This article is the 17th in the Fungal Diversity Notes series which allows the researchers to publish fungal collections with updated reports of fungus-host and fungus-geography.Herein we report 97 taxa with four new ...This article is the 17th in the Fungal Diversity Notes series which allows the researchers to publish fungal collections with updated reports of fungus-host and fungus-geography.Herein we report 97 taxa with four new genera distributed in three phyla(Ascomycota,Glomeromycota and Mucoromycota),11 classes,38 orders and 62 families collected from various regions worldwide.This collection is further classified into taxa from 69 genera with four novel genera namely Jinshana,Lithophyllospora,Parapolyplosphaeria and Stegonsporiicola.Furthermore,71 new species,21 new records,one new combination and four novel phylogenetic placements are provided.The new species comprise Acrocalymma estuarinum,Aggregatorygma isidiatum,Alleppeysporonites elsikii,Amphibambusa aquatica,Apiospora hongheensis,Arthrobotrys tachengensis,Calonectria potisiana,Collariella hongheensis,Colletotrichum squamosae,Corynespora chengduensis,Diaporthe beijingensis,Dicellaesporites plicatus,Dicellaesporites verrucatus,Dictyoarthrinium endophyticum,Distoseptispora chiangraiensis,Dothiora eucalypti,Epicoccum indicum,Exesisporites chandrae,Fitzroyomyces pseudopandanicola,Fomitiporia exigua,Fomitiporia rondonii,Fulvifomes subthailandicus,Gigaspora siqueirae,Gymnopus ailaoensis,Hyalorbilia yunnanensis,Hygrocybe minimiholatra,H.mitsinjoensis,H.parviholatra,H.solis,H.vintsy,Helicogermslita kunmingensis,Jinshana tangtangiae,Kirschsteiniothelia dujuanhuensis,Lamproderma subcristatum,Leucoagaricus madagascarensis,Leucocoprinus mantadiaensis,Lithophyllospora australis,Marasmius qujingensis,Melomastia aquilariae,Monoporisporites jansoniusii,M.pattersonii,Monoporisporites valdiyae,Mucispora maesotensis,Mucor soli,Muyocopron yunnanensis,Nigrospora tomentosae,Ocellularia psorirregularis,Ophiocordyceps duyunensis,Oxneriaria nigrodisca,Oxydothis aquatica,O.filiforme,Phacidiella xishuangbannaensis,Phlebiopsis subgriseofuscescens,Pleurothecium takense,Pleurotus tuber-regium,Pseudochaetosphaeronema puerensis,Pseudodactylaria guttulate,Racheliella chinensis,Rhexoacrodictys fangensis,Roussoella neoaquatica,Rubroboletus pruinosus,Sanghuangporus subzonatus,Scytalidium assmuthi,Shrungabeeja kudremukhensis,Spirographa skorinae,Stanjehughesia bambusicola,Stegonsporiicola aurantiaca,Umbelopsis hingganensis,Vararia tenuata,Verruconis pakchongensis,Wongia bandungensis,and Zygosporium cymodoceae.The new combination is Parapolyplosphaeria thailandica(≡Polyplosphaeria thailandica).The 21 new hosts,geographical and habitat records comprise Acrocalymma fici,Apiculospora spartii,Aspergillus subramanianii,Camposporium ramosum,Clonostachys rogersoniana,Colletotrichum brevisporum,C.plurivorum,Collybiopsis gibbosa,Dictyosporium tratense,Distoseptispora adscendens,Exosporium livistonae,Ganoderma gibbosum,Graphis mikuraensis,Gymnosporangium paraphysatum,Lasiodiplodia thailandica,Moesziomyces bullatus,Penicillium cremeogriseum,P.echinulonalgiovense,P.javanicum,P.lanosocoeruleum,P.polonicum,and Pleurotus tuber-regium.Graphis chlorotica,G.panhalensis and G.parilis are given as novel phylogenetic placements.In addition,we provide the morphology of Tarzetta tibetensis which was missing in the previous Fungal Diversity Notes 1611–1716.Identification of characterization of all these taxa are supported by morphological and multigene phylogenetic analyses.展开更多
Sordariomycetes is one of the largest classes of Ascomycota that comprises a highly diverse range of fungi characterized mainly by perithecial ascomata and inoperculate unitunicate asci.The class includes many importa...Sordariomycetes is one of the largest classes of Ascomycota that comprises a highly diverse range of fungi characterized mainly by perithecial ascomata and inoperculate unitunicate asci.The class includes many important plant pathogens,as well as endophytes,saprobes,epiphytes,coprophilous and fungicolous,lichenized or lichenicolous taxa.They occur in terrestrial,freshwater and marine habitats worldwide.This paper reviews the 107 families of the class Sordariomycetes and provides a modified backbone tree based on phylogenetic analysis of four combined loci,with a maximum five representative taxa from each family,where available.This paper brings together for the first time,since Barrs’1990 Prodromus,descriptions,notes on the history,and plates or illustrations of type or representative taxa of each family,a list of accepted genera,including asexual genera and a key to these taxa of Sordariomycetes.Delineation of taxa is supported where possible by molecular data.The outline is based on literature to the end of 2015 and the Sordariomycetes now comprises six subclasses,32 orders,105 families and 1331 genera.The family Obryzaceae and Pleurotremataceae are excluded from the class.展开更多
This paper is a compilation of notes on 110 fungal taxa,including one new family,10 new genera,and 76 new species,representing a wide taxonomic and geographic range.The new family,Paradictyoarthriniaceae is introduced...This paper is a compilation of notes on 110 fungal taxa,including one new family,10 new genera,and 76 new species,representing a wide taxonomic and geographic range.The new family,Paradictyoarthriniaceae is introduced based on its distinct lineage in Dothideomycetes and its unique morphology.The family is sister to Biatriosporaceae and Roussoellaceae.The new genera are Allophaeosphaeria(Phaeosphaeriaceae),Amphibambusa(Amphisphaeriaceae),Brunneomycosphaerella(Capnodiales genera incertae cedis),Chaetocapnodium(Capnodiaceae),Flammeascoma(Anteagloniaceae),Multiseptospora(Pleosporales genera incertae cedis),Neogaeumannomyces(Magnaporthaceae),Palmiascoma(Bambusicolaceae),Paralecia(Squamarinaceae)and Sarimanas(Melanommataceae).The newly described species are the Ascomycota Aliquandostipite manochii,Allophaeosphaeria dactylidis,A.muriformia,Alternaria cesenica,Amphibambusa bambusicola,Amphisphaeria sorbi,Annulohypoxylon thailandicum,Atrotorquata spartii,Brunneomycosphaerella laburni,Byssosphaeria musae,Camarosporium aborescentis,C.aureum,C.frutexensis,Chaetocapnodium siamensis,Chaetothyrium agathis,Colletotrichum sedi,Conicomyces pseudotransvaalensis,Cytospora berberidis,C.sibiraeae,Diaporthe thunbergiicola,Diatrype palmicola,Dictyosporium aquaticum,D.meiosporum,D.thailandicum,Didymella cirsii,Dinemasporium nelloi,Flammeascoma bambusae,Kalmusia italica,K.spartii,Keissleriella sparticola,Lauriomyces synnematicus,Leptosphaeria ebuli,Lophiostoma pseudodictyosporium,L.ravennicum,Lophiotrema eburnoides,Montagnula graminicola,Multiseptospora thailandica,Myrothecium macrosporum,Natantispora unipolaris,Neogaeumannomyces bambusicola,Neosetophoma clematidis,N.italica,Oxydothis atypica,Palmiascoma gregariascomum,Paraconiothyrium nelloi,P.thysanolaenae,Paradictyoarthrinium tectonicola,Paralecia pratorum,Paraphaeosphaeria spartii,Pestalotiopsis digitalis,P.dracontomelon,P.italiana,Phaeoisaria pseudoclematidis,Phragmocapnias philippinensis,Pseudocamarosporium cotinae,Pseudocercospora tamarindi,Pseudotrichia rubriostiolata,P.thailandica,Psiloglonium multiseptatum,Saagaromyces mangrovei,Sarimanas pseudofluviatile,S.shirakamiense,Tothia spartii,Trichomerium siamensis,Wojnowicia dactylidicola,W.dactylidis and W.lonicerae.The Basidiomycota Agaricus flavicentrus,A.hanthanaensis,A.parvibicolor,A.sodalis,Cantharellus luteostipitatus,Lactarius atrobrunneus,L.politus,Phylloporia dependens and Russula cortinarioides are also introduced.Epitypifications or reference specimens are designated for Hapalocystis berkeleyi,Meliola tamarindi,Pallidocercospora acaciigena,Phaeosphaeria musae,Plenodomus agnitus,Psiloglonium colihuae,P.sasicola and Zasmidium musae while notes and/or new sequence data are provided for Annulohypoxylon leptascum,A.nitens,A.stygium,Biscogniauxia marginata,Fasciatispora nypae,Hypoxylon fendleri,H.monticulosum,Leptosphaeria doliolum,Microsphaeropsis olivacea,Neomicrothyrium,Paraleptosphaeria nitschkei,Phoma medicaginis and Saccotheciaceae.A full description of each species is provided with light micrographs(or drawings).Molecular data is provided for 90 taxa and used to generate phylogenetic trees to establish a natural classification for species.展开更多
A comprehensive account of fungal classification from freshwater habitats is outlined and discussed in the present review based on literature of biodiversity studies and recent morpho-phylogenetic analyses.A total of ...A comprehensive account of fungal classification from freshwater habitats is outlined and discussed in the present review based on literature of biodiversity studies and recent morpho-phylogenetic analyses.A total of 3,870 freshwater fungal species are listed with additional details on the isolation source,habitat,geographical distribution,and molecular data.The Ascomycota(2,968 species,1,018 genera)dominated the freshwater fungal taxa wherein Sordariomycetes(823 species,298 genera)had the largest number,followed by Dothideomycetes(677 species,229 genera),Eurotiomycetes(276 species,49 genera),and Leotiomycetes(260 species,83 genera).Other phyla included in the updated classification of freshwater fungi are:Chytridiomycota(333 species,97 genera),Rozellomycota(221 species,105 genera),Basidiomycota(218 species,100 genera),Blastocladiomycota(47 species,10 genera),Monoblepharomycota(29 species,6 genera),Mucoromycota(19 spe-cies,10 genera),Aphelidiomycota(15 species,3 genera),Entomophthoromycota(6 species,4 genera),Mortierellomycota(5 species,3 genera),Olpidiomycota(4 species,1 genus),Zoopagomycota(3 species,2 genera),and Sanchytriomycota(2 species,2 genera).The freshwater fungi belong to 1,361 genera,386 families and 145 orders.The Pleosporales and Laboulbeniaceae are the largest freshwater fungal order and family comprised of 391 and 185 species,respectively.The most speciose genera are Chitonomyces(87,Laboulbeniomycetes),Verrucaria(50,Eurotiomycetes),Rhizophydium(52,Rhizophydiomycetes),Penicillium(47,Eurotiomycetes),and Candida(42,Saccharomycetes).展开更多
Knowledge of the relationships and thus the classification of fungi,has developed rapidly with increasingly widespread use of molecular techniques,over the past 10–15 years,and continues to accelerate.Several genera ...Knowledge of the relationships and thus the classification of fungi,has developed rapidly with increasingly widespread use of molecular techniques,over the past 10–15 years,and continues to accelerate.Several genera have been found to be polyphyletic,and their generic concepts have subsequently been emended.New names have thus been introduced for species which are phylogenetically distinct from the type species of particular genera.The ending of the separate naming of morphs of the same species in 2011,has also caused changes in fungal generic names.In order to facilitate access to all important changes,it was desirable to compile these in a single document.The present article provides a list of generic names of Ascomycota(approximately 6500 accepted names published to the end of 2016),including those which are lichen-forming.Notes and summaries of the changes since the last edition of‘Ainsworth&Bisby’s Dictionary of the Fungi’in 2008 are provided.The notes include the number of accepted species,classification,type species(with location of the type material),culture availability,life-styles,distribution,and selected publications that have appeared since 2008.This work is intended to provide the foundation for updating the ascomycete component of the"Without prejudice list of generic names of Fungi"published in 2013,which will be developed into a list of protected generic names.This will be subjected to the XIXth International Botanical Congress in Shenzhen in July 2017 agreeing to a modification in the rules relating to protected lists,and scrutiny by procedures determined by the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi(NCF).The previously invalidly published generic names Barriopsis,Collophora(as Collophorina),Cryomyces,Dematiopleospora,Heterospora(as Heterosporicola),Lithophila,Palmomyces(as Palmaria)and Saxomyces are validated,as are two previously invalid family names,Bartaliniaceae and Wiesneriomycetaceae.Four species of Lalaria,which were invalidly published are transferred to Taphrina and validated as new combinations.Catenomycopsis Tibell&Constant.is reduced under Chaenothecopsis Vain.,while Dichomera Cooke is reduced under Botryosphaeria Ces.&De Not.(Art.59).展开更多
Fungi are one of the most diverse groups of organisms with an estimated number of species in the range of 2–3 million.The higher-level ranking of fungi has been discussed in the framework of molecular phylogenetics s...Fungi are one of the most diverse groups of organisms with an estimated number of species in the range of 2–3 million.The higher-level ranking of fungi has been discussed in the framework of molecular phylogenetics since Hibbett et al.,and the definition and the higher ranks(e.g.,phyla)of the‘true fungi’have been revised in several subsequent publications.Rapid accumulation of novel genomic data and the advancements in phylogenetics now facilitate a robust and precise foundation for the higher-level classification within the kingdom.This study provides an updated classification of the kingdom Fungi,drawing upon a comprehensive phylogenomic analysis of Holomycota,with which we outline well-supported nodes of the fungal tree and explore more contentious groupings.We accept 19 phyla of Fungi,viz.Aphelidiomycota,Ascomycota,Basidiobolomycota,Basidiomycota,Blastocladiomycota,Calcarisporiellomycota,Chytridiomycota,Entomophthoromycota,Entorrhizomycota,Glomeromycota,Kickxellomycota,Monoblepharomycota,Mortierellomycota,Mucoromycota,Neocallimastigomycota,Olpidiomycota,Rozellomycota,Sanchytriomycota,and Zoopagomycota.In the phylogenies,Caulochytriomycota resides in Chytridiomycota;thus,the former is regarded as a synonym of the latter,while Caulochytriomycetes is viewed as a class in Chytridiomycota.We provide a description of each phylum followed by its classes.A new subphylum,Sanchytriomycotina Karpov is introduced as the only subphylum in Sanchytriomycota.The subclass Pneumocystomycetidae Kirk et al.in Pneumocystomycetes,Ascomycota is invalid and thus validated.Placements of fossil fungi in phyla and classes are also discussed,providing examples.展开更多
Fungi are one of the most diverse groups of organisms with an estimated number of species in the range of 2-3 million.The higher-level ranking of fungi has been discussed in the framework of molecular phylogenetics si...Fungi are one of the most diverse groups of organisms with an estimated number of species in the range of 2-3 million.The higher-level ranking of fungi has been discussed in the framework of molecular phylogenetics since Hibbett et al.,and the definition and the higher ranks(e.g.,phyla)of the‘true fungi’have been revised in several subsequent publications.Rapid accumulation of novel genomic data and the advancements in phylogenetics now facilitate a robust and precise foundation for the higher-level classification within the kingdom.This study provides an updated classification of the kingdom Fungi,drawing upon a comprehensive phylogenomic analysis of Holomycota,with which we outline well-supported nodes of the fungal tree and explore more contentious groupings.We accept 19 phyla of Fungi,viz.Aphelidiomycota,Ascomycota,Basidiobolomycota,Basidiomycota,Blastocladiomycota,Calcarisporiellomycota,Chytridiomycota,Entomophthoromycota,Entorrhizomycota,Glomeromycota,Kickxellomycota,Monoblepharomycota,Mortierellomycota,Mucoromycota,Neocal-limastigomycota,Olpidiomycota,Rozellomycota,Sanchytriomycota,and Zoopagomycota.In the phylogenies,Caulochy-triomycota resides in Chytridiomycota;thus,the former is regarded as a synonym of the latter,while Caulochytriomycetes is viewed as a class in Chytridiomycota.We provide a description of each phylum followed by its classes.A new subphylum,Sanchytriomycotina Karpov is introduced as the only subphylum in Sanchytriomycota.The subclass Pneumocystomycetidae Kirk et al.in Pneumocystomycetes,Ascomycota is invalid and thus validated.Placements of fossil fungi in phyla and classes are also discussed,providing examples.展开更多
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.32370021 and 31860008)the Innovative team program of the Department of Education of Guangdong Province(Nos.2022KCXTD015 and 2022ZDJS020)+75 种基金the Project of Fungi Investigation in Tomur Mountains National Nature Reserve(2021-01-139-2)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32100012)the Science and Technology Bureau of Guangzhou City(202201011618)to acknowledge Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering,talent funding(Grant number KA210319288)the Guangzhou Science and Technology Plan Project(2023A04J1427)the Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China,Guangdong(KA21031C502)Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering,Guangzhou,Guangdong,China(KA22016B746)for financial research supportthe UP System Balik PhD Program(OVPAA-BPhD-2022-02)Yunnan Department of Sciences and Technology of China(Grant No:202101AS070045,202205AM070007,202302AE090023,202303AP140001)the financial support provided by the Distinguished Scientist Fellowship Program(DSFP)at King Saud University in Riyadh,Saudi ArabiaScience&Engineering Research Board(SERB),Department of Science&Technology(DST)Govt.of India(Scheme No.CRG/2020/006053)Institution of Eminence(IoE)Scheme,Ministry of Human Resource and Development(MHRD),Govt.of India(No.R/Dev/D/IoE/Incentive/2021-22/32387)for providing financial supportGenivaldo Alves-Silva,Elisandro R.Drechsler-Santos,Rosa M.B.da Silveira,and Aristóteles Góes-Neto are supported by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico(CNPq)(Grant No.153025/2022-0,310150/2022-1,308122/2019-4,308880/2022-6,respectively)the CNPq and FAPESC under the PROTAX program(Grant No.FAPESC 2021TR390,Grant No.CNPq 441821/2020-0)and M.E.Engels for collectionsde Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico(CNPq),Brazil,that provided research grants to B.T.Goto(proc.306632/2022-5)support from the National Science and Technology Council is acknowledged(101-2621-B-019-001-MY3)supported by Prof.Dr.M.Schnittler(University of Greifswald,Germany),through the DFG project RESPONSE(RTG2010)study by Ralaiveloarisoa Asupported by the Today’s Flora for Tomorrow project funded by a generous donor through the Kew Foundation,and by a grant from the Bentham-Moxon Trustsupported by the Bulgarian National Science Fund(Grant no.KP-06-N51/10/16.11.2021)the herbarium at the Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin received support from the SYNTHESYS Plus Project http://www.synthesys.info,which is financed by the H2020 Research Infrastructures Programme(Grant no.DE-TAF-8193)providing tuition fee scholarship.The Center for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization,College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering,Qujing Normal University is thanked for the facilities provided for the research worksupported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32060012)Muhammad Usman and Abdul Nasir Khalid would like to thank Dr.Kamran Habib,Dr.Muhammad Ali,Mr.Mohammad Aijaz Ahmad and Mr.Muhammad Shafiq for accompanying during the collection surveythe Science and Engineering Research Board(SERB)the Department of Science and Technology,Government of India,for their financial support through CRG/2020/000668 projectthe MACS Agharkar Research Institute in Pune,for providing the lab resources and motivating us in our research workFunding Scheme for Research and Innovation grant for the project“Discovery of new antivirals using cultures of filamentous fungi collected in Europe and Thailand as compound sources(JFS20ST-127 Antiviralfun,P2150844)”BIOTEC-Novartis collaboration for microbial bioprospecting project(P20-52031)to CSIR-HRDG,India,for providing her with financial assistance as part of the JRF fellowship(09/0670(13602)/2022-EMR-I)to Javier Etayo(Pamplona)for his valuable suggestionsNational Science Foundation of China(No.31870528)support from Iran National Science Foundation(INSF,no.4000655)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior-Brasil(CAPES)-Finance Code 001 who provided a visiting professorship to the first authorsupporting this work with a PhD’s scholarship to LAS(140847/2019-7)a research grant to MESC(307569/2019-5)and for financial support in the Universal project(Process:437097/2018-8ERDF-A way of making Europe(Grant PID2021-128068NB-100)the Department of Biotechnology(DBT),Government of India(Grant no.BT/PR/0054/NDB/52/94/2007)support under the project‘Establishment of Microbial Culture Collection(NCMR-NCCS).’Gajanan Mane is thankful to the University Grants Commission,Delhi(India)for the senior research fellowship(File No.16-6(Dec.2017)/2018(NET/CSIR)Rohit Sharma thanks the Department of Biotechnology(DBT),Government of India(Grant no.BT/PR25490/NER/95/1220/2017 dated 28.06.2018),for financial supportthe grant from the Guangdong Rural Science and Technology Commissioner project(KTP20210313)the Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China,Guangdong(KA21031C501)the Innovative Team program of the Department of Education of Guangdong Province(2023KCXTD018/2022KCXTD015)Extramural Research-SERB,DST(EMR/2016/003078)Government of India for the financial assistanceto‘The PCCF’of the Tamil Nadu Forest Department for providing permission(E2/20458/2017)assistance and support during field visit in the Eastern Ghats.Malarvizhi Kaliyaperumal and Kezhocuyi Kezo thank RUSA 2.0(Theme-1,Group-1/2021/49)for providing grantthe Tamil Nadu State Council for Higher Education,Chennai(RGP/2019-20/MU/HECP-0040)for financial assistancethe National Science Foundation of China(No.31870528)support under statutory funds from the W.Szafer Institute of Botany,Polish Academy of Sciencesto ICMBio(Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade)and IF(Instituto Florestal)for the collecting permits#38466-2 and#260108-001.102/2015,respectivelyinanced in part by Coordination of Improvement of Higher Education Personnel-Brazil(CAPES)-Finance Code 001 and by the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development(to LFPG and Proc.305269/2018-6 to AR)to LFPG and Proc.305269/2018-6 to AR)the Program CAPES-PrInt,process number 88887.310463/2018-00Mobility numbers#88887.468939/2019-00 and#88887.571230/2020-00the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior CAPES(processes numbers CAPES 88887.360774/2019-00)Conselho Nacional Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico CNPq(ONDACBC:465764/2014-2 and NEXUS:441305/2017-2)the Fundação de AmparoàCiência e Tecnologia de Pernambuco-FACEPE(BFP-0046-5.01/20,APQ-0350-2.12/19 and APQ 1527-5.01/22)the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico-CNPq(Proc.312606/2022-2)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Project ID:32060005)and the Yunnan Fundamental Research Project(202201AW070001)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32260004)Yunnan Revitalization Talents Support Plan(High-End Foreign Experts Program)the Key Laboratory of Yunnan Provincial Department of Education of the Deep-Time Evolution on Biodiversity from the Origin of the Pearl River for their support.Xing-Can Peng and Ting-Chi Wen acknowledge the support by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32060012)Department of Sciences and Technology of China(No.202202AE090091)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32200015)the foundation of the Guangzhou bureau of science and technology(Grant No.2023A04J1425)Thailand Science Research and Innovation(TSRI)for the grant“Biodiversity,taxonomy,phylogeny and evolution of Colletotrichum on Avocado,Citrus,Durian and Mango in northern Thailand”(Grant no.652A01003)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.NSFC 32260004)and the Yunnan Revitalization Talents Support Plan(Young Talents Program and High-End Foreign Experts Program)The Center for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization,College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering,Qujing Normal University for the facilities provided for the research workthe National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant no.31600019)the Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System Flower Innovation Team of Guangdong Province(Grant no.2023KJ121)the Project of Educational Commission of Guangdong Province of China(Grant no.2021KTSCX045)the research productivity fellowship(Grant No.303834/2020-0)the Eminent scholar offered by Kyun Hee Universitythe Chinese Research Fund,Grant number E1644111K1,titled“Flexible introduction of the high-level expert program,Kunming Institute of Botany,Chinese Academy of Sciences”for financial supportthe Italian National Antarctic Research Program for funding Antarctic campaingssupport to the Mycological Section of the MNA and the Culture Collection of Antarctic fungi(MNA-CCFEE),University of Tuscia,Italy.
文摘This article is the 17th in the Fungal Diversity Notes series which allows the researchers to publish fungal collections with updated reports of fungus-host and fungus-geography.Herein we report 97 taxa with four new genera distributed in three phyla(Ascomycota,Glomeromycota and Mucoromycota),11 classes,38 orders and 62 families collected from various regions worldwide.This collection is further classified into taxa from 69 genera with four novel genera namely Jinshana,Lithophyllospora,Parapolyplosphaeria and Stegonsporiicola.Furthermore,71 new species,21 new records,one new combination and four novel phylogenetic placements are provided.The new species comprise Acrocalymma estuarinum,Aggregatorygma isidiatum,Alleppeysporonites elsikii,Amphibambusa aquatica,Apiospora hongheensis,Arthrobotrys tachengensis,Calonectria potisiana,Collariella hongheensis,Colletotrichum squamosae,Corynespora chengduensis,Diaporthe beijingensis,Dicellaesporites plicatus,Dicellaesporites verrucatus,Dictyoarthrinium endophyticum,Distoseptispora chiangraiensis,Dothiora eucalypti,Epicoccum indicum,Exesisporites chandrae,Fitzroyomyces pseudopandanicola,Fomitiporia exigua,Fomitiporia rondonii,Fulvifomes subthailandicus,Gigaspora siqueirae,Gymnopus ailaoensis,Hyalorbilia yunnanensis,Hygrocybe minimiholatra,H.mitsinjoensis,H.parviholatra,H.solis,H.vintsy,Helicogermslita kunmingensis,Jinshana tangtangiae,Kirschsteiniothelia dujuanhuensis,Lamproderma subcristatum,Leucoagaricus madagascarensis,Leucocoprinus mantadiaensis,Lithophyllospora australis,Marasmius qujingensis,Melomastia aquilariae,Monoporisporites jansoniusii,M.pattersonii,Monoporisporites valdiyae,Mucispora maesotensis,Mucor soli,Muyocopron yunnanensis,Nigrospora tomentosae,Ocellularia psorirregularis,Ophiocordyceps duyunensis,Oxneriaria nigrodisca,Oxydothis aquatica,O.filiforme,Phacidiella xishuangbannaensis,Phlebiopsis subgriseofuscescens,Pleurothecium takense,Pleurotus tuber-regium,Pseudochaetosphaeronema puerensis,Pseudodactylaria guttulate,Racheliella chinensis,Rhexoacrodictys fangensis,Roussoella neoaquatica,Rubroboletus pruinosus,Sanghuangporus subzonatus,Scytalidium assmuthi,Shrungabeeja kudremukhensis,Spirographa skorinae,Stanjehughesia bambusicola,Stegonsporiicola aurantiaca,Umbelopsis hingganensis,Vararia tenuata,Verruconis pakchongensis,Wongia bandungensis,and Zygosporium cymodoceae.The new combination is Parapolyplosphaeria thailandica(≡Polyplosphaeria thailandica).The 21 new hosts,geographical and habitat records comprise Acrocalymma fici,Apiculospora spartii,Aspergillus subramanianii,Camposporium ramosum,Clonostachys rogersoniana,Colletotrichum brevisporum,C.plurivorum,Collybiopsis gibbosa,Dictyosporium tratense,Distoseptispora adscendens,Exosporium livistonae,Ganoderma gibbosum,Graphis mikuraensis,Gymnosporangium paraphysatum,Lasiodiplodia thailandica,Moesziomyces bullatus,Penicillium cremeogriseum,P.echinulonalgiovense,P.javanicum,P.lanosocoeruleum,P.polonicum,and Pleurotus tuber-regium.Graphis chlorotica,G.panhalensis and G.parilis are given as novel phylogenetic placements.In addition,we provide the morphology of Tarzetta tibetensis which was missing in the previous Fungal Diversity Notes 1611–1716.Identification of characterization of all these taxa are supported by morphological and multigene phylogenetic analyses.
基金the featured microbial resources and diversity investigation in Southwest Karst area(2014FY120100).The Biodiversity and Training Program(BRT R_251006,BRT R_351004,BRT_R352015)+3 种基金National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology(BIOTEC)Khlong Luang,Pathum Thani 12120,ThailandNational Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC,No.30870009&31460011)the International Collaboration Plan of Guizhou Province(No.G[2012]7006)Ka-Lai Pang thanks the Ministry of Science and Technology,Taiwan(grant no.101-2621-B-019-001-MY3)for financial support.
文摘Sordariomycetes is one of the largest classes of Ascomycota that comprises a highly diverse range of fungi characterized mainly by perithecial ascomata and inoperculate unitunicate asci.The class includes many important plant pathogens,as well as endophytes,saprobes,epiphytes,coprophilous and fungicolous,lichenized or lichenicolous taxa.They occur in terrestrial,freshwater and marine habitats worldwide.This paper reviews the 107 families of the class Sordariomycetes and provides a modified backbone tree based on phylogenetic analysis of four combined loci,with a maximum five representative taxa from each family,where available.This paper brings together for the first time,since Barrs’1990 Prodromus,descriptions,notes on the history,and plates or illustrations of type or representative taxa of each family,a list of accepted genera,including asexual genera and a key to these taxa of Sordariomycetes.Delineation of taxa is supported where possible by molecular data.The outline is based on literature to the end of 2015 and the Sordariomycetes now comprises six subclasses,32 orders,105 families and 1331 genera.The family Obryzaceae and Pleurotremataceae are excluded from the class.
基金The research was supported by 1)Chinese Academy of Sciences(Project No.KSCX2-EW-Z-9).K.Tanaka would like to thank the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science(JSPS,25440199)for financial support.This project was supported by the Distinguished Scientist Fellowship Program(DSFP),King Saud University,Saudi Arabia.This project was also supported by NSTIP strategic technologies program,number(12-BIO2840-02)in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.B.Buyck and V.Hofstetter acknowledge the ATM“Emergences”(Dirs.P.Janvier&S.Peigné)from the National museum of natural history,Paris,for financial support related to sequencing as well as travel expenses in Madagascar.Overseas travel of B.Buyck was funded by the ATM research program“Etat et structure phylogénétique de la biodiversitéactuelle et fossile”of the Paris’Museum.(director Ph.Janvier)S.Adamčík acknowledges funding by his national Slovak Project VEGA 02/0075/14.B.D.Shenoy acknowledges funding to visit Mae Fah Luang University,Chiang Rai under Indo-Thailand bilateral programme(THAI-1205).The Lewis family is warmly thanked for their generous hospitality,offering excellent and very agreeable working and field condition.K.Wisitrassameewong and A.Verbeken were financially supported by the joint doctorate program of the“Bijzonder Onderzoeksfonds Gent University”(BOF),Gent University.This research was also financial supported by The Biodiversity and Training Program(BRT R 149009)and Interaction Laboratory(BMIT),National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology(BIOTEC)Khlong Luang,Pathum Thani 12120,Thailand.Thanks are extended to the Thailand Research Fund grant(BRG 5580009)under the research grant entitled“Taxonomy,Phylogeny and Biochemistry of Thai Basidiomycetes”for financial support.J.Chen and R.L.Zhao would like to thank the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Project ID:31000013,31360014 and 31470152).Uwe Braun,Walter Jaklitsch,Tom May,Marc Stadler and Jo Taylor,are thanks for commenting on some parts of the manuscript.Shaun Pennycook is thanked for checking and suggesting corrections to most of the Latin names.
文摘This paper is a compilation of notes on 110 fungal taxa,including one new family,10 new genera,and 76 new species,representing a wide taxonomic and geographic range.The new family,Paradictyoarthriniaceae is introduced based on its distinct lineage in Dothideomycetes and its unique morphology.The family is sister to Biatriosporaceae and Roussoellaceae.The new genera are Allophaeosphaeria(Phaeosphaeriaceae),Amphibambusa(Amphisphaeriaceae),Brunneomycosphaerella(Capnodiales genera incertae cedis),Chaetocapnodium(Capnodiaceae),Flammeascoma(Anteagloniaceae),Multiseptospora(Pleosporales genera incertae cedis),Neogaeumannomyces(Magnaporthaceae),Palmiascoma(Bambusicolaceae),Paralecia(Squamarinaceae)and Sarimanas(Melanommataceae).The newly described species are the Ascomycota Aliquandostipite manochii,Allophaeosphaeria dactylidis,A.muriformia,Alternaria cesenica,Amphibambusa bambusicola,Amphisphaeria sorbi,Annulohypoxylon thailandicum,Atrotorquata spartii,Brunneomycosphaerella laburni,Byssosphaeria musae,Camarosporium aborescentis,C.aureum,C.frutexensis,Chaetocapnodium siamensis,Chaetothyrium agathis,Colletotrichum sedi,Conicomyces pseudotransvaalensis,Cytospora berberidis,C.sibiraeae,Diaporthe thunbergiicola,Diatrype palmicola,Dictyosporium aquaticum,D.meiosporum,D.thailandicum,Didymella cirsii,Dinemasporium nelloi,Flammeascoma bambusae,Kalmusia italica,K.spartii,Keissleriella sparticola,Lauriomyces synnematicus,Leptosphaeria ebuli,Lophiostoma pseudodictyosporium,L.ravennicum,Lophiotrema eburnoides,Montagnula graminicola,Multiseptospora thailandica,Myrothecium macrosporum,Natantispora unipolaris,Neogaeumannomyces bambusicola,Neosetophoma clematidis,N.italica,Oxydothis atypica,Palmiascoma gregariascomum,Paraconiothyrium nelloi,P.thysanolaenae,Paradictyoarthrinium tectonicola,Paralecia pratorum,Paraphaeosphaeria spartii,Pestalotiopsis digitalis,P.dracontomelon,P.italiana,Phaeoisaria pseudoclematidis,Phragmocapnias philippinensis,Pseudocamarosporium cotinae,Pseudocercospora tamarindi,Pseudotrichia rubriostiolata,P.thailandica,Psiloglonium multiseptatum,Saagaromyces mangrovei,Sarimanas pseudofluviatile,S.shirakamiense,Tothia spartii,Trichomerium siamensis,Wojnowicia dactylidicola,W.dactylidis and W.lonicerae.The Basidiomycota Agaricus flavicentrus,A.hanthanaensis,A.parvibicolor,A.sodalis,Cantharellus luteostipitatus,Lactarius atrobrunneus,L.politus,Phylloporia dependens and Russula cortinarioides are also introduced.Epitypifications or reference specimens are designated for Hapalocystis berkeleyi,Meliola tamarindi,Pallidocercospora acaciigena,Phaeosphaeria musae,Plenodomus agnitus,Psiloglonium colihuae,P.sasicola and Zasmidium musae while notes and/or new sequence data are provided for Annulohypoxylon leptascum,A.nitens,A.stygium,Biscogniauxia marginata,Fasciatispora nypae,Hypoxylon fendleri,H.monticulosum,Leptosphaeria doliolum,Microsphaeropsis olivacea,Neomicrothyrium,Paraleptosphaeria nitschkei,Phoma medicaginis and Saccotheciaceae.A full description of each species is provided with light micrographs(or drawings).Molecular data is provided for 90 taxa and used to generate phylogenetic trees to establish a natural classification for species.
基金Thailand Research Fund“The future of specialist fungi in a changing climate:baseline data for generalist and specialist fungi associated with ants,Rhodo-dendron species and Dracaena species”(DBG6080013)“Impact of climate change on fungal diversity and biogeography in the Greater Mekong Sub-region”(RDG6130001).
文摘A comprehensive account of fungal classification from freshwater habitats is outlined and discussed in the present review based on literature of biodiversity studies and recent morpho-phylogenetic analyses.A total of 3,870 freshwater fungal species are listed with additional details on the isolation source,habitat,geographical distribution,and molecular data.The Ascomycota(2,968 species,1,018 genera)dominated the freshwater fungal taxa wherein Sordariomycetes(823 species,298 genera)had the largest number,followed by Dothideomycetes(677 species,229 genera),Eurotiomycetes(276 species,49 genera),and Leotiomycetes(260 species,83 genera).Other phyla included in the updated classification of freshwater fungi are:Chytridiomycota(333 species,97 genera),Rozellomycota(221 species,105 genera),Basidiomycota(218 species,100 genera),Blastocladiomycota(47 species,10 genera),Monoblepharomycota(29 species,6 genera),Mucoromycota(19 spe-cies,10 genera),Aphelidiomycota(15 species,3 genera),Entomophthoromycota(6 species,4 genera),Mortierellomycota(5 species,3 genera),Olpidiomycota(4 species,1 genus),Zoopagomycota(3 species,2 genera),and Sanchytriomycota(2 species,2 genera).The freshwater fungi belong to 1,361 genera,386 families and 145 orders.The Pleosporales and Laboulbeniaceae are the largest freshwater fungal order and family comprised of 391 and 185 species,respectively.The most speciose genera are Chitonomyces(87,Laboulbeniomycetes),Verrucaria(50,Eurotiomycetes),Rhizophydium(52,Rhizophydiomycetes),Penicillium(47,Eurotiomycetes),and Candida(42,Saccharomycetes).
基金Acknowledgements Nalin Wijayawardene would like to thank Lechat Christian,Yuanpin Xiao,Danushka Sandaruwan,Paul Mungai,Huang Zhang,Ishani Goonasekara,Chada Norphanphoun,Ishara Manawasingha,Rajesh Jeewon,Thilini Chethana and Hasini Ekanayaka for their assistances and suggestions.We would like to thank Mark Stadler for his help to check names in Xylariales.Nalin Wijayawardene and Pedro Crous thank Ulrike Damm for her comments and suggestions for validating several names.K.D.Hyde thanks The Chinese Academy of Sciences,for the award of Visiting Professorship for Senior International Scientists at Kunming Institute of Botany.K.D.Hyde and Monika C.Dayarathne would like to thank the Thailand Research Fund(TRF)grant no RSA5980068 entitled Biodiversity,phylogeny and role of fungal endophytes on above parts of Rhizophora apiculata and Nypa fruticans,National Research Council of Thailand(NRCT)entitled Diseases of mangrove trees and maintenance of good forestry practice(Grant number:60201000201)Mae Fah Luang University grant"Biodiversity,phylogeny and role of fungal endophytes of Pandanaceae"(Grant number:592010200112)+9 种基金Hugo Madrid was funded by Comisio´n Nacional de Investigacio´n Cientı´fica y Tecnolo´gica(CONICYT)Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Cientı´fico y Tecnolo´gico(FONDECYT),Chile,project no.11140562."Rafael F.Castan˜eda-Ruiz is grateful to the Organizacio´n Superior de Direccio´n Empresarial,Grupo Agrı´cola,(OSDE)from the Cuban Ministry of Agriculture and"Programa de Salud Animal y Vegetal",project P131LH003033.Dong Qin Dai would like to thank the Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province Universities of the Diversity and Ecological Adaptive Evolution for Animals and plants on Yun-Gui Plateau for the support.Ka-Lai Pang thanks Ministry of Science and Technology,Taiwan for financial support(105-2621-B-019-002-)Guo Zhu Zhao was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31570019)Mingkwan Doilom acknowledges the Royal Golden Jubilee Ph.D.Program(PHD./0072/2553 in 4.S.M.F./53/A.2.K.Tanaka would like to thank the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science(JSPS26291084 and 16K07474)Walter P.Pfliegler was supported through the U´NKP-16-4-IV New National Excellence Program of the Hungarian Ministry of Human Capacities.Samantha C.Karunarathna thanks Yunnan Provincial Department of Human Resources and Social Security funded postdoctoral project(number 179122)for supporting his postdoctoral research study.The authors extend their appreciation to the International Scientific Partnership Program ISPP at King Saud University for funding this research work through ISPP#0089.KC Rajeshkumar thanks SERB,DST,Government of India for providing financial support under the project YSS/2015/001590Dr.K.M.Paknikar,Director,ARI for providing the facility.Mats Wedin thanks the Swedish Research Council,grants VR 621-2012-3990VR 2016-03589.Alan JL Phillips acknowledges the support from Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute(BioISI,FCT/UID/Multi/04046/2013)L.Selbmann,L.Zucconi and S.Onofri thank the Italian National Program for Antarctic Researches(PNRA)for the financial support.The Italian National Antarctic Museum(MNA)is acknowledged for supporting the Mycological Section and the Culture Collection of Fungi from Extreme Environments(CCFEE).
文摘Knowledge of the relationships and thus the classification of fungi,has developed rapidly with increasingly widespread use of molecular techniques,over the past 10–15 years,and continues to accelerate.Several genera have been found to be polyphyletic,and their generic concepts have subsequently been emended.New names have thus been introduced for species which are phylogenetically distinct from the type species of particular genera.The ending of the separate naming of morphs of the same species in 2011,has also caused changes in fungal generic names.In order to facilitate access to all important changes,it was desirable to compile these in a single document.The present article provides a list of generic names of Ascomycota(approximately 6500 accepted names published to the end of 2016),including those which are lichen-forming.Notes and summaries of the changes since the last edition of‘Ainsworth&Bisby’s Dictionary of the Fungi’in 2008 are provided.The notes include the number of accepted species,classification,type species(with location of the type material),culture availability,life-styles,distribution,and selected publications that have appeared since 2008.This work is intended to provide the foundation for updating the ascomycete component of the"Without prejudice list of generic names of Fungi"published in 2013,which will be developed into a list of protected generic names.This will be subjected to the XIXth International Botanical Congress in Shenzhen in July 2017 agreeing to a modification in the rules relating to protected lists,and scrutiny by procedures determined by the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi(NCF).The previously invalidly published generic names Barriopsis,Collophora(as Collophorina),Cryomyces,Dematiopleospora,Heterospora(as Heterosporicola),Lithophila,Palmomyces(as Palmaria)and Saxomyces are validated,as are two previously invalid family names,Bartaliniaceae and Wiesneriomycetaceae.Four species of Lalaria,which were invalidly published are transferred to Taphrina and validated as new combinations.Catenomycopsis Tibell&Constant.is reduced under Chaenothecopsis Vain.,while Dichomera Cooke is reduced under Botryosphaeria Ces.&De Not.(Art.59).
基金provide by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.32460002,31960005,32000009,32170019,NSFC 32260004)ussian Science Foundation(Nos.24-44-00099,23-74-00071,24-44-00099)+14 种基金National Research Council of Thailand(No.N42A650547)National Institute of Nursing Research(1P20GM152333-01)National Science Foundation(2029478)Japan Society for the Promotion of Science(JSPS,23K05900)National Science Foundation of China(32150410362)Croatian Science Foundation(HRZZIP-2022-10-5219)RSF(21-74-20089)ZIN RAS(122031100260-0)Science and Technology Human Resource Development Project(R3RJ2)Asian Development Bank,Conselho Naional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico(306632/2022-5),zygosporic fungi in the Atlantic Forest of Pernambuco and Paraiba,Brazil(FACEPE–APQ-1346-2.12/22),Agriculture Sci-Tech Renovation(XJNKYWDZC–2022004)Research Foundation—Flanders(1206024N),FWF(P31038)Talent Recruitment Plan of Yunnan Province“High-End Foreign Experts,National Centre for Research and Development,Poland”(Tango-IV-C/0005/2019)CAS President’s International Fellowship Initiative(2021FYB0005)Smart Yunnan Project(E13K281261)High-Level Talent Recruitment Plan of Yunnan Provinces.
文摘Fungi are one of the most diverse groups of organisms with an estimated number of species in the range of 2–3 million.The higher-level ranking of fungi has been discussed in the framework of molecular phylogenetics since Hibbett et al.,and the definition and the higher ranks(e.g.,phyla)of the‘true fungi’have been revised in several subsequent publications.Rapid accumulation of novel genomic data and the advancements in phylogenetics now facilitate a robust and precise foundation for the higher-level classification within the kingdom.This study provides an updated classification of the kingdom Fungi,drawing upon a comprehensive phylogenomic analysis of Holomycota,with which we outline well-supported nodes of the fungal tree and explore more contentious groupings.We accept 19 phyla of Fungi,viz.Aphelidiomycota,Ascomycota,Basidiobolomycota,Basidiomycota,Blastocladiomycota,Calcarisporiellomycota,Chytridiomycota,Entomophthoromycota,Entorrhizomycota,Glomeromycota,Kickxellomycota,Monoblepharomycota,Mortierellomycota,Mucoromycota,Neocallimastigomycota,Olpidiomycota,Rozellomycota,Sanchytriomycota,and Zoopagomycota.In the phylogenies,Caulochytriomycota resides in Chytridiomycota;thus,the former is regarded as a synonym of the latter,while Caulochytriomycetes is viewed as a class in Chytridiomycota.We provide a description of each phylum followed by its classes.A new subphylum,Sanchytriomycotina Karpov is introduced as the only subphylum in Sanchytriomycota.The subclass Pneumocystomycetidae Kirk et al.in Pneumocystomycetes,Ascomycota is invalid and thus validated.Placements of fossil fungi in phyla and classes are also discussed,providing examples.
基金provide by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.32460002,31960005,32000009,32170019,NSFC 32260004)Russian Science Foundation(Nos.24-44-00099,23-74-00071,24-44-00099)+17 种基金National Research Council of Thailand(No.N42A650547)National Institute of Nursing Research(1P20GM152333-01)National Science Foundation(2029478)Japan Society for the Promotion of Science(JSPS,23K05900)National Science Foundation of China(32150410362)Croatian Science Foundation(HRZZ-IP-2022-10-5219)RSF(21-74-20089)ZIN RAS(122031100260-0)Science and Technology Human Resource Development Project(R3RJ2)Asian Development Bank,Conselho Naional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico(306632/2022-5)zygosporic fungi in the Atlantic Forest of Pernambuco and Paraíba,Brazil(FACEPE-APQ-1346-2.12/22)Agriculture Sci-Tech Renovation(XJNKYWDZC-2022004)Research Foundation-Flanders(1206024N)FWF(P31038)Talent Recruitment Plan of Yunnan Province“High-End Foreign Experts”,National Centre for Research and Development,Poland(Tango-Ⅳ-C/0005/2019)CAS President’s International Fellowship Initiative(2021FYB0005)Smart Yunnan Project(E13K281261)High-Level Talent Recruitment Plan of Yunnan Provinces.
文摘Fungi are one of the most diverse groups of organisms with an estimated number of species in the range of 2-3 million.The higher-level ranking of fungi has been discussed in the framework of molecular phylogenetics since Hibbett et al.,and the definition and the higher ranks(e.g.,phyla)of the‘true fungi’have been revised in several subsequent publications.Rapid accumulation of novel genomic data and the advancements in phylogenetics now facilitate a robust and precise foundation for the higher-level classification within the kingdom.This study provides an updated classification of the kingdom Fungi,drawing upon a comprehensive phylogenomic analysis of Holomycota,with which we outline well-supported nodes of the fungal tree and explore more contentious groupings.We accept 19 phyla of Fungi,viz.Aphelidiomycota,Ascomycota,Basidiobolomycota,Basidiomycota,Blastocladiomycota,Calcarisporiellomycota,Chytridiomycota,Entomophthoromycota,Entorrhizomycota,Glomeromycota,Kickxellomycota,Monoblepharomycota,Mortierellomycota,Mucoromycota,Neocal-limastigomycota,Olpidiomycota,Rozellomycota,Sanchytriomycota,and Zoopagomycota.In the phylogenies,Caulochy-triomycota resides in Chytridiomycota;thus,the former is regarded as a synonym of the latter,while Caulochytriomycetes is viewed as a class in Chytridiomycota.We provide a description of each phylum followed by its classes.A new subphylum,Sanchytriomycotina Karpov is introduced as the only subphylum in Sanchytriomycota.The subclass Pneumocystomycetidae Kirk et al.in Pneumocystomycetes,Ascomycota is invalid and thus validated.Placements of fossil fungi in phyla and classes are also discussed,providing examples.
