In thefield of material sciences,nano-based formulations have attracted the attention of researchers,as they are highly suit-able for applications in differentfields.Conventionally,physical and chemical techniques have...In thefield of material sciences,nano-based formulations have attracted the attention of researchers,as they are highly suit-able for applications in differentfields.Conventionally,physical and chemical techniques have been employed to synthesize silver nanoparticles(AgNPs).However,they use hazardous and poisonous ingredients,which are toxic to human health and the environment.Therefore,it necessitates the development of an eco-friendly and economical method for the fabrication of silver nanoparticles.Biogenic AgNPs have been synthesized using plants and microorganisms due to the presence of reducing agents such as metabolites and enzymes in their extracts.The size,shape,and other properties of the biogenic AgNPs have been characterized using various biophysical techniques.AgNPs are widely used to treat infections and diseases in humans and plants.They have demonstrated antifungal and antibacterial activities and,therefore,have been applied in various therapeutic applications like the treatment of cancer,wound dressing,orthopedic and cardiovascular implants,and dental composites.Biogenic AgNPs have been applied for the remediation of environmental pollution,including that of water and air via the detoxification of synthetic dyes and other contaminants.They have improved seed germination and plant growth after application as nanofertilizers and nano-pesticides,as well as in masking the effects of stress.This review describes various biological routes used in the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their potential applications in agricultural,environmental,and medicalfields.展开更多
As one of the most important and essential macronutrients next to nitrogen,phosphorus(P)is important for plant development,but it is the least mobile nutrient element in plant and soil.Globally,P is mined from geologi...As one of the most important and essential macronutrients next to nitrogen,phosphorus(P)is important for plant development,but it is the least mobile nutrient element in plant and soil.Globally,P is mined from geological sediments and added to agricultural soils so as to meet the critical requirements of crop plants for agronomic productivity.Phosphorus exists in soil in both organic and inorganic forms.The various inorganic forms of the element in soil are salts with calcium,iron,and aluminum,whereas the organic forms come from decaying vegetation and microbial residue.There is a huge diversity of plant microbiomes(epiphytic,endophytic,and rhizospheric)and soil microbiomes that have the capability to solubilize the insoluble P and make it available to plant.The main mechanism for the solubilization of inorganic P is by the production of organic acids,which lowers soil pH,or by the production of acid and alkaline phosphatases,which causes the mineralization of organic P.The P-solubilizing and-mobilizing microorganisms belong to all three domains,comprising archaea,bacteria,and eukarya.The strains belonging to the genera Arthrobacter,Bacillus,Burkholderia,Natrinema,Pseudomonas,Rhizobium,and Serratia have been reported as efficient and potential P solubilizers.The use of P solubilizers,alone or in combination with other plant growth-promoting microbes as an eco-friendly microbial consortium,could increase the P uptake of crops,increasing their yields for agricultural and environmental sustainability.展开更多
文摘In thefield of material sciences,nano-based formulations have attracted the attention of researchers,as they are highly suit-able for applications in differentfields.Conventionally,physical and chemical techniques have been employed to synthesize silver nanoparticles(AgNPs).However,they use hazardous and poisonous ingredients,which are toxic to human health and the environment.Therefore,it necessitates the development of an eco-friendly and economical method for the fabrication of silver nanoparticles.Biogenic AgNPs have been synthesized using plants and microorganisms due to the presence of reducing agents such as metabolites and enzymes in their extracts.The size,shape,and other properties of the biogenic AgNPs have been characterized using various biophysical techniques.AgNPs are widely used to treat infections and diseases in humans and plants.They have demonstrated antifungal and antibacterial activities and,therefore,have been applied in various therapeutic applications like the treatment of cancer,wound dressing,orthopedic and cardiovascular implants,and dental composites.Biogenic AgNPs have been applied for the remediation of environmental pollution,including that of water and air via the detoxification of synthetic dyes and other contaminants.They have improved seed germination and plant growth after application as nanofertilizers and nano-pesticides,as well as in masking the effects of stress.This review describes various biological routes used in the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their potential applications in agricultural,environmental,and medicalfields.
基金the Department of Biotechnology,Akal College of Agriculture,Eternal University and the Department of Environment,Science&Technology(DEST),India-funded project“Development of Microbial Consortium as Bio-inoculants for Drought and Low Temperature Growing Crops for Organic Farming in Himachal Pradesh”for providing the facilities and financial support to undertake the investigations。
文摘As one of the most important and essential macronutrients next to nitrogen,phosphorus(P)is important for plant development,but it is the least mobile nutrient element in plant and soil.Globally,P is mined from geological sediments and added to agricultural soils so as to meet the critical requirements of crop plants for agronomic productivity.Phosphorus exists in soil in both organic and inorganic forms.The various inorganic forms of the element in soil are salts with calcium,iron,and aluminum,whereas the organic forms come from decaying vegetation and microbial residue.There is a huge diversity of plant microbiomes(epiphytic,endophytic,and rhizospheric)and soil microbiomes that have the capability to solubilize the insoluble P and make it available to plant.The main mechanism for the solubilization of inorganic P is by the production of organic acids,which lowers soil pH,or by the production of acid and alkaline phosphatases,which causes the mineralization of organic P.The P-solubilizing and-mobilizing microorganisms belong to all three domains,comprising archaea,bacteria,and eukarya.The strains belonging to the genera Arthrobacter,Bacillus,Burkholderia,Natrinema,Pseudomonas,Rhizobium,and Serratia have been reported as efficient and potential P solubilizers.The use of P solubilizers,alone or in combination with other plant growth-promoting microbes as an eco-friendly microbial consortium,could increase the P uptake of crops,increasing their yields for agricultural and environmental sustainability.
