When viewed against the backdrop of globalization and the Belt and Road Initiative(BRI),Central Asia has ushered in new development opportunities.However,problems of ecological environment as a consequence of urbaniza...When viewed against the backdrop of globalization and the Belt and Road Initiative(BRI),Central Asia has ushered in new development opportunities.However,problems of ecological environment as a consequence of urbanization have begun to act as a constraint on the economic development of the region,the coupling coordination degree between the urbanization and ecological environment in Kazakhstan was analyzed by the coupling coordination degree model.The main controlling factors affecting its development were explored using a geographical detector.Several main conclusions can be drawn.(1)Kazakhstan's urbanization level,ecological environment level,and the coupling coordination degree between urbanization and ecological environment are all on the rise.(2)In terms of the comprehensive urbanization index,the western and eastern states have higher values than the southern and northern states.The spatial distribution pattern of the ecological environment index revealed high values in the eastern and western regions and low values in the central region.(3)The coupling coordination degree among the states of Kazakhstan is mostly at a low-moderate level.The spatial distribution shows that the coordination level of the east,middle,and west of the country is higher than that of south and north.(4)Indicators such as GDP per capita,social fixed asset investment per capita,employment in industry and services(% of total employment),and the number of college students per 10,000 people are important urbanization factors that affect the coupling coordination degree of urbanization and ecological environment.Indicators of farmland areas per capita,availability of water resources per capita,ecological land per capita and forest coverage in the ecological environment subsystem are important ecological environmental factors that affect the degree of coordination between urbanization and ecological environment in Kazakhstan.The interaction of the main elements in the two subsystems has a strong synergy.展开更多
The thermo-electric coefficients of twenty-six magnetite samples, formed either by magmatism or metamorphism, were tested by the thermo-electric instrument BHET -06. Results showed that the coef- ficient is of a const...The thermo-electric coefficients of twenty-six magnetite samples, formed either by magmatism or metamorphism, were tested by the thermo-electric instrument BHET -06. Results showed that the coef- ficient is of a constant value of about -0.05 mV/℃. It is emphasized that because every magnetite grain was tested randomly, the coefficient is independent of the crystallographic direction. This fact means the thermal voltage generated from a single magnetite crystal can be accumulated, and as a result a new thermo-electric field can arise when a gradient thermal field exists and is active within the earth＇s crust. Because magnetite is widespread in the earth＇s crust （generally appearing more in the middle-lower crust）, there is more-thanrandom probability that the additional thermo-electric field can be generated when certain thermal conditions are fulfilled. We, therefore, used the thermo-electric effect of magnetite to study the mechanism responsible for the presence of abnormal geo-electric fields during earthquake formation and occurrence, because gradient thermal fields always exist before earthquakes. The possible presence of additional thermo-electric fields was calculated under theoretical seismological conditions, using the following calculation formula：E= - 0.159（σ×△T×Ф×ρ2×[[（h^2 - 2x^2）cos α ＋ 3hxsin α]/ρ1 （h^2 ＋x^2）^5/2）. In the above formula, σ is thermo-electric coefficient of magnetite, △T is the temperature difference acting on it, Ф is a sectional area on a block of magnetite vertically perpendicular to the direction of the thermal current, ρ1 and ρ2 are the respective resistivities of magnetite and the crust, and h, α, and x, respectively, h is the depth of embedded magnetite block. α means the angle created by the horizontal line and ligature of the two poles of magnetite block, and x is the distance from observation point to projective center point of the magnetite block on earth surface. According to simulations calculated with this formula, additional thermo-electric field intensity may reach as high as n to n × 10^2 mV/km. This field is strong enough to cause obvious anomalies in the background geo-electric field, and can be easy probed by earthquake monitoring equipment. Therefore, we hypothesize that geo-electric abnormalities which occur during earthquakes may be caused by the thermo-electric effect of magnetite.展开更多
基金Strategic Priority Research Program of the CAS,Pan-Third Pole Environment Study for a Green Silk Road,No.XDA20040402。
文摘When viewed against the backdrop of globalization and the Belt and Road Initiative(BRI),Central Asia has ushered in new development opportunities.However,problems of ecological environment as a consequence of urbanization have begun to act as a constraint on the economic development of the region,the coupling coordination degree between the urbanization and ecological environment in Kazakhstan was analyzed by the coupling coordination degree model.The main controlling factors affecting its development were explored using a geographical detector.Several main conclusions can be drawn.(1)Kazakhstan's urbanization level,ecological environment level,and the coupling coordination degree between urbanization and ecological environment are all on the rise.(2)In terms of the comprehensive urbanization index,the western and eastern states have higher values than the southern and northern states.The spatial distribution pattern of the ecological environment index revealed high values in the eastern and western regions and low values in the central region.(3)The coupling coordination degree among the states of Kazakhstan is mostly at a low-moderate level.The spatial distribution shows that the coordination level of the east,middle,and west of the country is higher than that of south and north.(4)Indicators such as GDP per capita,social fixed asset investment per capita,employment in industry and services(% of total employment),and the number of college students per 10,000 people are important urbanization factors that affect the coupling coordination degree of urbanization and ecological environment.Indicators of farmland areas per capita,availability of water resources per capita,ecological land per capita and forest coverage in the ecological environment subsystem are important ecological environmental factors that affect the degree of coordination between urbanization and ecological environment in Kazakhstan.The interaction of the main elements in the two subsystems has a strong synergy.
基金funded by the National Key Technology R & D Program(No.2008BAC35B05)
文摘The thermo-electric coefficients of twenty-six magnetite samples, formed either by magmatism or metamorphism, were tested by the thermo-electric instrument BHET -06. Results showed that the coef- ficient is of a constant value of about -0.05 mV/℃. It is emphasized that because every magnetite grain was tested randomly, the coefficient is independent of the crystallographic direction. This fact means the thermal voltage generated from a single magnetite crystal can be accumulated, and as a result a new thermo-electric field can arise when a gradient thermal field exists and is active within the earth＇s crust. Because magnetite is widespread in the earth＇s crust （generally appearing more in the middle-lower crust）, there is more-thanrandom probability that the additional thermo-electric field can be generated when certain thermal conditions are fulfilled. We, therefore, used the thermo-electric effect of magnetite to study the mechanism responsible for the presence of abnormal geo-electric fields during earthquake formation and occurrence, because gradient thermal fields always exist before earthquakes. The possible presence of additional thermo-electric fields was calculated under theoretical seismological conditions, using the following calculation formula：E= - 0.159（σ×△T×Ф×ρ2×[[（h^2 - 2x^2）cos α ＋ 3hxsin α]/ρ1 （h^2 ＋x^2）^5/2）. In the above formula, σ is thermo-electric coefficient of magnetite, △T is the temperature difference acting on it, Ф is a sectional area on a block of magnetite vertically perpendicular to the direction of the thermal current, ρ1 and ρ2 are the respective resistivities of magnetite and the crust, and h, α, and x, respectively, h is the depth of embedded magnetite block. α means the angle created by the horizontal line and ligature of the two poles of magnetite block, and x is the distance from observation point to projective center point of the magnetite block on earth surface. According to simulations calculated with this formula, additional thermo-electric field intensity may reach as high as n to n × 10^2 mV/km. This field is strong enough to cause obvious anomalies in the background geo-electric field, and can be easy probed by earthquake monitoring equipment. Therefore, we hypothesize that geo-electric abnormalities which occur during earthquakes may be caused by the thermo-electric effect of magnetite.
