Objective Several COVID-19 patients have overlapping comorbidities. The independent role of each component contributing to the risk of COVID-19 is unknown, and how some non-cardiometabolic comorbidities affect the ris...Objective Several COVID-19 patients have overlapping comorbidities. The independent role of each component contributing to the risk of COVID-19 is unknown, and how some non-cardiometabolic comorbidities affect the risk of COVID-19 remains unclear.Methods A retrospective follow-up design was adopted. A total of 1,160 laboratory-confirmed patients were enrolled from nine provinces in China. Data on comorbidities were obtained from the patients’ medical records. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to estimate the odds ratio(OR) and 95% confidence interval(95% CI) of the associations between comorbidities(cardiometabolic or non-cardiometabolic diseases), clinical severity, and treatment outcomes of COVID-19.Results Overall, 158(13.6%) patients were diagnosed with severe illness and 32(2.7%) had unfavorable outcomes. Hypertension(2.87, 1.30–6.32), type 2 diabetes(T2 DM)(3.57, 2.32–5.49),cardiovascular disease(CVD)(3.78, 1.81–7.89), fatty liver disease(7.53, 1.96–28.96), hyperlipidemia(2.15, 1.26–3.67), other lung diseases(6.00, 3.01–11.96), and electrolyte imbalance(10.40, 3.00–26.10)were independently linked to increased odds of being severely ill. T2 DM(6.07, 2.89–12.75), CVD(8.47,6.03–11.89), and electrolyte imbalance(19.44, 11.47–32.96) were also strong predictors of unfavorable outcomes. Women with comorbidities were more likely to have severe disease on admission(5.46,3.25–9.19), while men with comorbidities were more likely to have unfavorable treatment outcomes(6.58, 1.46–29.64) within two weeks.Conclusion Besides hypertension, diabetes, and CVD, fatty liver disease, hyperlipidemia, other lung diseases, and electrolyte imbalance were independent risk factors for COVID-19 severity and poor treatment outcome. Women with comorbidities were more likely to have severe disease, while men with comorbidities were more likely to have unfavorable treatment outcomes.展开更多
AIM: To investigate the early outcomes of vision, objective visual quality and their correlation after cataract surgery with trifocal intraocular lens implantation.METHODS: The visual examination and objective visual ...AIM: To investigate the early outcomes of vision, objective visual quality and their correlation after cataract surgery with trifocal intraocular lens implantation.METHODS: The visual examination and objective visual quality analysis using Optical Quality Analysis System(OQAS) at 1 mo and 3 mo, and defocus curve examination at 3 mo were performed in 20 patients(27 eyes) after phacoemulsification combined with trifocal intraocular lens implantation surgery.RESULTS: The uncorrected distant(UD), intermediate and near visual acuity(VA) were significantly improved after surgery(P<0.001). UDVA at 1 mo after the surgery was slightly better than that after 3 mo(P=0.026). The defocus curve after 3 mo indicated that the peak of distant vision was close to 0 logMAR, and UDVA was lower than 0.3 logMAR in the range of-1.5 D to-3.0 D. The modulation transfer function(MTF) cutoff frequency, strehl ratio(SR), Optical Quality Analysis System values(OVs), includes OV100, OV20 and OV9 after the surgery were significantly better than before surgery(P<0.001), but the objective scattering index(OSI) was significantly decreased(P<0.001). UDVA at 3 mo after the surgery had correlations with MTF cutoff, OSI, OV100 and OV20(r=-0.400, 0.431,-0.437,-0.411, P=0.039, 0.025, 0.023, 0.033). The uncorrected intermediate VA after 3 mo of the surgery had correlations with OSI and OV100(r=0.478,-0.411, P=0.012, 0.033). CONCLUSION: Trifocal intraocular lens implantation can provide good distant, intermediate and near VA, and the vision shows a well correlation with objective visual quality during early surgery.展开更多
Sulfonated poly（ether ether ketone kctone）（SPEEKK） membranes with different degrees of sulfonation（DS） were successfully prepared via electrospinning method. The morphology of the resulted membranes varies from ...Sulfonated poly（ether ether ketone kctone）（SPEEKK） membranes with different degrees of sulfonation（DS） were successfully prepared via electrospinning method. The morphology of the resulted membranes varies from nanospheres to nanofibers with increasing the concentration of SPEEKK. The conductivities of the membranes prepared under the same condition increase with the DS increasing. The spherical morphological membranes with a DS of 1.2 show the highest proton conductivity, 0.55 S/cm, which is much higher than those of the membranes prepared via normal solution evaporation method. The results show that electrospinning is an efficient method to prepare high performance SPEEKK membranes with different morphologies.展开更多
AIM:To investigate the effects of on ocular surface microbiota in patients who received intravitreal injections.METHODS:Samples of ocular surface microbiota were obtained from 41 eyes of 41 patients who visited the De...AIM:To investigate the effects of on ocular surface microbiota in patients who received intravitreal injections.METHODS:Samples of ocular surface microbiota were obtained from 41 eyes of 41 patients who visited the Department of Ophthalmology.Patients were separated for three groups.Group A did not receive perioperative managements or intravitreal injection.Group B1 received only once and B2 received more than twice.In operating room,the samples were collected on the ocular surface.Operating taxonomic units(OTUs) clustering and alpha/beta diversity analysis was performed.The microbial 16S rRNA from samples were analyzed using the Hi Seq 2500 platform.RESULTS:Alpha diversity did not differ in each group,and beta diversity differed in the B2 group.Beta diversity showed a significant difference between Group A and B2(P=0.048).With the perioperative managements before intravitreal injection,the composition and relative abundance were altered.Top 10 microbiota on phylum and genus level,and then microbiota notably changed at genus level were listed.Gram-negative bacteria were varied more.Furthermore,Proteus was not found in Groups A and B1,but it was appeared after the patients received perioperative management and intravitreal injections in Group B2.CONCLUSION:With the perioperative managements,the balance of microbiota on the ocular surface is destroyed,and relative composition and abundance of microbiota on the ocular surface is obviously altered.The clinical doctors should pay more attention on the consequence of perioperative managements before intravitreal injection.展开更多
·AIM:To compare visual quality after unilateral cataract surgery with implantation of trifocal intraocular lens(IOL)and asymmetric refractive multifocal IOL.·METHODS:The prospective nonrandom,comparative stu...·AIM:To compare visual quality after unilateral cataract surgery with implantation of trifocal intraocular lens(IOL)and asymmetric refractive multifocal IOL.·METHODS:The prospective nonrandom,comparative study consisted of 60 eyes of 60 patients suffering unilateral cataract surgery with implantation of two different IOLs:AT LISA tri 839 MP(30 eyes;Carl Zeiss Meditec,Germany)and LS-313 MF30(30 eyes;Oculentis GmbH,Germany).Visual acuity,refractive outcome,contrast sensitivity,defocus curves,quality of vision,and optical phenomena were evaluated at3 mo postoperatively.·RESULTS:There were no statistical differences between groups in uncorrected distance visual acuity(P=0.13)and uncorrected near visual acuity(P=0.54).In contrast,uncorrected intermediate visual acuity was better in trifocal group compared to the refractive multifocal group(P=0.02).No significant statistical between-group difference was detected in cylinder(P=0.43).Compared to trifocal group,spherical refraction and spherical equivalent in refractive multi focal group were more myopic(P<0.01).Under photopic conditions,no significant statistical differences were found between groups in contrast sensitivity at 3 and 6 cycles per degree(cpd).The refractive multifocal group performed better at 12 and 18 cpd than the trifocal group(P=0.01,P=0.034,respectively).The questionnaires of quality of vision and optical phenomena showed no differences between groups.·CONCLUSION:Trifocal IOL is superior to refractive multifocal IOL in intermediate visual acuity.Rotationally asymmetric refractive multifocal IOL is more myopic in automated refraction and significantly better for the photopic contrast sensitivity at high frequency.展开更多
Montmorillonite（MMT） was directly modified with hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide. The interlayer spacing of the organophilic montmorillonite（organo-MMT） corresponding to the d（001） plane peak was 2.21 nm The...Montmorillonite（MMT） was directly modified with hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide. The interlayer spacing of the organophilic montmorillonite（organo-MMT） corresponding to the d（001） plane peak was 2.21 nm The influences of the content of organo-MMT and mixing conditions including mixing temperature and mixing time on the intercalation and exfoliation structures of MMT/epoxy resin composites were investigated by wide X-ray diffraction（WXRD）. The X-ray patterns reveal that organo-MMT was intercalated by the epoxy resin during mixing process. Only under certain mixing conditions, could the exfoliation nanocomposites be formed. The mechanical and thermal properties of the composites were measured. The results indicate that the composites have better mechanical properties and higher Tg than those of the pristine epoxy resin.展开更多
AIM: To study the role of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) antibody in inhibiting bleb scarring after glaucoma filtration surgery (GFS) in rabbit model. METHODS: GFS was performed on both eyes in five rabbits. O...AIM: To study the role of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) antibody in inhibiting bleb scarring after glaucoma filtration surgery (GFS) in rabbit model. METHODS: GFS was performed on both eyes in five rabbits. One eye of each rabbit was chosen randomly as antibody group and received subconjunctival injection of 0.1mL CTGF antibody (50mg/L) immediately after GFS applied and on the 5 th day after GFS. The other eye of each rabbit as control group was received subconjunctival injection of 0.1mL PBS at the same time as antibody group. On postoperative days 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, and 14, the appearance of filtrating blebs was observed under slit lamp, the area and the intraocular pressure (IOP) were measured with micrometer and applanation tonometer, respectively. RESULTS: On postoperative days 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, and 14, areas of filtrating blebs in antibody group were all larger comparing with the control group (P<0.05) and IOPs of antibody group were lower than the control group(P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Subconjunctival injection of CTGF antibody can maintain larger bleb area and lower IOP after GFS in rabbit.展开更多
Base on the standard k-ωturbulent model,numerical method for solving three dimensional Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS)was adopted to study the aerothermal characteristics of the turbine blade with casing relati...Base on the standard k-ωturbulent model,numerical method for solving three dimensional Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS)was adopted to study the aerothermal characteristics of the turbine blade with casing relative motion.Experimental data were used to verify the effectiveness of the numerical method and turbulent model.The effect of blade tip clearance,geometry and relative motion on blade tip aerothermal characteristics were analyzed.The numerical results show that for the flat tip,relative motion can effectively suppress tip leakage and reduce leakage vortex size at rotating blade-static casing(BRCS)and static bladerotating casing(BSCR)conditions.A high level of heat transfer region can be observed near the leading edge at the conditions of rotating bladerotating casing(BRCS)and static bladestatic casing(BSCR).The blade tip heat transfer coefficient expands with the increase of tip clearance at different relative motion modes.At the brcs and bscs,the axial average heat transfer trend is the closest when the tip clearance is 1.5%H.The scraping vortex generated by relative motion at brcr and bscs inhib-its the development of leakage flow for squealer tip because of its sealing effect.High level of heat transfer region is also concentrated in the leading edge at brcr and bscs.The size of scraping vortex weakens with the increase of cavity depth.The distribution trend of the average heat transfer coefficient is similar in the two cases of relative static and relative motion,except for the case of 2.5%H cavity depth.展开更多
Composite membranes based on sulfonated silica/sulfonated poly（ether ether ketone）（SPEEK） were prepared by means of sol-gel method so as to gain a high conductivity and reasonable methanol permeability.The sulfona...Composite membranes based on sulfonated silica/sulfonated poly（ether ether ketone）（SPEEK） were prepared by means of sol-gel method so as to gain a high conductivity and reasonable methanol permeability.The sulfonated silica is generated in situ via the hydrolysis of sulfonated 3-anminopropyl triethoxysilane（KH550） synthesized newly from 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane and 1,4-butane sultone.The membrane with a silica mass fraction of 5% exhibits a conductivity of 0.187 S/cm at 80 °C and a methanol coefficient with 9.72×10-7 cm2/s.The composite membranes show improved condutive ability and better selectivity that can be promisingly used in direct methanol fuel cell.展开更多
A new series of liquid crystals of bis[4-(p-phenoxy)-phenylbenzoate]-alkyldicarboxylate which contain two rigid groups connected by a flexible spacer was synthesized. These liquid crystals show nematic phase and were ...A new series of liquid crystals of bis[4-(p-phenoxy)-phenylbenzoate]-alkyldicarboxylate which contain two rigid groups connected by a flexible spacer was synthesized. These liquid crystals show nematic phase and were found to show odd even effect in isotropization temperature and entropy change.展开更多
基金This study was supported by the‘National Major Science and Technology Projects of China'[2018ZX10101001-005-003,2018ZX10101001-005-004]
文摘Objective Several COVID-19 patients have overlapping comorbidities. The independent role of each component contributing to the risk of COVID-19 is unknown, and how some non-cardiometabolic comorbidities affect the risk of COVID-19 remains unclear.Methods A retrospective follow-up design was adopted. A total of 1,160 laboratory-confirmed patients were enrolled from nine provinces in China. Data on comorbidities were obtained from the patients’ medical records. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to estimate the odds ratio(OR) and 95% confidence interval(95% CI) of the associations between comorbidities(cardiometabolic or non-cardiometabolic diseases), clinical severity, and treatment outcomes of COVID-19.Results Overall, 158(13.6%) patients were diagnosed with severe illness and 32(2.7%) had unfavorable outcomes. Hypertension(2.87, 1.30–6.32), type 2 diabetes(T2 DM)(3.57, 2.32–5.49),cardiovascular disease(CVD)(3.78, 1.81–7.89), fatty liver disease(7.53, 1.96–28.96), hyperlipidemia(2.15, 1.26–3.67), other lung diseases(6.00, 3.01–11.96), and electrolyte imbalance(10.40, 3.00–26.10)were independently linked to increased odds of being severely ill. T2 DM(6.07, 2.89–12.75), CVD(8.47,6.03–11.89), and electrolyte imbalance(19.44, 11.47–32.96) were also strong predictors of unfavorable outcomes. Women with comorbidities were more likely to have severe disease on admission(5.46,3.25–9.19), while men with comorbidities were more likely to have unfavorable treatment outcomes(6.58, 1.46–29.64) within two weeks.Conclusion Besides hypertension, diabetes, and CVD, fatty liver disease, hyperlipidemia, other lung diseases, and electrolyte imbalance were independent risk factors for COVID-19 severity and poor treatment outcome. Women with comorbidities were more likely to have severe disease, while men with comorbidities were more likely to have unfavorable treatment outcomes.
基金Supported by Key Research and Development Project of Shaanxi Province (No.2017SF-246)Science and Technology Planning Project of Xi’an City (No.2017116SF/ YX010)
文摘AIM: To investigate the early outcomes of vision, objective visual quality and their correlation after cataract surgery with trifocal intraocular lens implantation.METHODS: The visual examination and objective visual quality analysis using Optical Quality Analysis System(OQAS) at 1 mo and 3 mo, and defocus curve examination at 3 mo were performed in 20 patients(27 eyes) after phacoemulsification combined with trifocal intraocular lens implantation surgery.RESULTS: The uncorrected distant(UD), intermediate and near visual acuity(VA) were significantly improved after surgery(P<0.001). UDVA at 1 mo after the surgery was slightly better than that after 3 mo(P=0.026). The defocus curve after 3 mo indicated that the peak of distant vision was close to 0 logMAR, and UDVA was lower than 0.3 logMAR in the range of-1.5 D to-3.0 D. The modulation transfer function(MTF) cutoff frequency, strehl ratio(SR), Optical Quality Analysis System values(OVs), includes OV100, OV20 and OV9 after the surgery were significantly better than before surgery(P<0.001), but the objective scattering index(OSI) was significantly decreased(P<0.001). UDVA at 3 mo after the surgery had correlations with MTF cutoff, OSI, OV100 and OV20(r=-0.400, 0.431,-0.437,-0.411, P=0.039, 0.025, 0.023, 0.033). The uncorrected intermediate VA after 3 mo of the surgery had correlations with OSI and OV100(r=0.478,-0.411, P=0.012, 0.033). CONCLUSION: Trifocal intraocular lens implantation can provide good distant, intermediate and near VA, and the vision shows a well correlation with objective visual quality during early surgery.
基金Supported by the High-Tech Development Program of China(No.2007AA03Z218)
文摘Sulfonated poly（ether ether ketone kctone）（SPEEKK） membranes with different degrees of sulfonation（DS） were successfully prepared via electrospinning method. The morphology of the resulted membranes varies from nanospheres to nanofibers with increasing the concentration of SPEEKK. The conductivities of the membranes prepared under the same condition increase with the DS increasing. The spherical morphological membranes with a DS of 1.2 show the highest proton conductivity, 0.55 S/cm, which is much higher than those of the membranes prepared via normal solution evaporation method. The results show that electrospinning is an efficient method to prepare high performance SPEEKK membranes with different morphologies.
基金Supported by Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi Province in China (No.2017SF-028)the Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province (No.2019JQ-953)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities sponsored by Xi’an Jiaotong University (No.11913291000038/11913200000213)。
文摘AIM:To investigate the effects of on ocular surface microbiota in patients who received intravitreal injections.METHODS:Samples of ocular surface microbiota were obtained from 41 eyes of 41 patients who visited the Department of Ophthalmology.Patients were separated for three groups.Group A did not receive perioperative managements or intravitreal injection.Group B1 received only once and B2 received more than twice.In operating room,the samples were collected on the ocular surface.Operating taxonomic units(OTUs) clustering and alpha/beta diversity analysis was performed.The microbial 16S rRNA from samples were analyzed using the Hi Seq 2500 platform.RESULTS:Alpha diversity did not differ in each group,and beta diversity differed in the B2 group.Beta diversity showed a significant difference between Group A and B2(P=0.048).With the perioperative managements before intravitreal injection,the composition and relative abundance were altered.Top 10 microbiota on phylum and genus level,and then microbiota notably changed at genus level were listed.Gram-negative bacteria were varied more.Furthermore,Proteus was not found in Groups A and B1,but it was appeared after the patients received perioperative management and intravitreal injections in Group B2.CONCLUSION:With the perioperative managements,the balance of microbiota on the ocular surface is destroyed,and relative composition and abundance of microbiota on the ocular surface is obviously altered.The clinical doctors should pay more attention on the consequence of perioperative managements before intravitreal injection.
基金Supported by Key Research and Development Projects of Shaanxi Province(No.2017SF-246)Science and Technology Planning Project of Xi’an(No.2017116SF/YX010No.201805097YX5SF31)。
文摘·AIM:To compare visual quality after unilateral cataract surgery with implantation of trifocal intraocular lens(IOL)and asymmetric refractive multifocal IOL.·METHODS:The prospective nonrandom,comparative study consisted of 60 eyes of 60 patients suffering unilateral cataract surgery with implantation of two different IOLs:AT LISA tri 839 MP(30 eyes;Carl Zeiss Meditec,Germany)and LS-313 MF30(30 eyes;Oculentis GmbH,Germany).Visual acuity,refractive outcome,contrast sensitivity,defocus curves,quality of vision,and optical phenomena were evaluated at3 mo postoperatively.·RESULTS:There were no statistical differences between groups in uncorrected distance visual acuity(P=0.13)and uncorrected near visual acuity(P=0.54).In contrast,uncorrected intermediate visual acuity was better in trifocal group compared to the refractive multifocal group(P=0.02).No significant statistical between-group difference was detected in cylinder(P=0.43).Compared to trifocal group,spherical refraction and spherical equivalent in refractive multi focal group were more myopic(P<0.01).Under photopic conditions,no significant statistical differences were found between groups in contrast sensitivity at 3 and 6 cycles per degree(cpd).The refractive multifocal group performed better at 12 and 18 cpd than the trifocal group(P=0.01,P=0.034,respectively).The questionnaires of quality of vision and optical phenomena showed no differences between groups.·CONCLUSION:Trifocal IOL is superior to refractive multifocal IOL in intermediate visual acuity.Rotationally asymmetric refractive multifocal IOL is more myopic in automated refraction and significantly better for the photopic contrast sensitivity at high frequency.
基金Supported by the National High-Tech Research and Development Program of China(No.2007AA03Z218).
文摘Montmorillonite（MMT） was directly modified with hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide. The interlayer spacing of the organophilic montmorillonite（organo-MMT） corresponding to the d（001） plane peak was 2.21 nm The influences of the content of organo-MMT and mixing conditions including mixing temperature and mixing time on the intercalation and exfoliation structures of MMT/epoxy resin composites were investigated by wide X-ray diffraction（WXRD）. The X-ray patterns reveal that organo-MMT was intercalated by the epoxy resin during mixing process. Only under certain mixing conditions, could the exfoliation nanocomposites be formed. The mechanical and thermal properties of the composites were measured. The results indicate that the composites have better mechanical properties and higher Tg than those of the pristine epoxy resin.
基金Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province,China(No.2001SM66)
文摘AIM: To study the role of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) antibody in inhibiting bleb scarring after glaucoma filtration surgery (GFS) in rabbit model. METHODS: GFS was performed on both eyes in five rabbits. One eye of each rabbit was chosen randomly as antibody group and received subconjunctival injection of 0.1mL CTGF antibody (50mg/L) immediately after GFS applied and on the 5 th day after GFS. The other eye of each rabbit as control group was received subconjunctival injection of 0.1mL PBS at the same time as antibody group. On postoperative days 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, and 14, the appearance of filtrating blebs was observed under slit lamp, the area and the intraocular pressure (IOP) were measured with micrometer and applanation tonometer, respectively. RESULTS: On postoperative days 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, and 14, areas of filtrating blebs in antibody group were all larger comparing with the control group (P<0.05) and IOPs of antibody group were lower than the control group(P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Subconjunctival injection of CTGF antibody can maintain larger bleb area and lower IOP after GFS in rabbit.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52006178)National Key R&D Program of China(No.Y2019-Ⅷ-0007-0168)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities and the Innovation Capacity Support Plan in Shaanxi Province of China(Grant No.2023-CX-TD-19)。
文摘Base on the standard k-ωturbulent model,numerical method for solving three dimensional Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS)was adopted to study the aerothermal characteristics of the turbine blade with casing relative motion.Experimental data were used to verify the effectiveness of the numerical method and turbulent model.The effect of blade tip clearance,geometry and relative motion on blade tip aerothermal characteristics were analyzed.The numerical results show that for the flat tip,relative motion can effectively suppress tip leakage and reduce leakage vortex size at rotating blade-static casing(BRCS)and static bladerotating casing(BSCR)conditions.A high level of heat transfer region can be observed near the leading edge at the conditions of rotating bladerotating casing(BRCS)and static bladestatic casing(BSCR).The blade tip heat transfer coefficient expands with the increase of tip clearance at different relative motion modes.At the brcs and bscs,the axial average heat transfer trend is the closest when the tip clearance is 1.5%H.The scraping vortex generated by relative motion at brcr and bscs inhib-its the development of leakage flow for squealer tip because of its sealing effect.High level of heat transfer region is also concentrated in the leading edge at brcr and bscs.The size of scraping vortex weakens with the increase of cavity depth.The distribution trend of the average heat transfer coefficient is similar in the two cases of relative static and relative motion,except for the case of 2.5%H cavity depth.
基金Supported by the National High-Tech Research and Development Program of China(No.2007AA03Z218)
文摘Composite membranes based on sulfonated silica/sulfonated poly（ether ether ketone）（SPEEK） were prepared by means of sol-gel method so as to gain a high conductivity and reasonable methanol permeability.The sulfonated silica is generated in situ via the hydrolysis of sulfonated 3-anminopropyl triethoxysilane（KH550） synthesized newly from 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane and 1,4-butane sultone.The membrane with a silica mass fraction of 5% exhibits a conductivity of 0.187 S/cm at 80 °C and a methanol coefficient with 9.72×10-7 cm2/s.The composite membranes show improved condutive ability and better selectivity that can be promisingly used in direct methanol fuel cell.
文摘A new series of liquid crystals of bis[4-(p-phenoxy)-phenylbenzoate]-alkyldicarboxylate which contain two rigid groups connected by a flexible spacer was synthesized. These liquid crystals show nematic phase and were found to show odd even effect in isotropization temperature and entropy change.
