Jaundice,common condition in newborns,is characterized by yellowing of the skin and eyes due to elevated levels of bilirubin in the blood.Timely detection and management of jaundice are crucial to prevent potential co...Jaundice,common condition in newborns,is characterized by yellowing of the skin and eyes due to elevated levels of bilirubin in the blood.Timely detection and management of jaundice are crucial to prevent potential complications.Traditional jaundice assessment methods rely on visual inspection or invasive blood tests that are subjective and painful for infants,respectively.Although several automated methods for jaundice detection have been developed during the past few years,a limited number of reviews consolidating these developments have been presented till date,making it essential to systematically evaluate and present the existing advancements.This paper fills this gap by providing a thorough survey of automated methods for jaundice detection in neonates.The primary focus of the survey is to review the existing methodologies,techniques,and technologies used for neonatal jaundice detection.The key findings from the review indicate that image-based bilirubinometers and transcutaneous bilirubinometers are promising non-invasive alternatives,and provide a good trade-off between accuracy and ease of use.However,their effectiveness varies with factors like skin pigmentation,gestational age,and measurement site.Spectroscopic and biosensor-based techniques show high sensitivity but need further clinical validation.Despite advancements,several challenges including device calibration,large-scale validation,and regulatory barriers still haunt the researchers.Standardization,regulatory compliances,and seamless integration into healthcare workflows are the key hurdles to be addressed.By consolidating the current knowledge and discussing the challenges and opportunities in this field,this survey aims to contribute to the advancement of automatic jaundice detection and ultimately improve neonatal care.展开更多
BACKGROUND Diabetic retinopathy(DR)is a leading cause of vision loss in working-age adults,with prevalence varying by population and reaching~34%in northern India.DR arises from chronic hyperglycemia–driven oxidative...BACKGROUND Diabetic retinopathy(DR)is a leading cause of vision loss in working-age adults,with prevalence varying by population and reaching~34%in northern India.DR arises from chronic hyperglycemia–driven oxidative stress,inflammation,and microvascular dysfunction.Intercellular adhesion molecule-1(ICAM-1)is central to leukocyte adhesion and retinal vascular injury;circulating ICAM-1 is elevated in patients and experimental models.Genetic variants in ICAM-1,notably c.1405A>G(rs5498)and c.721G>A(rs1799969),have been examined as risk markers for microvascular complications.Yet associations with DR are inconsistent across ethnicities,and robust data from northern India are limited,underscoring the need for population-specific studies.AIM To determine the association of ICAM-1 gene polymorphisms with DR in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)from northern India.METHODS The present study included 614 participants:302 patients with T2DM and DR and 312 patients with T2DM but without DR.The ICAM-1 polymorphism c.1405A>G(rs5498)was analyzed using PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism,and analysis of c.721G>A(rs1799969)was done using the amplification-refractory mutation system.Further,approximately 10%of samples were validated for both polymorphisms for the observed genotypes by Sanger sequencing.A metaanalysis incorporating nine studies(1844 DR cases and 1595 controls)was also performed to assess the association of ICAM-1 rs5498 with DR risk.RESULTS The allele frequency and genotype distribution of ICAM-1 c.1405A>G polymorphism in the DR and control groups were not significant(P=0.070 and P=0.120,respectively).The GG genotype revealed a 1.6-fold increased risk of developing retinopathy(odds ratio=1.61,95%confidence interval:1.01-2.58,P=0.044).However,the AG genotype did not show any significant association(P=0.643)between DR cases and controls.With c.721G>A in ICAM-1 the onset and progression of retinopathy was not found to be significantly correlated.The metaanalysis revealed no significant association between rs5498 and DR risk in the overall population or in Asians,but a significant association was observed in Caucasians under the allelic and recessive models.CONCLUSION The ICAM-1 rs5498 GG genotype increased retinopathy risk 1.61-fold in northern Indians.Meta-analysis of nine studies found no Asian association;a Caucasian signal warrants caution given limited subgroups and heterogeneity.展开更多
基金funded by the Indian Council of Medical Research(ICMR),New Delhi,Government of India under Grant No.EM/SG/Dev.Res/124/0812-2023.
文摘Jaundice,common condition in newborns,is characterized by yellowing of the skin and eyes due to elevated levels of bilirubin in the blood.Timely detection and management of jaundice are crucial to prevent potential complications.Traditional jaundice assessment methods rely on visual inspection or invasive blood tests that are subjective and painful for infants,respectively.Although several automated methods for jaundice detection have been developed during the past few years,a limited number of reviews consolidating these developments have been presented till date,making it essential to systematically evaluate and present the existing advancements.This paper fills this gap by providing a thorough survey of automated methods for jaundice detection in neonates.The primary focus of the survey is to review the existing methodologies,techniques,and technologies used for neonatal jaundice detection.The key findings from the review indicate that image-based bilirubinometers and transcutaneous bilirubinometers are promising non-invasive alternatives,and provide a good trade-off between accuracy and ease of use.However,their effectiveness varies with factors like skin pigmentation,gestational age,and measurement site.Spectroscopic and biosensor-based techniques show high sensitivity but need further clinical validation.Despite advancements,several challenges including device calibration,large-scale validation,and regulatory barriers still haunt the researchers.Standardization,regulatory compliances,and seamless integration into healthcare workflows are the key hurdles to be addressed.By consolidating the current knowledge and discussing the challenges and opportunities in this field,this survey aims to contribute to the advancement of automatic jaundice detection and ultimately improve neonatal care.
基金Supported by the Department of Biotechnology,Government of India,No.BT/IN/German/13/VK/2010the Department of Science and Technology,under the SERC FAST Track scheme for young scientists,No.SR/FT/LS-025/2008.
文摘BACKGROUND Diabetic retinopathy(DR)is a leading cause of vision loss in working-age adults,with prevalence varying by population and reaching~34%in northern India.DR arises from chronic hyperglycemia–driven oxidative stress,inflammation,and microvascular dysfunction.Intercellular adhesion molecule-1(ICAM-1)is central to leukocyte adhesion and retinal vascular injury;circulating ICAM-1 is elevated in patients and experimental models.Genetic variants in ICAM-1,notably c.1405A>G(rs5498)and c.721G>A(rs1799969),have been examined as risk markers for microvascular complications.Yet associations with DR are inconsistent across ethnicities,and robust data from northern India are limited,underscoring the need for population-specific studies.AIM To determine the association of ICAM-1 gene polymorphisms with DR in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)from northern India.METHODS The present study included 614 participants:302 patients with T2DM and DR and 312 patients with T2DM but without DR.The ICAM-1 polymorphism c.1405A>G(rs5498)was analyzed using PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism,and analysis of c.721G>A(rs1799969)was done using the amplification-refractory mutation system.Further,approximately 10%of samples were validated for both polymorphisms for the observed genotypes by Sanger sequencing.A metaanalysis incorporating nine studies(1844 DR cases and 1595 controls)was also performed to assess the association of ICAM-1 rs5498 with DR risk.RESULTS The allele frequency and genotype distribution of ICAM-1 c.1405A>G polymorphism in the DR and control groups were not significant(P=0.070 and P=0.120,respectively).The GG genotype revealed a 1.6-fold increased risk of developing retinopathy(odds ratio=1.61,95%confidence interval:1.01-2.58,P=0.044).However,the AG genotype did not show any significant association(P=0.643)between DR cases and controls.With c.721G>A in ICAM-1 the onset and progression of retinopathy was not found to be significantly correlated.The metaanalysis revealed no significant association between rs5498 and DR risk in the overall population or in Asians,but a significant association was observed in Caucasians under the allelic and recessive models.CONCLUSION The ICAM-1 rs5498 GG genotype increased retinopathy risk 1.61-fold in northern Indians.Meta-analysis of nine studies found no Asian association;a Caucasian signal warrants caution given limited subgroups and heterogeneity.
