Introduction:Mushroom poisoning represents a significant food safety concern in China.Over the past decade,China has established an effective mushroom poisoning control and prevention system involving government agenc...Introduction:Mushroom poisoning represents a significant food safety concern in China.Over the past decade,China has established an effective mushroom poisoning control and prevention system involving government agencies,clinicians,CDC experts,and mycologists.Methods:Under the system of mushroom poisoning control and prevention,information of mushroom poisoning incidents were systematically collected,with identifing species,detecting toxins,and analyzing the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics and species diversity.Results:In 2024,the China CDC investigated 599 mushroom poisoning incidents across 28 provinciallevel administrative divisions(PLADs),involving 1,486 patients and resulting in 13 deaths,with a case fatality rate of 0.87%.The number of cases per incident ranged from 1 to 14(median=2),with 11 incidents involving more than 10 patients.Among these cases,50 patients(including 2 fatalities)from 17 incidents consumed poisonous mushrooms purchased from markets,37 patients from 14 incidents were poisoned after consuming dried mushrooms,and 15 patients from 10 incidents consumed uncooked wild mushrooms.Temporal analysis revealed that mushroom poisoning incidents occurred throughout the year,with the highest frequency between June and October,peaking in June.Geographically,incidents were reported in 28 PLADs,with 13 PLADs reporting more than 10 incidents.Sichuan,Yunnan,Hunan,Guizhou,and Chongqing were the five most affected regions.Deaths were reported in Guizhou(5 deaths),Sichuan(2 deaths),Chongqing(2 deaths),Heilongjiang(2 deaths),Hunan(1 death),and Jiangsu(1 death).A total of 110 poisonous mushroom species causing 7 distinct clinical syndromes were identified,including 8 newly documented poisonous species,bringing the total number of mushroom species involved in poisoning incidents in China to approximately 246 by the end of 2024.The five most lethal mushrooms were Amanita exitialis,A.molliuscula,A.subpallidorosea,Lepiota brunneoincarnata,and Russula subnigricans,each causing 2 deaths.Chlorophyllum molybdites was responsible for the highest number of poisoning incidents(147 incidents affecting 269 patients).Paxillus obscurosporus,which causes hemolysis,was identified in a poisoning incident for the first time.Conclusions:The persistent severity of mushroom poisoning in China underscores the need for continued public education efforts,strengthened market supervision,and enhanced collaboration across departments and disciplines to reduce the incidence of mushroom poisoning.展开更多
Mushroom poisoning has become a serious food safety issue in China.With the support of the government,over the past decade,China has gradually established a mushroom poisoning prevention and treatment system involving...Mushroom poisoning has become a serious food safety issue in China.With the support of the government,over the past decade,China has gradually established a mushroom poisoning prevention and treatment system involving experts in disease prevention and control,clinical diagnosis and treatment,fungal classification,and basic medicine(1–3).展开更多
What is already known about this topic?Mushroom poisoning poses a significant food safety concern in China,with a total of 196 species identified in poisoning incidents by the end of 2022.What is added by this report?...What is already known about this topic?Mushroom poisoning poses a significant food safety concern in China,with a total of 196 species identified in poisoning incidents by the end of 2022.What is added by this report?In 2023,the China CDC conducted an investigation into 505 cases of mushroom poisoning spanning 24 provincial-level administrative divisions.This investigation resulted in 1,303 patients and 16 deaths,yielding a case fatality rate of 1.23%.A total of 97 mushrooms were identified as the cause of 6 distinct clinical disease types,with 12 species newly documented as poisonous mushrooms in China.What are the implications for public health practice?Close collaboration among CDC staff,physicians,and mycologists remains crucial for the control and prevention of mushroom poisoning in the future.展开更多
What is already known about this topic?Mushroom poisoning is becoming one of the most serious food safety issues in China,which is responsible for nearly a half of all oral poisoning deaths.What is added by this repor...What is already known about this topic?Mushroom poisoning is becoming one of the most serious food safety issues in China,which is responsible for nearly a half of all oral poisoning deaths.What is added by this report?In China,many mushrooms were previously“recorded”as poisonous.In this study,about 70 species obtained from mushroom poisoning incidents including several new records were confirmed accurately by morphological and molecular evidence in 2019,and spatial and temporal distribution characters of 13 lethal mushrooms were summarized systematically.What are the implications for public health practice?Precise and timely species identification is of pivotal importance in mushroom incidents.More efforts and cooperation are continued to be needed urgently for the governments,CDC staff,doctors and mycologists in future.展开更多
Summary What is already known about this topic?Mushroom poisoning is one of the most serious food safety issues in China.Most poisoning incidents resulted from eating mushrooms causing gastroenteritis and psycho-neuro...Summary What is already known about this topic?Mushroom poisoning is one of the most serious food safety issues in China.Most poisoning incidents resulted from eating mushrooms causing gastroenteritis and psycho-neurological disorder from which patients usually could fully recover.Most deaths resulted from species causing acute liver failure and rhabdomyolysis,and the remaining deaths were attributed to acute renal failure and hemolysis.What is added by this report?In 2021,the total number of investigations was 327 from 25 provincial-level administrative divisions,involving 923 patients and 20 deaths,and the overall mortality was 2.17%.Overall,74 poisonous mushrooms causing 6 different clinical syndromes were successfully identified,15 of which were newly recorded in China as poisonous mushrooms.What are the implications for public health practice?Considering the potential huge risks for collecting and eating wild mushrooms,we strongly advise not collecting and eating unfamiliar wild mushrooms.Promoting knowledge about poisonous mushrooms is essential and urgent to reduce mushroom poisonings.Precise species identification timely after mushroom poisoning is important for appropriate diagnosis and treatment.Many deaths were ascribed to delayed hospitalization.展开更多
What is already known about this topic?Acute liver failure,rhabdomyolysis,acute renal failure,and hemolysis caused by poisonous mushrooms are the most important mushroom poisoning threats to the Chinese population.The...What is already known about this topic?Acute liver failure,rhabdomyolysis,acute renal failure,and hemolysis caused by poisonous mushrooms are the most important mushroom poisoning threats to the Chinese population.The most notorious lethal mushrooms are the species from genera Amanita,Lepiota,and Galerina that cause acute liver failure,and Russula subnigricans that leads to rhabdomyolysis.What is added by this report?In 2020,the total number of investigations reached 676,involving an estimated 102 species of poisonous mushrooms,24 of which were newly recorded in China.Gyromitra venenata was newly discovered in incidents in Yunnan and Guizhou provinces and were the first reported poisonings due to gyromitrins in China since 2000.The rare poisoning Shiitake mushroom dermatitis was recorded in China.Hemolysis poisoning caused by Paxillus involutus was recorded for the second time since the beginning of the new century,resulting in one death in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.What are the implications for public health practice?Promoting knowledge about safe consumption of mushrooms is essential to reduce mushroom poisonings.It is not wise to collect and eat wild mushrooms.For southwestern provinces such as Yunnan,especially,caution must be exercised with unfamiliar mushroom species.展开更多
What is already known on this topic?Poisoning incidents caused by bongkrekic acid(BA),one of the metabolites of Burkholderia gladioli pathovar cocovenenans(B.cocovenenans),have been reported in Indonesia,Mozambique,an...What is already known on this topic?Poisoning incidents caused by bongkrekic acid(BA),one of the metabolites of Burkholderia gladioli pathovar cocovenenans(B.cocovenenans),have been reported in Indonesia,Mozambique,and China.The reported case fatality rates averaged 60%,32%,and 26.5%,respectively.In China,B.cocovenenans is often called Pseudomonas cocovenenans subsp.farinofermentans.What is added by this report?In October 2020,9 persons in Jidong County,Heilongjiang Province died after consuming a homemade fermented corn flour product—sour soup—with a case fatality rate of 100%.BA was detected in both food samples and biological samples with a content of 330 mg/kg and 3 mg/L,respectively.The doses of BA consumed by the cases were approximately 22-33 times the lethal dose in human.What are the implications for public health practice?The consumption of fermented corn flour products,deteriorated fresh tremella,or black fungus and metamorphic starch products may cause BA poisoning.Health education should be strengthened so that homemade-starch-fermented food should be avoided and foods that have been kept for a long time should not be consumed.Meanwhile,training and emergency capacity building for primary healthcare workers should be strengthened to provide timely diagnosis and response.展开更多
Summary What is already known about this topic?Mushroom poisoning incidents are one of the major causes of death by foodborne outbreaks in China.Effective detection and identification can provide the foundation for de...Summary What is already known about this topic?Mushroom poisoning incidents are one of the major causes of death by foodborne outbreaks in China.Effective detection and identification can provide the foundation for determining the cause of the incidents and the early diagnosis and treatment of patients.展开更多
基金Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China National Natural Science Foundation of China 32270021.
文摘Introduction:Mushroom poisoning represents a significant food safety concern in China.Over the past decade,China has established an effective mushroom poisoning control and prevention system involving government agencies,clinicians,CDC experts,and mycologists.Methods:Under the system of mushroom poisoning control and prevention,information of mushroom poisoning incidents were systematically collected,with identifing species,detecting toxins,and analyzing the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics and species diversity.Results:In 2024,the China CDC investigated 599 mushroom poisoning incidents across 28 provinciallevel administrative divisions(PLADs),involving 1,486 patients and resulting in 13 deaths,with a case fatality rate of 0.87%.The number of cases per incident ranged from 1 to 14(median=2),with 11 incidents involving more than 10 patients.Among these cases,50 patients(including 2 fatalities)from 17 incidents consumed poisonous mushrooms purchased from markets,37 patients from 14 incidents were poisoned after consuming dried mushrooms,and 15 patients from 10 incidents consumed uncooked wild mushrooms.Temporal analysis revealed that mushroom poisoning incidents occurred throughout the year,with the highest frequency between June and October,peaking in June.Geographically,incidents were reported in 28 PLADs,with 13 PLADs reporting more than 10 incidents.Sichuan,Yunnan,Hunan,Guizhou,and Chongqing were the five most affected regions.Deaths were reported in Guizhou(5 deaths),Sichuan(2 deaths),Chongqing(2 deaths),Heilongjiang(2 deaths),Hunan(1 death),and Jiangsu(1 death).A total of 110 poisonous mushroom species causing 7 distinct clinical syndromes were identified,including 8 newly documented poisonous species,bringing the total number of mushroom species involved in poisoning incidents in China to approximately 246 by the end of 2024.The five most lethal mushrooms were Amanita exitialis,A.molliuscula,A.subpallidorosea,Lepiota brunneoincarnata,and Russula subnigricans,each causing 2 deaths.Chlorophyllum molybdites was responsible for the highest number of poisoning incidents(147 incidents affecting 269 patients).Paxillus obscurosporus,which causes hemolysis,was identified in a poisoning incident for the first time.Conclusions:The persistent severity of mushroom poisoning in China underscores the need for continued public education efforts,strengthened market supervision,and enhanced collaboration across departments and disciplines to reduce the incidence of mushroom poisoning.
基金The research was financed by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32270021).
文摘Mushroom poisoning has become a serious food safety issue in China.With the support of the government,over the past decade,China has gradually established a mushroom poisoning prevention and treatment system involving experts in disease prevention and control,clinical diagnosis and treatment,fungal classification,and basic medicine(1–3).
基金Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China National Natural Science Foundation of China 32270021.
文摘What is already known about this topic?Mushroom poisoning poses a significant food safety concern in China,with a total of 196 species identified in poisoning incidents by the end of 2022.What is added by this report?In 2023,the China CDC conducted an investigation into 505 cases of mushroom poisoning spanning 24 provincial-level administrative divisions.This investigation resulted in 1,303 patients and 16 deaths,yielding a case fatality rate of 1.23%.A total of 97 mushrooms were identified as the cause of 6 distinct clinical disease types,with 12 species newly documented as poisonous mushrooms in China.What are the implications for public health practice?Close collaboration among CDC staff,physicians,and mycologists remains crucial for the control and prevention of mushroom poisoning in the future.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation of China(No.31501814)approved by the National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control Ethics Committee,Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention(NIOHP201904).
文摘What is already known about this topic?Mushroom poisoning is becoming one of the most serious food safety issues in China,which is responsible for nearly a half of all oral poisoning deaths.What is added by this report?In China,many mushrooms were previously“recorded”as poisonous.In this study,about 70 species obtained from mushroom poisoning incidents including several new records were confirmed accurately by morphological and molecular evidence in 2019,and spatial and temporal distribution characters of 13 lethal mushrooms were summarized systematically.What are the implications for public health practice?Precise and timely species identification is of pivotal importance in mushroom incidents.More efforts and cooperation are continued to be needed urgently for the governments,CDC staff,doctors and mycologists in future.
文摘Summary What is already known about this topic?Mushroom poisoning is one of the most serious food safety issues in China.Most poisoning incidents resulted from eating mushrooms causing gastroenteritis and psycho-neurological disorder from which patients usually could fully recover.Most deaths resulted from species causing acute liver failure and rhabdomyolysis,and the remaining deaths were attributed to acute renal failure and hemolysis.What is added by this report?In 2021,the total number of investigations was 327 from 25 provincial-level administrative divisions,involving 923 patients and 20 deaths,and the overall mortality was 2.17%.Overall,74 poisonous mushrooms causing 6 different clinical syndromes were successfully identified,15 of which were newly recorded in China as poisonous mushrooms.What are the implications for public health practice?Considering the potential huge risks for collecting and eating wild mushrooms,we strongly advise not collecting and eating unfamiliar wild mushrooms.Promoting knowledge about poisonous mushrooms is essential and urgent to reduce mushroom poisonings.Precise species identification timely after mushroom poisoning is important for appropriate diagnosis and treatment.Many deaths were ascribed to delayed hospitalization.
文摘What is already known about this topic?Acute liver failure,rhabdomyolysis,acute renal failure,and hemolysis caused by poisonous mushrooms are the most important mushroom poisoning threats to the Chinese population.The most notorious lethal mushrooms are the species from genera Amanita,Lepiota,and Galerina that cause acute liver failure,and Russula subnigricans that leads to rhabdomyolysis.What is added by this report?In 2020,the total number of investigations reached 676,involving an estimated 102 species of poisonous mushrooms,24 of which were newly recorded in China.Gyromitra venenata was newly discovered in incidents in Yunnan and Guizhou provinces and were the first reported poisonings due to gyromitrins in China since 2000.The rare poisoning Shiitake mushroom dermatitis was recorded in China.Hemolysis poisoning caused by Paxillus involutus was recorded for the second time since the beginning of the new century,resulting in one death in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.What are the implications for public health practice?Promoting knowledge about safe consumption of mushrooms is essential to reduce mushroom poisonings.It is not wise to collect and eat wild mushrooms.For southwestern provinces such as Yunnan,especially,caution must be exercised with unfamiliar mushroom species.
文摘What is already known on this topic?Poisoning incidents caused by bongkrekic acid(BA),one of the metabolites of Burkholderia gladioli pathovar cocovenenans(B.cocovenenans),have been reported in Indonesia,Mozambique,and China.The reported case fatality rates averaged 60%,32%,and 26.5%,respectively.In China,B.cocovenenans is often called Pseudomonas cocovenenans subsp.farinofermentans.What is added by this report?In October 2020,9 persons in Jidong County,Heilongjiang Province died after consuming a homemade fermented corn flour product—sour soup—with a case fatality rate of 100%.BA was detected in both food samples and biological samples with a content of 330 mg/kg and 3 mg/L,respectively.The doses of BA consumed by the cases were approximately 22-33 times the lethal dose in human.What are the implications for public health practice?The consumption of fermented corn flour products,deteriorated fresh tremella,or black fungus and metamorphic starch products may cause BA poisoning.Health education should be strengthened so that homemade-starch-fermented food should be avoided and foods that have been kept for a long time should not be consumed.Meanwhile,training and emergency capacity building for primary healthcare workers should be strengthened to provide timely diagnosis and response.
基金Supported by the Open Project of the State Key Laboratory of Trauma,Burn and Combined Injury,Third Military Medical University(NO.SKLKF202308).
文摘Summary What is already known about this topic?Mushroom poisoning incidents are one of the major causes of death by foodborne outbreaks in China.Effective detection and identification can provide the foundation for determining the cause of the incidents and the early diagnosis and treatment of patients.
