A major challenge in the treatment of Tuberculosis (TB) is emergence of Multi-Drug Resistant <em>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</em> (MDRTB) strains. Efflux genes have been established to be among factors for ...A major challenge in the treatment of Tuberculosis (TB) is emergence of Multi-Drug Resistant <em>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</em> (MDRTB) strains. Efflux genes have been established to be among factors for drug resistance in <em>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</em> (<em>M. tuberculosis</em>) pulmonary infections by conferring bacterial ability to pump-out drugs from intracellular compartment, making it impossible for drugs to attain intracellular concentration lethal to the organism. There is paucity of data on the role of efflux pump in MDRTB in Nigerian strains of<em> M. tuberculosis</em>. Hence, the aim of this study was to detect the carriage, distribution and frequency of efflux pump genes among MDRTB and non-MDRTB isolates from participants with pulmonary tuberculosis in Lagos, Nigeria. This study was carried out on <em>M. tuberculosis</em> isolated from 1020 participants suspected of pulmonary tuberculosis in Lagos State, Nigeria. A total of 78 <em>M. tuberculosis</em> isolates were obtained from the participants suspected of pulmonary tuberculosis. Forty Eight isolates were confirmed as MDRTB and 30 non-MDRTB. Efflux pump genes were investigated in the isolates using the conventional polymerase chain reaction. Statistical analysis was carried out using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS version 20) to compare the efflux pump gene results between MDRTB and non- MDRTB isolates. Different efflux genes types and frequency were detected in MDRTB and non-MDRTB isolates. Carriage of 2 or more alleles of efflux gene types Rv2486c (efpA), Rv2459c (jefA), Rv1877, Rv1002c, Rv0342, Rv2686c and drrC associated with MDR were detected. Additionally, the frequency of efflux genes alleles in MDRTB was significantly different from those in non- MDRTB isolates.展开更多
Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)is the causative agent of gastritis,peptic ulcer disease,mucosa associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma and gastric cancer(GC).While this bacterium infects 50%of the world’s population,in Afr...Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)is the causative agent of gastritis,peptic ulcer disease,mucosa associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma and gastric cancer(GC).While this bacterium infects 50%of the world’s population,in Africa its prevalence reach as high as 80%as the infection is acquired during childhood.Risk factors for H.pylori acquisition have been reported to be mainly due to overcrowding,to have infected siblings or parent and to unsafe water sources.Despite this high H.pylori prevalence there still does not exist an African guideline,equivalent to the Maastricht V/Florence Consensus Report of the European Helicobacter and Microbiota Study Group for the management of this infection.In this continent,although there is a paucity of epidemiologic data,a contrast between the high prevalence of H.pylori infection and the low incidence of GC has been reported.This phenomenon is the so-called“African Enigma”and it has been hypothesized that it could be explained by environmental,dietary and genetic factors.A heterogeneity of data both on diagnosis and on therapy have been published.In this context,it is evident that in several African countries the increasing rate of bacterial resistance,mainly to metronidazole and clarithromycin,requires continental guidelines to recommend the appropriate management of H.pylori.The aim of this manuscript is to review current literature on H.pylori infection in Africa,in terms of prevalence,risk factors,impact on human health,treatment and challenges encountered so as to proffer possible solutions to reduce H.pylori transmission in this continent.展开更多
文摘A major challenge in the treatment of Tuberculosis (TB) is emergence of Multi-Drug Resistant <em>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</em> (MDRTB) strains. Efflux genes have been established to be among factors for drug resistance in <em>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</em> (<em>M. tuberculosis</em>) pulmonary infections by conferring bacterial ability to pump-out drugs from intracellular compartment, making it impossible for drugs to attain intracellular concentration lethal to the organism. There is paucity of data on the role of efflux pump in MDRTB in Nigerian strains of<em> M. tuberculosis</em>. Hence, the aim of this study was to detect the carriage, distribution and frequency of efflux pump genes among MDRTB and non-MDRTB isolates from participants with pulmonary tuberculosis in Lagos, Nigeria. This study was carried out on <em>M. tuberculosis</em> isolated from 1020 participants suspected of pulmonary tuberculosis in Lagos State, Nigeria. A total of 78 <em>M. tuberculosis</em> isolates were obtained from the participants suspected of pulmonary tuberculosis. Forty Eight isolates were confirmed as MDRTB and 30 non-MDRTB. Efflux pump genes were investigated in the isolates using the conventional polymerase chain reaction. Statistical analysis was carried out using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS version 20) to compare the efflux pump gene results between MDRTB and non- MDRTB isolates. Different efflux genes types and frequency were detected in MDRTB and non-MDRTB isolates. Carriage of 2 or more alleles of efflux gene types Rv2486c (efpA), Rv2459c (jefA), Rv1877, Rv1002c, Rv0342, Rv2686c and drrC associated with MDR were detected. Additionally, the frequency of efflux genes alleles in MDRTB was significantly different from those in non- MDRTB isolates.
文摘Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)is the causative agent of gastritis,peptic ulcer disease,mucosa associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma and gastric cancer(GC).While this bacterium infects 50%of the world’s population,in Africa its prevalence reach as high as 80%as the infection is acquired during childhood.Risk factors for H.pylori acquisition have been reported to be mainly due to overcrowding,to have infected siblings or parent and to unsafe water sources.Despite this high H.pylori prevalence there still does not exist an African guideline,equivalent to the Maastricht V/Florence Consensus Report of the European Helicobacter and Microbiota Study Group for the management of this infection.In this continent,although there is a paucity of epidemiologic data,a contrast between the high prevalence of H.pylori infection and the low incidence of GC has been reported.This phenomenon is the so-called“African Enigma”and it has been hypothesized that it could be explained by environmental,dietary and genetic factors.A heterogeneity of data both on diagnosis and on therapy have been published.In this context,it is evident that in several African countries the increasing rate of bacterial resistance,mainly to metronidazole and clarithromycin,requires continental guidelines to recommend the appropriate management of H.pylori.The aim of this manuscript is to review current literature on H.pylori infection in Africa,in terms of prevalence,risk factors,impact on human health,treatment and challenges encountered so as to proffer possible solutions to reduce H.pylori transmission in this continent.
