Background: Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation(RFA) is a first?line treatment for very?early?stage hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC), whereas the efficacy of percutaneous microwave ablation(MWA) for very?early?stage HCC...Background: Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation(RFA) is a first?line treatment for very?early?stage hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC), whereas the efficacy of percutaneous microwave ablation(MWA) for very?early?stage HCC remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to clarify this issue by comparing the safety and efficacy of percutaneous MWA with percutaneous RFA in treating very?early?stage HCC.Methods: Clinical data of 460 patients who were diagnosed with very?early?stage HCC and treated with percutane?ous MWA or RFA between January 2007 and July 2012 at the Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, The Second Mili?tary Medical University, in Shanghai, China were retrospectively analyzed. Of these 460 patients, 159 received RFA, 301 received MWA. Overall survival(OS), recurrence?free survival(RFS), local tumor progression(LTP), complete ablation, and complication occurrence rates were compared between the two groups, and the prognostic factors associated with survival were analyzed.Results: No significant differences were observed between the two groups in terms of the 1?, 3?, or 5?year OS rates(99.3%, 90.4%, and 78.3% for MWA vs. 98.7%, 86.8%, and 73.3% for RFA, respectively; P = 0.331). Furthermore, no signif?icant differences were observed between the two groups in terms of the corresponding RFS rates(94.4%, 71.8%, and 46.9% for MWA vs. 89.9%, 67.3%, and 54.9% for RFA, respectively; P ete ablation rates(98.3% vs. 98.1%, P = 0.309), the LTP rates(9.6% vs. 10.1%, P = 0.883), the compl multivariate analysis, LTP, an= 0.860), or the occurrence rates of major complications(0.7% vs. 0.6%, P = 0.691). Bytiviral therapy, and treatment of recurrence were independent risk fac?tors for OS(P < 0.001), and the alpha?fetoprotein level was an independent prognostic factor for RFS(P = 0.002).Conclusions: MWA is as safe and effective as RFA in treating very?early?stage HCC, supporting MWA as a first?line treatment option for this disease.展开更多
In this paper,the application of Abaqus-based particle finite element method(PFEM)is extended from static to dynamic large deformation.The PFEM is based on periodic mesh regeneration with Delaunay triangulation to avo...In this paper,the application of Abaqus-based particle finite element method(PFEM)is extended from static to dynamic large deformation.The PFEM is based on periodic mesh regeneration with Delaunay triangulation to avoid mesh distortion.Additional mesh smoothing and boundary node smoothing techniques are incorporated to improve the mesh quality and solution accuracy.The field variables are mapped from the old to the new mesh using the closest point projection method to minimize the mapping error.The procedures of the proposed Abaqus-based dynamic PFEM(Abaqus-DPFEM)analysis and its implementation in Abaqus are detailed.The accuracy and robustness of the proposed approach are examined via four illustrative numerical examples.The numerical results show a satisfactory agreement with published results and further confirm the applicability of the Abaqus-DPFEM to solving dynamic large-deformation problems in geotechnical engineering.展开更多
Digital watermarking technology is adequate for copyright protection and content authentication.There needs to be more research on the watermarking algorithm after printing and scanning.Aiming at the problem that exis...Digital watermarking technology is adequate for copyright protection and content authentication.There needs to be more research on the watermarking algorithm after printing and scanning.Aiming at the problem that existing anti-print scanning text image watermarking algorithms cannot take into account the invisibility and robustness of the watermark,an anti-print scanning watermarking algorithm suitable for text images is proposed.This algorithm first performs a series of image enhancement preprocessing operations on the printed scanned image to eliminate the interference of incorrect bit information on watermark embedding and then uses a combination of Discrete Wavelet Transform(DWT)-Singular Value Decomposition(SVD)to embed the watermark.Experiments show that the average Normalized Correlation(NC)of the watermark extracted by this algorithm against attacks such as Joint Photographic Experts Group(JPEG)compression,JPEG2000 compression,and print scanning is above 0.93.Especially,the average NC of the watermark extracted after print scanning attacks is greater than 0.964,and the average Bit Error Ratio(BER)is 5.15%.This indicates that this algorithm has strong resistance to various attacks and print scanning attacks and can better take into account the invisibility of the watermark.展开更多
The trusted sharing of Electronic Health Records(EHRs)can realize the efficient use of medical data resources.Generally speaking,EHRs are widely used in blockchain-based medical data platforms.EHRs are valuable privat...The trusted sharing of Electronic Health Records(EHRs)can realize the efficient use of medical data resources.Generally speaking,EHRs are widely used in blockchain-based medical data platforms.EHRs are valuable private assets of patients,and the ownership belongs to patients.While recent research has shown that patients can freely and effectively delete the EHRs stored in hospitals,it does not address the challenge of record sharing when patients revisit doctors.In order to solve this problem,this paper proposes a deletion and recovery scheme of EHRs based on Medical Certificate Blockchain.This paper uses cross-chain technology to connect the Medical Certificate Blockchain and the Hospital Blockchain to real-ize the recovery of deleted EHRs.At the same time,this paper uses the Medical Certificate Blockchain and the InterPlanetary File System(IPFS)to store Personal Health Records,which are generated by patients visiting different medical institutions.In addition,this paper also combines digital watermarking technology to ensure the authenticity of the restored electronic medical records.Under the combined effect of blockchain technology and digital watermarking,our proposal will not be affected by any other rights throughout the process.System analysis and security analysis illustrate the completeness and feasibility of the scheme.展开更多
Tumorigenesis are closely associated with the immune function of the human body.Immunotherapy has emerged as a novel and promising treatment strategy in multiple malignancies in the 21st century.Traditional Chinese me...Tumorigenesis are closely associated with the immune function of the human body.Immunotherapy has emerged as a novel and promising treatment strategy in multiple malignancies in the 21st century.Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)has been extensively used for cancer treatment in China and surrounding countries for it exerts efficient therapeutic effects with few side effects.In recent years,studies have demonstrated that TCM plays a unique and reliable role in regulating tumor immunity.TCM can enhance the antitumor immune response function by regulating the secretion of cytokines,reshaping the balance of immune cells,and regulating immune checkpoints to relieve the immunosuppression.In addition,TCM can reduce the side effects(e.g.,cytokine storm)of cancer immunotherapy.Based on the current research of active immunotherapy and passive immunotherapy,this review summarizes the potential applications and existing problems of TCM in tumor immunotherapy.This review may be helpful in illuminating the scientific basis of TCM in tumor immunotherapy,promoting its internationalization,as well as shedding innovating new strategies for the development of tumor immunotherapy.展开更多
Fund gap control, as an important and major managerial technique, has been widely used in western commercial banks （CBs）. Good management on fund gap can not only avoid interest rate （IR） risk, but also bring bene...Fund gap control, as an important and major managerial technique, has been widely used in western commercial banks （CBs）. Good management on fund gap can not only avoid interest rate （IR） risk, but also bring benefits to CBs. This paper discusses three substantive derivative tools that can be used to control fund gap, that is, interest rate futures, interest rate options and interest rate swap.展开更多
To improve the trajectory tracking robust stability of agricultural vehicles,a path tracking control method combined with the characteristics of agricultural vehicles and nonlinear model predictive control was present...To improve the trajectory tracking robust stability of agricultural vehicles,a path tracking control method combined with the characteristics of agricultural vehicles and nonlinear model predictive control was presented.Through the proposed method,the path tracking problem can be divided into two problems with speed and steering angle constraints:the trajectory planning problem,and the trajectory tracking optimization problem.Firstly,the nonlinear kinematics model of the agricultural vehicle was discretized,then the derived model was inferred and regarded as the prediction function plant for the designed controller.Second,the objective function characterizing the tracking performance was put forward based on system variables and control inputs.Therefore,the objective function optimization problem,based on the proposed prediction equation plant,can be regarded as the nonlinear constrained optimization problem.What’s more,to enhance the robust stability of the system,a real-time feedback and rolling adjustment strategy was adopted to achieve optimal control.To validate the theoretical analysis before,the Matlab simulation was performed to investigate the path tracking performance.The simulation results show that the controller can realize effective trajectory tracking and possesses good robust stability.Meanwhile,the corresponding experiments were conducted.When the test vehicle tracked the reference track with a speed of 3 m/s,the maximum lateral deviation was 13.36 cm,and the maximum longitudinal deviation was 34.61 cm.When the added horizontal deviation disturbance Yr was less than 1.5 m,the controller could adjust the vehicle quickly to make the test car return to the reference track and continue to drive.Finally,to better highlight the controller proposed in this paper,a comparison experiment with a linear model predictive controller was performed.Compared to the conventional linear model predictive controller,the horizontal off-track distance reduced by 36.8%and the longitudinal deviation reduced by 32.98%when performing circular path tracking at a speed of 3 m/s.展开更多
Metallic glasses(MGs)possess remarkably high strength but often display only minimal tensile ductility due to the formation of catastrophic shear bands.Purposely enhancing the inherent heterogeneity to promote distrib...Metallic glasses(MGs)possess remarkably high strength but often display only minimal tensile ductility due to the formation of catastrophic shear bands.Purposely enhancing the inherent heterogeneity to promote distributed flow offers new possibilities in improving the ductility of monolithic MGs.Here,we report the effect of the spatial heterogeneity of elasticity,resulting from the inherently inhomogeneous amorphous structures,on the deformation behavior of MGs,specifically focusing on the ductility using multiscale modeling methods.A highly heterogeneous,Gaussian-type shear modulus distribution at the nanoscale is revealed by atomistic simulations in Cu_(64)Zr_(36) MGs,in which the soft population of the distribution exhibits a marked propensity to undergo the inelastic shear transformation.By employing a mesoscale shear transformation zone dynamics model,we find that the organization of such nanometer-scale shear transformation events into shear-band patterns is dependent on the spatial heterogeneity of the local shear moduli.A critical spatial correlation length of elastic heterogeneity is identified for the simulated MGs to achieve the best tensile ductility,which is associated with a transition of shear-band formation mechanisms,from stress-dictated nucleation and growth to structure-dictated strain percolation,as well as a saturation of elastically soft sites participating in the plastic flow.This discovery is important for the fundamental understanding of the role of spatial heterogeneity in influencing the deformation behavior of MGs.We believe that this can facilitate the design and development of new ductile monolithic MGs by a process of tuning the inherent heterogeneity to achieve enhanced ductility in these high-strength metallic alloys.展开更多
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is a major pathogenic fungus that causes anthracnose in stored mangoes,and it exhibits higher pathogenicity compared to Colletotrichum acutatum.This study primarily investigates the mech...Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is a major pathogenic fungus that causes anthracnose in stored mangoes,and it exhibits higher pathogenicity compared to Colletotrichum acutatum.This study primarily investigates the mechanism by which riboflavin prevents mango anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides.In vitro experiments demonstrated that a concentration of 1.0 mmol L^(-1)riboflavin exhibited a strong inhibitory effect on spore germination of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides strains isolated from different major mango-producing regions in China,surpassing the efficacy of the chemical agent pyrimethanil.Furthermore,mango fruits infected with Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and treated with 1.0 mmol L^(-1)riboflavin exhibited a significant reduction in disease index.The mechanism behind this is that riboflavin not only generated reactive oxygen species(ROS)but also induced the production of ROS in the fruit during the early stages of storage,directly killing Colletotrichum gloeosporioides.Additionally,riboflavin activated phenylalanine ammonia lyase(PAL)and peroxidase(POD),leading to the production of total phenols and lignin,enhancing the fruit’s disease resistance.Riboflavin also increased the activity of β-1,3-glucanase(GLU)and chitinase(CHI),which can disrupt the cell wall of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides.Moreover,riboflavin enhanced the activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD)and catalase(CAT)in the fruit,reducing weight loss percentage and minimizing the degradation of total soluble solids(TSS).These findings highlight the efficacy of riboflavin in preventing and controlling mango anthracnose.展开更多
文摘Background: Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation(RFA) is a first?line treatment for very?early?stage hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC), whereas the efficacy of percutaneous microwave ablation(MWA) for very?early?stage HCC remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to clarify this issue by comparing the safety and efficacy of percutaneous MWA with percutaneous RFA in treating very?early?stage HCC.Methods: Clinical data of 460 patients who were diagnosed with very?early?stage HCC and treated with percutane?ous MWA or RFA between January 2007 and July 2012 at the Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, The Second Mili?tary Medical University, in Shanghai, China were retrospectively analyzed. Of these 460 patients, 159 received RFA, 301 received MWA. Overall survival(OS), recurrence?free survival(RFS), local tumor progression(LTP), complete ablation, and complication occurrence rates were compared between the two groups, and the prognostic factors associated with survival were analyzed.Results: No significant differences were observed between the two groups in terms of the 1?, 3?, or 5?year OS rates(99.3%, 90.4%, and 78.3% for MWA vs. 98.7%, 86.8%, and 73.3% for RFA, respectively; P = 0.331). Furthermore, no signif?icant differences were observed between the two groups in terms of the corresponding RFS rates(94.4%, 71.8%, and 46.9% for MWA vs. 89.9%, 67.3%, and 54.9% for RFA, respectively; P ete ablation rates(98.3% vs. 98.1%, P = 0.309), the LTP rates(9.6% vs. 10.1%, P = 0.883), the compl multivariate analysis, LTP, an= 0.860), or the occurrence rates of major complications(0.7% vs. 0.6%, P = 0.691). Bytiviral therapy, and treatment of recurrence were independent risk fac?tors for OS(P < 0.001), and the alpha?fetoprotein level was an independent prognostic factor for RFS(P = 0.002).Conclusions: MWA is as safe and effective as RFA in treating very?early?stage HCC, supporting MWA as a first?line treatment option for this disease.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41807223)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.B210202096)the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDA 23090202).
文摘In this paper,the application of Abaqus-based particle finite element method(PFEM)is extended from static to dynamic large deformation.The PFEM is based on periodic mesh regeneration with Delaunay triangulation to avoid mesh distortion.Additional mesh smoothing and boundary node smoothing techniques are incorporated to improve the mesh quality and solution accuracy.The field variables are mapped from the old to the new mesh using the closest point projection method to minimize the mapping error.The procedures of the proposed Abaqus-based dynamic PFEM(Abaqus-DPFEM)analysis and its implementation in Abaqus are detailed.The accuracy and robustness of the proposed approach are examined via four illustrative numerical examples.The numerical results show a satisfactory agreement with published results and further confirm the applicability of the Abaqus-DPFEM to solving dynamic large-deformation problems in geotechnical engineering.
基金sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grants 61972207,U1836208,U1836110,61672290,and the Project was through the Priority Academic Program Development(PAPD)of Jiangsu Higher Education Institution.
文摘Digital watermarking technology is adequate for copyright protection and content authentication.There needs to be more research on the watermarking algorithm after printing and scanning.Aiming at the problem that existing anti-print scanning text image watermarking algorithms cannot take into account the invisibility and robustness of the watermark,an anti-print scanning watermarking algorithm suitable for text images is proposed.This algorithm first performs a series of image enhancement preprocessing operations on the printed scanned image to eliminate the interference of incorrect bit information on watermark embedding and then uses a combination of Discrete Wavelet Transform(DWT)-Singular Value Decomposition(SVD)to embed the watermark.Experiments show that the average Normalized Correlation(NC)of the watermark extracted by this algorithm against attacks such as Joint Photographic Experts Group(JPEG)compression,JPEG2000 compression,and print scanning is above 0.93.Especially,the average NC of the watermark extracted after print scanning attacks is greater than 0.964,and the average Bit Error Ratio(BER)is 5.15%.This indicates that this algorithm has strong resistance to various attacks and print scanning attacks and can better take into account the invisibility of the watermark.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under grant 61972207,U1836208,U1836110,61672290the Major Program of the National Social Science Fund of China under Grant No.17ZDA092+2 种基金by the National Key R&D Program of China under grant 2018YFB1003205by the Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology(CICAEET)fundby the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD)fund.
文摘The trusted sharing of Electronic Health Records(EHRs)can realize the efficient use of medical data resources.Generally speaking,EHRs are widely used in blockchain-based medical data platforms.EHRs are valuable private assets of patients,and the ownership belongs to patients.While recent research has shown that patients can freely and effectively delete the EHRs stored in hospitals,it does not address the challenge of record sharing when patients revisit doctors.In order to solve this problem,this paper proposes a deletion and recovery scheme of EHRs based on Medical Certificate Blockchain.This paper uses cross-chain technology to connect the Medical Certificate Blockchain and the Hospital Blockchain to real-ize the recovery of deleted EHRs.At the same time,this paper uses the Medical Certificate Blockchain and the InterPlanetary File System(IPFS)to store Personal Health Records,which are generated by patients visiting different medical institutions.In addition,this paper also combines digital watermarking technology to ensure the authenticity of the restored electronic medical records.Under the combined effect of blockchain technology and digital watermarking,our proposal will not be affected by any other rights throughout the process.System analysis and security analysis illustrate the completeness and feasibility of the scheme.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82074165,81873306,81973526,81703749,81703764)Guangdong Science and Technology Department(2016A030306025)+7 种基金Guangdong High-level Personnel of Special Support Program(A1-3002-16-111-003)Department of Education of Guangdong Province(2018KZDXM022,A1-2606-19-111-009)the Ph.D.Start-up Fund of Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(2017A030310213)Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province(2017B030314166)Guangzhou science and technology project(201904010407)the Specific Research Fund for TCM Science and Technology of Guangdong provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine(YN2018MJ07)and the Foundation for Young Scholars of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine(QNYC20190101)Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Lab on Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research(2020B1212030006).
文摘Tumorigenesis are closely associated with the immune function of the human body.Immunotherapy has emerged as a novel and promising treatment strategy in multiple malignancies in the 21st century.Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)has been extensively used for cancer treatment in China and surrounding countries for it exerts efficient therapeutic effects with few side effects.In recent years,studies have demonstrated that TCM plays a unique and reliable role in regulating tumor immunity.TCM can enhance the antitumor immune response function by regulating the secretion of cytokines,reshaping the balance of immune cells,and regulating immune checkpoints to relieve the immunosuppression.In addition,TCM can reduce the side effects(e.g.,cytokine storm)of cancer immunotherapy.Based on the current research of active immunotherapy and passive immunotherapy,this review summarizes the potential applications and existing problems of TCM in tumor immunotherapy.This review may be helpful in illuminating the scientific basis of TCM in tumor immunotherapy,promoting its internationalization,as well as shedding innovating new strategies for the development of tumor immunotherapy.
文摘Fund gap control, as an important and major managerial technique, has been widely used in western commercial banks （CBs）. Good management on fund gap can not only avoid interest rate （IR） risk, but also bring benefits to CBs. This paper discusses three substantive derivative tools that can be used to control fund gap, that is, interest rate futures, interest rate options and interest rate swap.
基金This work is supported by Shandong Agricultural Machinery and Equipment Research and Development Innovation Initiative(2018YF020-07,2017YF002)Modern Agricultural Technology System Innovation Team Post Project in Shandong Province(SDAIT-16-10)+1 种基金the National Key Research Projects(2017 YFD0700705)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2019BC018).
文摘To improve the trajectory tracking robust stability of agricultural vehicles,a path tracking control method combined with the characteristics of agricultural vehicles and nonlinear model predictive control was presented.Through the proposed method,the path tracking problem can be divided into two problems with speed and steering angle constraints:the trajectory planning problem,and the trajectory tracking optimization problem.Firstly,the nonlinear kinematics model of the agricultural vehicle was discretized,then the derived model was inferred and regarded as the prediction function plant for the designed controller.Second,the objective function characterizing the tracking performance was put forward based on system variables and control inputs.Therefore,the objective function optimization problem,based on the proposed prediction equation plant,can be regarded as the nonlinear constrained optimization problem.What’s more,to enhance the robust stability of the system,a real-time feedback and rolling adjustment strategy was adopted to achieve optimal control.To validate the theoretical analysis before,the Matlab simulation was performed to investigate the path tracking performance.The simulation results show that the controller can realize effective trajectory tracking and possesses good robust stability.Meanwhile,the corresponding experiments were conducted.When the test vehicle tracked the reference track with a speed of 3 m/s,the maximum lateral deviation was 13.36 cm,and the maximum longitudinal deviation was 34.61 cm.When the added horizontal deviation disturbance Yr was less than 1.5 m,the controller could adjust the vehicle quickly to make the test car return to the reference track and continue to drive.Finally,to better highlight the controller proposed in this paper,a comparison experiment with a linear model predictive controller was performed.Compared to the conventional linear model predictive controller,the horizontal off-track distance reduced by 36.8%and the longitudinal deviation reduced by 32.98%when performing circular path tracking at a speed of 3 m/s.
基金This work was supported by the U.S.Department of Energy,Office of Science,Basic Energy Sciences(BES),by Award no.DE-SC0016164 for NW and LL,and through the BES Materials Sciences and Engineering Division for JD,MA,and ROR under Contract No.DE-AC02-05CH11231 to the Mechanical Behavior of Materials Program(KC13)at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory(LBNL)The study made use of the resources of the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center at LBNL,which is also supported by the Office of Basic Energy Sciences of the U.S.Department of Energy under Contract No.DE-AC02-05CH11231.
文摘Metallic glasses(MGs)possess remarkably high strength but often display only minimal tensile ductility due to the formation of catastrophic shear bands.Purposely enhancing the inherent heterogeneity to promote distributed flow offers new possibilities in improving the ductility of monolithic MGs.Here,we report the effect of the spatial heterogeneity of elasticity,resulting from the inherently inhomogeneous amorphous structures,on the deformation behavior of MGs,specifically focusing on the ductility using multiscale modeling methods.A highly heterogeneous,Gaussian-type shear modulus distribution at the nanoscale is revealed by atomistic simulations in Cu_(64)Zr_(36) MGs,in which the soft population of the distribution exhibits a marked propensity to undergo the inelastic shear transformation.By employing a mesoscale shear transformation zone dynamics model,we find that the organization of such nanometer-scale shear transformation events into shear-band patterns is dependent on the spatial heterogeneity of the local shear moduli.A critical spatial correlation length of elastic heterogeneity is identified for the simulated MGs to achieve the best tensile ductility,which is associated with a transition of shear-band formation mechanisms,from stress-dictated nucleation and growth to structure-dictated strain percolation,as well as a saturation of elastically soft sites participating in the plastic flow.This discovery is important for the fundamental understanding of the role of spatial heterogeneity in influencing the deformation behavior of MGs.We believe that this can facilitate the design and development of new ductile monolithic MGs by a process of tuning the inherent heterogeneity to achieve enhanced ductility in these high-strength metallic alloys.
基金supported by the Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(2022JJ40194)Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Tropical Crops High-efficient Production(C16064)the Research Foundation of Education Bureau of Hunan Province(20A270).
文摘Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is a major pathogenic fungus that causes anthracnose in stored mangoes,and it exhibits higher pathogenicity compared to Colletotrichum acutatum.This study primarily investigates the mechanism by which riboflavin prevents mango anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides.In vitro experiments demonstrated that a concentration of 1.0 mmol L^(-1)riboflavin exhibited a strong inhibitory effect on spore germination of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides strains isolated from different major mango-producing regions in China,surpassing the efficacy of the chemical agent pyrimethanil.Furthermore,mango fruits infected with Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and treated with 1.0 mmol L^(-1)riboflavin exhibited a significant reduction in disease index.The mechanism behind this is that riboflavin not only generated reactive oxygen species(ROS)but also induced the production of ROS in the fruit during the early stages of storage,directly killing Colletotrichum gloeosporioides.Additionally,riboflavin activated phenylalanine ammonia lyase(PAL)and peroxidase(POD),leading to the production of total phenols and lignin,enhancing the fruit’s disease resistance.Riboflavin also increased the activity of β-1,3-glucanase(GLU)and chitinase(CHI),which can disrupt the cell wall of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides.Moreover,riboflavin enhanced the activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD)and catalase(CAT)in the fruit,reducing weight loss percentage and minimizing the degradation of total soluble solids(TSS).These findings highlight the efficacy of riboflavin in preventing and controlling mango anthracnose.
