrowing of agricultural biodiversity,stemming from increased monoculture and greater reliance on a smaller number of crops and crop varieties for the majority of our calories.This reduction in diversity has created vulnerabilities to pest and disease epidemics,climate variation,and ultimately to human health(Harlan,1972).
