The fundamental frequency plays a significant part in understanding and perceiving the pitch of a sound. The pitch is a fundamental attribute employed in numerous speech-related works. For fundamental frequency extrac...The fundamental frequency plays a significant part in understanding and perceiving the pitch of a sound. The pitch is a fundamental attribute employed in numerous speech-related works. For fundamental frequency extraction, several algorithms have been developed which one to use relies on the signal’s characteristics and the surrounding noise. Thus, the algorithm’s noise resistance becomes more critical than ever for precise fundamental frequency estimation. Nonetheless, numerous state-of-the-art algorithms face struggles in achieving satisfying outcomes when confronted with speech recordings that are noisy with low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) values. Also, most of the recent techniques utilize different frame lengths for pitch extraction. From this point of view, This research considers different frame lengths on male and female speech signals for fundamental frequency extraction. Also, analyze the frame length dependency on the speech signal analytically to understand which frame length is more suitable and effective for male and female speech signals specifically. For the validation of our idea, we have utilized the conventional autocorrelation function (ACF), and state-of-the-art method BaNa. This study puts out a potent idea that will work better for speech processing applications in noisy speech. From experimental results, the proposed idea represents which frame length is more appropriate for male and female speech signals in noisy environments.展开更多
The translocon on the outer membrane of mitochondria （TOM） facilitates the import of nuclear-encoded proteins. The principal machinery of mitochondrial protein transport seems conserved in eukaryotes; however, diver...The translocon on the outer membrane of mitochondria （TOM） facilitates the import of nuclear-encoded proteins. The principal machinery of mitochondrial protein transport seems conserved in eukaryotes; however, divergence in the composition and structure of TOM components has been observed between mammals, yeast, and plants. TOM9, the plant homolog of yeast Tom22, is significantly smaller due to a truncation in the cytosolic receptor domain, and its precise function is not understood. Here we provide evidence showing that TOM9.2 from Arabidopsis thaliana is involved in the formation of mature TOM com- plex, most likely by influencing the assembly of the pore-forming subunit TOM40. Dexamethasone- induced RNAi gene silencing of TOM9.2 results in a severe reduction in the mature TOM complex, and the assembly of newly imported TOM40 into the complex is impaired. Nevertheless, mutant plants are fully viable and no obvious downstream effects of the loss of TOM complex, i.e., on mitochondrial import ca- pacity, were observed. Furthermore, we found that TOM9.2 can bind calmodulin （CAM） in vitro and that CaM impairs the assembly of TOM complex in the isolated wild-type mitochondria, suggesting a regula- tory role of TOM9.2 and a possible integration of TOM assembly into the cellular calcium signaling network.展开更多
文摘The fundamental frequency plays a significant part in understanding and perceiving the pitch of a sound. The pitch is a fundamental attribute employed in numerous speech-related works. For fundamental frequency extraction, several algorithms have been developed which one to use relies on the signal’s characteristics and the surrounding noise. Thus, the algorithm’s noise resistance becomes more critical than ever for precise fundamental frequency estimation. Nonetheless, numerous state-of-the-art algorithms face struggles in achieving satisfying outcomes when confronted with speech recordings that are noisy with low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) values. Also, most of the recent techniques utilize different frame lengths for pitch extraction. From this point of view, This research considers different frame lengths on male and female speech signals for fundamental frequency extraction. Also, analyze the frame length dependency on the speech signal analytically to understand which frame length is more suitable and effective for male and female speech signals specifically. For the validation of our idea, we have utilized the conventional autocorrelation function (ACF), and state-of-the-art method BaNa. This study puts out a potent idea that will work better for speech processing applications in noisy speech. From experimental results, the proposed idea represents which frame length is more appropriate for male and female speech signals in noisy environments.
文摘The translocon on the outer membrane of mitochondria （TOM） facilitates the import of nuclear-encoded proteins. The principal machinery of mitochondrial protein transport seems conserved in eukaryotes; however, divergence in the composition and structure of TOM components has been observed between mammals, yeast, and plants. TOM9, the plant homolog of yeast Tom22, is significantly smaller due to a truncation in the cytosolic receptor domain, and its precise function is not understood. Here we provide evidence showing that TOM9.2 from Arabidopsis thaliana is involved in the formation of mature TOM com- plex, most likely by influencing the assembly of the pore-forming subunit TOM40. Dexamethasone- induced RNAi gene silencing of TOM9.2 results in a severe reduction in the mature TOM complex, and the assembly of newly imported TOM40 into the complex is impaired. Nevertheless, mutant plants are fully viable and no obvious downstream effects of the loss of TOM complex, i.e., on mitochondrial import ca- pacity, were observed. Furthermore, we found that TOM9.2 can bind calmodulin （CAM） in vitro and that CaM impairs the assembly of TOM complex in the isolated wild-type mitochondria, suggesting a regula- tory role of TOM9.2 and a possible integration of TOM assembly into the cellular calcium signaling network.
