As the trend to use the latestmachine learning models to automate requirements engineering processes continues,security requirements classification is tuning into the most researched field in the software engineering ...As the trend to use the latestmachine learning models to automate requirements engineering processes continues,security requirements classification is tuning into the most researched field in the software engineering community.Previous literature studies have proposed numerousmodels for the classification of security requirements.However,adopting those models is constrained due to the lack of essential datasets permitting the repetition and generalization of studies employing more advanced machine learning algorithms.Moreover,most of the researchers focus only on the classification of requirements with security keywords.They did not consider other nonfunctional requirements(NFR)directly or indirectly related to security.This has been identified as a significant research gap in security requirements engineering.The major objective of this study is to propose a security requirements classification model that categorizes security and other relevant security requirements.We use PROMISE_exp and DOSSPRE,the two most commonly used datasets in the software engineering community.The proposed methodology consists of two steps.In the first step,we analyze all the nonfunctional requirements and their relation with security requirements.We found 10 NFRs that have a strong relationship with security requirements.In the second step,we categorize those NFRs in the security requirements category.Our proposedmethodology is a hybridmodel based on the ConvolutionalNeural Network(CNN)and Extreme Gradient Boosting(XGBoost)models.Moreover,we evaluate the model by updating the requirement type column with a binary classification column in the dataset to classify the requirements into security and non-security categories.The performance is evaluated using four metrics:recall,precision,accuracy,and F1 Score with 20 and 28 epochs number and batch size of 32 for PROMISE_exp and DOSSPRE datasets and achieved 87.3%and 85.3%accuracy,respectively.The proposed study shows an enhancement in metrics values compared to the previous literature studies.This is a proof of concept for systematizing the evaluation of security recognition in software systems during the early phases of software development.展开更多
Multiple morphological abnormalities of sperm flagella(MMAF)is a severe form of asthenoteratozoospermia,characterized by morphological abnormalities and reduced motility of sperm,causing male infertility.Although appr...Multiple morphological abnormalities of sperm flagella(MMAF)is a severe form of asthenoteratozoospermia,characterized by morphological abnormalities and reduced motility of sperm,causing male infertility.Although approximately 60%of MMAF cases can be explained genetically,the etiology of the remaining cases is unclear.Here,we identified two novel compound heterozygous variants in the gene,dynein axonemal heavy chain 10(DNAH10),in three patients from two unrelated Pakistani families using whole-exome sequencing(WES),including one compound heterozygous mutation(DNAH10:c.9409C>A[p.P3137T];c.12946G>C[p.D4316H])in family 1 and another compound heterozygous mutation(DNAH10:c.8849G>A[p.G2950D];c.11509C>T[p.R3687W])in family 2.All the identified variants are absent or rare in public genome databases and are predicted to have deleterious effects according to multiple bioinformatic tools.Sanger sequencing revealed that these variants follow an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance.Hematoxylin and eosin(H&E)staining revealed MMAF,including sperm head abnormalities,in the patients.In addition,immunofluorescence staining revealed loss of DNAH10 protein signals along sperm flagella.These findings broaden the spectrum of DNAH10 variants and expand understanding of the genetic basis of male infertility associated with the MMAF phenotype.展开更多
Multiple morphological abnormalities of the flagella(MMAF)represent a severe form of sperm defects leading to asthenozoospermia and male infertility.In this study,we identified a novel homozygous splicing mutation(c.8...Multiple morphological abnormalities of the flagella(MMAF)represent a severe form of sperm defects leading to asthenozoospermia and male infertility.In this study,we identified a novel homozygous splicing mutation(c.871-4 ACA>A)in the adenylate kinase 7(AK7)gene by whole-exome sequencing in infertile individuals.Spermatozoa from affected individuals exhibited typical MMAF characteristics,including coiled,bent,short,absent,and irregular flagella.Transmission electron microscopy analysis showed disorganized axonemal structure and abnormal mitochondrial sheets in sperm flagella.Immunofluorescence staining confirmed the absence of AK7 protein from the patients’spermatozoa,validating the pathogenic nature of the mutation.This study provides direct evidence linking the AK7 gene to MMAF-associated asthenozoospermia in humans,expanding the mutational spectrum of AK7 and enhancing our understanding of the genetic basis of male infertility.展开更多
Multiple morphological abnormalities of the sperm flagella(MMAF)are characterized by bent,irregular,short,coiled,and absent flagella.MMAF is caused by a variety of genes,some of which have been identified.However,the ...Multiple morphological abnormalities of the sperm flagella(MMAF)are characterized by bent,irregular,short,coiled,and absent flagella.MMAF is caused by a variety of genes,some of which have been identified.However,the underlying genetic factors responsible for the majority of MMAF cases are still largely unknown.The glutamine-rich 2(QRICH2)gene plays an essential role in the development of sperm flagella by regulating the expression of essential sperm flagellar biogenesis-associated proteins,and genetic variants of QRICH2 have been identified as the primary cause of MMAF in humans and mice.Here,we recruited a Pakistani consanguineous family to identify the genetic variant causing infertility in patients with MMAF.Whole-exome sequencing and Sanger sequencing were conducted to identify potentially pathogenic variants causing MMAF in infertile patients.Hematoxylin and eosin(HE)staining was performed to analyze sperm morphology.Quantitative polymerase chain reaction,western blot,and immunofluorescence staining analyses were conducted to observe the expression of QRICH2 in spermatozoa.A novel homozygous missense variant(c.4618C>T)in QRICH2 was identified in the affected patients.Morphological analysis of spermatozoa revealed the MMAF phenotype in infertile patients.qPCR revealed a significant reduction in the level of sperm QRICH2 mRNA,and immunofluorescence staining revealed a lack of sperm QRICH2 expression.Additionally,patients harboring a homozygous QRICH2 mutation presented reduced expression of outer dense fiber 2(ODF2)in sperm,whereas sperm expression of A-kinase anchor protein 4(AKAP4)was normal.These findings expand our understanding of the genetic causes of MMAF-associated male infertility and emphasize the importance of genetic counseling.展开更多
Wheat is a critical crop,extensively consumed worldwide,and its production enhancement is essential to meet escalating demand.The presence of diseases like stem rust,leaf rust,yellow rust,and tan spot significantly di...Wheat is a critical crop,extensively consumed worldwide,and its production enhancement is essential to meet escalating demand.The presence of diseases like stem rust,leaf rust,yellow rust,and tan spot significantly diminishes wheat yield,making the early and precise identification of these diseases vital for effective disease management.With advancements in deep learning algorithms,researchers have proposed many methods for the automated detection of disease pathogens;however,accurately detectingmultiple disease pathogens simultaneously remains a challenge.This challenge arises due to the scarcity of RGB images for multiple diseases,class imbalance in existing public datasets,and the difficulty in extracting features that discriminate between multiple classes of disease pathogens.In this research,a novel method is proposed based on Transfer Generative Adversarial Networks for augmenting existing data,thereby overcoming the problems of class imbalance and data scarcity.This study proposes a customized architecture of Vision Transformers(ViT),where the feature vector is obtained by concatenating features extracted from the custom ViT and Graph Neural Networks.This paper also proposes a Model AgnosticMeta Learning(MAML)based ensemble classifier for accurate classification.The proposedmodel,validated on public datasets for wheat disease pathogen classification,achieved a test accuracy of 99.20%and an F1-score of 97.95%.Compared with existing state-of-the-art methods,this proposed model outperforms in terms of accuracy,F1-score,and the number of disease pathogens detection.In future,more diseases can be included for detection along with some other modalities like pests and weed.展开更多
Male infertility is a worldwide health issue,affecting 8%–12%of the global population.Oligoasthenoteratozoospermia(OAT)represents a severe type of male infertility,characterized by reduced sperm count and motility an...Male infertility is a worldwide health issue,affecting 8%–12%of the global population.Oligoasthenoteratozoospermia(OAT)represents a severe type of male infertility,characterized by reduced sperm count and motility and an increased frequency of sperm with aberrant morphology.Using whole-exome sequencing,this study identified a novel missense mutation(c.848C>A,p.A283E)in the coiled-coil domain-containing 34 gene(CCDC34)in a consanguineous Pakistani family.This rare mutation was predicted to be deleterious and to affect the protein stability.Hematoxylin and eosin staining of spermatozoa from the patient with OAT revealed multiple morphological abnormalities of the flagella and transmission electron microscopy indicated axonemal ultrastructural defects with a lack of outer dynein arms.These findings indicated that CCDC34 plays a role in maintaining the axonemal ultrastructure and the assembly or stability of the outer dynein arms,thus expanding the phenotypic spectrum of CCDC34 missense mutations.展开更多
Dear Editor,Renal calculosis is one of the most common urological disorders worldwide,with a prevalence ranging from 1%to 13%across different regions[1].Renal stones are crystal concretions that form on the inner surf...Dear Editor,Renal calculosis is one of the most common urological disorders worldwide,with a prevalence ranging from 1%to 13%across different regions[1].Renal stones are crystal concretions that form on the inner surface of the kidney,resulting from disruptions in the metabolism,the excretion of stone constituents,or the formation of Randall's plaques and plugs.These stones are a result of various endogenous factors.展开更多
Nanotechnology has far-reaching implications and applications in multiple fields.The biomedical and health sectors can use nanotechnology concepts for medication delivery and treatment.Under controlled conditions,it c...Nanotechnology has far-reaching implications and applications in multiple fields.The biomedical and health sectors can use nanotechnology concepts for medication delivery and treatment.Under controlled conditions,it can target and initiate administering drugs and several other therapeutic agents.Since cancer is the largest cause of death worldwide,prompt diagnosis and effective anticancer treatments are crucial.In this particular context,nanotechnology reduces side effects and directs drug delivery to specifically target cancer cells,providing unique benefits for cancer therapy.In the present thorough review,the most noteworthy new findings for 2010–2023 were compiled,which address the development and use of nanosystems for cancer treatment.Nanoparticles allow precise and controlled release of therapeutic substances at specific action locations,enabling targeted medication delivery.Size,shape,surface,charge,and loading methods impact its efficiency.Researchers have made advancements in encapsulating drugs into nanoliposomes and nanoemulsions,including paclitaxel and fisetin,and are currently testing their suitability in ongoing clinical trials.The purpose of this review is to serve as a continuous path toward recognizing the extraordinary potential of various nanoparticles in cancer therapies.展开更多
This study was designed to find the susceptibility of Nitrofurantoin and Fosfomycin among urinary isolates of Escherichia.coli.Four hundred(400)urine samples were collected for susceptibility of nitrofurantoin and fos...This study was designed to find the susceptibility of Nitrofurantoin and Fosfomycin among urinary isolates of Escherichia.coli.Four hundred(400)urine samples were collected for susceptibility of nitrofurantoin and fosfomycin among urinary isolates of E.coli.All indoor and outdoor patients'urinary samples yielded growth of E.coli.Mid-stream urine specimens were inoculated on blood agar and CLED agar and incubated at 35±2°C.Growth was observed,and Escherichia coli was identified by Gram staining,Catalase,Motility test and API 20E(Bio murex)as per standard procedure.Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of isolates for nitrofurantoin and fosfomycin was carried out by the modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method according to CLSI guidelines ATCC 25922.E.coli was used as a quality control strain.A total of 400 samples were tested susceptibility of nitrofurantoin and fosfomycin among urinary isolates of E.coli during this period.A total of 400 samples yielded the growth of E.coli,out of which 178(44.5%)were male and 222(55.5%)were female samples.Among males,18(10%)were tolerant to nitrofurantoin,and 2(1.1%)were tolerant to fosfomycin.Among females,9(4.09%)were susceptible to nitrofurantoin while 6(2.72%)were susceptible to fosfomycin.Among age groups below 45 years old,6(4.76%)were tolerant to nitrofurantoin,and 2(1.58%)were sensitive to fosfomycin.Between 46-66 years old,4(2.81%)were sensitive to nitrofurantoin,and 3(2.11%)were sensitive to fosfomycin.Between 67-90 years old,17(12.87%)were sensitive to nitrofurantoin,and 4(3.03%)were tolerant to fosfomycin.Fosfomycin and nitrofurantoin showed good susceptibility in urinary isolates of E.coli and can be used empirically in our setup.展开更多
The study was designed to find the prevalence of ANA antibodies and anti-dsDNA antibodies in samples tested at AFIP Rawalpindi and their correlation with age and gender and to find positive and negative predictive val...The study was designed to find the prevalence of ANA antibodies and anti-dsDNA antibodies in samples tested at AFIP Rawalpindi and their correlation with age and gender and to find positive and negative predictive values of ANA antibodies.For this purpose,twelve thousand nine hundred sixty-seven(12,967)patients were analyzed for ANA with four hundred sixty-eight(468)healthy samples tested as control and four thousand seven hundred three(4,703)patients tested for ds-DNA antibodies.Retrospective data of all samples tested by indirect immunofluorescence(IF)for ANA antibodies and dsDNA antibodies was collected.To address positive and negative predictive values another control group(autoimmunity not suspected)of serum samples was taken from the healthy population.For the first group,age,gender,ANA antibodies and ds-DNA antibodies results(both tests performed by IIF)data was collected from a computer record cell;for the second control group,ANA antibodies were performed by IIF.12,967 and 4,703 samples(Group 1)were tested for ANA antibodies and dsDNA antibodies,respectively,during this period.1,119(9%)and 99(2%)were found positive for ANA antibodies and ds DNA antibodies.Among these positive samples,850(76%)and 73(74%)were females respectively.Gender predisposition towards autoimmunity(ANA)was found significant with a P value of(P=0.001).Relation of age was also found significant with anti-ANA antibodies with a P value of(P=0.001).This study shows a negative correlation between age(P=0.025)and gender(P=0.001)with anti-dsDNA which is also significant.High prevalence was found below the mean age of 38 years(SD±16.635)for ANA antibodies and the mean age of 35 years(SD±15.066)for ds-DNA antibodies.The age of ANA antibodies and dsDNA antibodies positive patients ranged from 1 year old to 98 years old and 2 years old to 95 years old respectively.In the second(autoimmunity-free)control group,a total of 468 samples were tested for ANA antibodies and 9(2%)were found positive.Positive predictive value(PPV)was 8.6%and negative predictive value(NPV)was 98%.ANA is a sensitive test for autoimmunity and it is significantly related to female gender and increasing age.The low prevalence of ANA antibodies among clinically suspected cases suggests that rationalization of test prescriptions is needed.Anti-ds-DNA is also a sensitive test for diagnosis of SLE and it is significantly related to female gender and increasing age.展开更多
Plant tissue culture is a technique that enhances the quality and quantity of potatoes. Potatoes are a significant crop and are primarily used in the world. It is a staple food in many countries, where millions of ton...Plant tissue culture is a technique that enhances the quality and quantity of potatoes. Potatoes are a significant crop and are primarily used in the world. It is a staple food in many countries, where millions of tonnes are produced annually. It is an essential source of many nutrients, such as proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, and beta-carotene. In addition, potatoes are being used as therapeutic agents against cancer and other human diseases as well. Potatoes are on the third list after wheat and rice. To overcome food shortages and malnutrition, there are two methods used for producing potatoes: the first is sexual, which is seed propagation, and the second is asexual, which is plant tissue culture propagation. Conventional potato breeding is a uniform method, but it is unsafe because there is a risk of pathogen attack. In a laboratory setting, the tissue culture of potatoes produced millions of plants with nutrient-rich medium under controlled environmental conditions that prevent pest attacks. Some environmental stresses, such as salinity and water scarcity, affect potato yield and production;however, applying nanoparticles like organic, inorganic, and silicon dioxide enhances potato quality and combats stress. Biotechnology has proven to be helpful in addressing all these issues. This review discusses the significance of potatoes, their production through the tissue culture technique, and the application of nanoparticles to improve the growth, and impact of potatoes on human health.展开更多
Cancer stem cells(CSCs),first identified in blood cancers,are increasingly recognized as significant biomarkers and targets in tumor therapy due to their metastatic potential and role in cancer recurrence.Recent resea...Cancer stem cells(CSCs),first identified in blood cancers,are increasingly recognized as significant biomarkers and targets in tumor therapy due to their metastatic potential and role in cancer recurrence.Recent research has demonstrated the dedication of scientists in targeting CSCs to explore novel therapeutic strategies.Many types of cancer exhibit metastasis,heterogeneity,and resistance to treatment,all of which are influenced by CSCs.These cells utilize various transcription factors and signaling pathways to carry out these functions.By identifying and understanding these pathways,new therapeutic breakthroughs can be achieved.Thus,targeting cancer stem cells holds great potential and importance in cancer treatment.Moreover,CSCs offer promising avenues for treating otherwise incurable diseases.However,targeting CSCs presents challenges such as immunological rejection and disease recurrence.Advancing research into CSCs may reveal new insights in the fight against cancer and ultimately improve human health.This review explores the roles of CSCs in cancer development and treatment,aiming to uncover new therapeutic approaches.展开更多
To achieve efficient photocatalytic H_(2) generation from water using earth-abundant and cost-effective materials,a simple synthesis method for carbon-doped CdS particles wrapped with graphene(C-doped CdS@G)is reporte...To achieve efficient photocatalytic H_(2) generation from water using earth-abundant and cost-effective materials,a simple synthesis method for carbon-doped CdS particles wrapped with graphene(C-doped CdS@G)is reported.The doping effect and the application of graphene as cocatalyst for CdS is studied for photocatalytic H_(2) generation.The most active sample consists of CdS and graphene(CdS-0.15G)exhibits promising photocatalytic activity,producing 3.12 mmol g^-(1) h^-(1) of H_(2) under simulated solar light which is^4.6 times superior than pure CdS nanoparticles giving an apparent quantum efficiency(AQY)of 11.7%.The enhanced photocatalytic activity for H_(2) generation is associated to the narrowing of the bandgap,enhanced light absorption,fast interfacial charge transfer,and higher carrier density(N_(D))in C-doped CdS@G samples.This is achieved by C doping in CdS nanoparticles and the formation of a graphene shell over the C-doped CdS nanoparticles.After stability test,the spent catalysts sample was also characterized to investigate the nanostructure.展开更多
Deformation twinning is profusely activated in the Mg alloys due to lower critical resolved shear stress(CRSS) compared to the non-basal slip systems(prismatic and pyramidal ) and plays a significant role in texture r...Deformation twinning is profusely activated in the Mg alloys due to lower critical resolved shear stress(CRSS) compared to the non-basal slip systems(prismatic and pyramidal ) and plays a significant role in texture reorientation, grain refinement and enhancement of mechanical performance. Twinning is a sequential process comprising twin nucleation, twin propagation and twin growth, hence several intrinsic and extrinsic parameters that facilitate or suppress the process have been critically reviewed. The dependence of twinning on the grain size, deformation temperature, favorable grain orientation and shear strain have been thoroughly discussed in the context of published literature and an attempt has been made to provide a benchmark conclusive finding based on the majority of works. Furthermore, the subsequent effect of twinning on the mechanical performance of Mg alloys, including ductility, formability and tension-compression asymmetry has been discussed in detail. Lastly, the stability of twins, including stress and thermal stability, is summarized and critical issues related to pertinent bottlenecks have been addressed.展开更多
Critical properties of metallic materials,such as the yield stress,corrosion resistance and ductility depend on the microstructure and its grain size and size distribution.Solute atoms that favorably segregate to grai...Critical properties of metallic materials,such as the yield stress,corrosion resistance and ductility depend on the microstructure and its grain size and size distribution.Solute atoms that favorably segregate to grain boundaries produce a pinning atmosphere that exerts a drag pressure on the boundary motion,which strongly affects the grain growth behavior during annealing.In the current work,the characteristics of grain growth in an annealed Mg-1 wt.%Mn-1 wt.%Nd magnesium alloy were investigated by advanced experimental and modeling techniques.Systematic quasi in-situ orientation mappings with a scanning electron microscope were performed to track the evolution of local and global microstructural characteristics as a function of annealing time.Solute segregation at targeted grain boundaries was measured using three-dimensional atom probe tomography.Level-set computer simulations were carried with different setups of driving forces to explore their contribution to the microstructure development with and without solute drag.The results showed that the favorable growth advantage for some grains leading to a transient stage of abnormal grain growth is controlled by several drivers with varying importance at different stages of annealing.For longer annealing times,residual dislocation density gradients between large and smaller grains are no longer important,which leads to microstructure stability due to predominant solute drag.Local fluctuations in residual dislocation energy and solute concentration near grain boundaries cause different boundary segments to migrate at different rates,which affects the average growth rate of large grains and their evolved shape.展开更多
Aurivillius Na_(0.5)Bi_(4.5)Ti_(4)O_(15) and Bi_(4)Ti_(3)O_(12)compounds were synthesized via solid-state reaction technique.X-ray powder diffraction study confirmed monophasic four-layered Na_(0.5)Bi_(4.5)Ti_(4)O_(15...Aurivillius Na_(0.5)Bi_(4.5)Ti_(4)O_(15) and Bi_(4)Ti_(3)O_(12)compounds were synthesized via solid-state reaction technique.X-ray powder diffraction study confirmed monophasic four-layered Na_(0.5)Bi_(4.5)Ti_(4)O_(15) and three-layered Bi_(4)Ti_(3)O_(12) ceramics.Dielectric relaxation and conduction behaviors of Na-contained Na_(0.5)Bi_(4.5)Ti_(4)O_(15)ceramics were thoroughly investigated in a large scale of temperature of 30-650℃ and frequency of 40 Hz^(-1) MHz.In addition,comparative studies of both the compounds were discussed.Impedance and modulus analyses revealed a single relaxation behavior in Na_(0.5)Bi_(4.5)Ti_(4)O_(15) compound which was originated from the grain’s interior with grain resistance of 2.189×10^(5)Ω and capacitance of 4.268×10^(-10) F at 570℃.While in Bi_(4)Ti_(3)O_(12) ceramic the relaxation was due to the contributions of grain and grain boundaries.Alternating current(AC)conductivity analysis revealed the presence of two different conduction regions in both the compounds.Activation energies for the two different conduction mechanisms,i.e.,in low-temperature region and in high-temperature region were calculated to be~0.23 and~1.27 eV at 1 kHz for Na_(0.5)Bi_(4.5)Ti_(4)O_(15) compound and~0.43 eV and~0.97 eV at 1 kHz for Bi_(4)Ti_(3)O_(12) compound,respectively.The present study of dielectric relaxation and conduction behaviors would be helpful for further investigations of Na_(0.5)Bi_(4.5)Ti_(4)O_(15)-related Aurivillius compounds.展开更多
Multiple morphological abnormalities of the sperm flagella(MMAF)is a specific type of asthenoteratozoospermia,presenting with multiple morphological anomalies in spermatozoa,such as absent,bent,coiled,short,or irregul...Multiple morphological abnormalities of the sperm flagella(MMAF)is a specific type of asthenoteratozoospermia,presenting with multiple morphological anomalies in spermatozoa,such as absent,bent,coiled,short,or irregular caliber flagella.Previous genetic studies revealed pathogenic mutations in genes encoding cilia and flagella-associated proteins(CFAPs;e.g.,CFAP43,CFAP44,CFAP65,CFAP69,CFAP70,and CFAP251)responsible for the MMAF phenotype in infertile men from different ethnic groups.However,none of them have been identified in infertile Pakistani males with MMAF.In the current study,two Pakistani families with MMAF patients were recruited.Whole-exome sequencing(WES)of patients and their parents was performed.WES analysis reflected novel biallelic loss-of-function mutations in CFAP43 in both families(Family 1:ENST00000357060.3,p.Arg300Lysfs*22 and p.Thr526Serfs*43 in a compound heterozygous state;Family 2:ENST00000357060.3,p.Thr526Serfs*43 in a homozygous state).Sanger sequencing further confirmed that these mutations were segregated recessively in the families with the MMAF phenotype.Semiquantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR)was carried out to detect the effect of the mutation on mRNA of the affected gene.Previous research demonstrated that biallelic loss-of-function mutations in CFAP43 accounted for the majority of all CFAP43-mutant MMAF patients.To the best of our knowledge,this is the first study to report CFAP43 biallelic loss-of-function mutations in a Pakistani population with the MMAF phenotype.This study will help researchers and clinicians to understand the genetic etiology of MMAF better.展开更多
IPv6 over Low Power Wireless Personal Area Network(6LoWPAN)connects the highly constrained sensor nodes with the internet using the IPv6 protocol.6LoWPAN has improved the scalability of the Internet of Things(IoTs)inf...IPv6 over Low Power Wireless Personal Area Network(6LoWPAN)connects the highly constrained sensor nodes with the internet using the IPv6 protocol.6LoWPAN has improved the scalability of the Internet of Things(IoTs)infrastructure and allows mobile nodes to send packets over the IEEE 802.15.4 wireless network.Several mobility managements schemes have been suggested for handling the registration and handover procedures in 6LoWPAN.However,these schemes have performance constraints,such as increased transmission cost,signalling overhead,registration,and handover latency.To address these issues,we propose a novel cluster-based group mobility scheme(CGM6)for 6LoWPAN.To reduce the signalling cost in the CGM6 scheme,we propose to combine the functions of the Authentication,Authorization and Accounting(AAA)server and Local Mobility Anchor(LMA)in AMAG6(AAA+MAG for 6LoWPAN).AMAG6 acts as a cluster head and exchange its information directly with its neighbouring AMAG6 during the mobility.Furthermore,AMAG6 is responsible for the binding and authentication process.To reduce the transmission cost,we also propose enhancements in registration and Handover procedures.The performance of CGM6 is evaluated through extensive simulations.The simulation results show that CGM6 has reduced the handoff latency by 32%,registration delay by 11%and transmission cost by 37%compared to the state-of-the-art mobility management schemes.展开更多
One of the most difficult jobs in the post-genomic age is identifying a genetic disease from a massive amount of genetic data.Furthermore,the complicated genetic disease has a very diverse genotype,making it challengi...One of the most difficult jobs in the post-genomic age is identifying a genetic disease from a massive amount of genetic data.Furthermore,the complicated genetic disease has a very diverse genotype,making it challenging to find genetic markers.This is a challenging process since it must be completed effectively and efficiently.This research article focuses largely on which patients are more likely to have a genetic disorder based on numerous medical parameters.Using the patient’s medical history,we used a genetic disease prediction algorithm that predicts if the patient is likely to be diagnosed with a genetic disorder.To predict and categorize the patient with a genetic disease,we utilize several deep and machine learning techniques such as Artificial neural network(ANN),K-nearest neighbors(KNN),and Support vector machine(SVM).To enhance the accuracy of predicting the genetic disease in any patient,a highly efficient approach was utilized to control how the model can be used.To predict genetic disease,deep and machine learning approaches are performed.The most productive tool model provides more precise efficiency.The simulation results demonstrate that by using the proposed model with the ANN,we achieve the highest model performance of 85.7%,84.9%,84.3%accuracy of training,testing and validation respectively.This approach will undoubtedly transform genetic disorder prediction and give a real competitive strategy to save patients’lives.展开更多
Infertility is a major health issue,affecting approximately 15%of couples of child-bearing age.Although nearly half of idiopathic infertility cases are assumed to have a genetic basis,the underlying causes remain larg...Infertility is a major health issue,affecting approximately 15%of couples of child-bearing age.Although nearly half of idiopathic infertility cases are assumed to have a genetic basis,the underlying causes remain largely unknown in most infertile men.展开更多
基金The authors of this study extend their appreciation to the Researchers Supporting Project number(RSPD2025R544),King Saud University,Riyadh,Saudia Arabia.
文摘As the trend to use the latestmachine learning models to automate requirements engineering processes continues,security requirements classification is tuning into the most researched field in the software engineering community.Previous literature studies have proposed numerousmodels for the classification of security requirements.However,adopting those models is constrained due to the lack of essential datasets permitting the repetition and generalization of studies employing more advanced machine learning algorithms.Moreover,most of the researchers focus only on the classification of requirements with security keywords.They did not consider other nonfunctional requirements(NFR)directly or indirectly related to security.This has been identified as a significant research gap in security requirements engineering.The major objective of this study is to propose a security requirements classification model that categorizes security and other relevant security requirements.We use PROMISE_exp and DOSSPRE,the two most commonly used datasets in the software engineering community.The proposed methodology consists of two steps.In the first step,we analyze all the nonfunctional requirements and their relation with security requirements.We found 10 NFRs that have a strong relationship with security requirements.In the second step,we categorize those NFRs in the security requirements category.Our proposedmethodology is a hybridmodel based on the ConvolutionalNeural Network(CNN)and Extreme Gradient Boosting(XGBoost)models.Moreover,we evaluate the model by updating the requirement type column with a binary classification column in the dataset to classify the requirements into security and non-security categories.The performance is evaluated using four metrics:recall,precision,accuracy,and F1 Score with 20 and 28 epochs number and batch size of 32 for PROMISE_exp and DOSSPRE datasets and achieved 87.3%and 85.3%accuracy,respectively.The proposed study shows an enhancement in metrics values compared to the previous literature studies.This is a proof of concept for systematizing the evaluation of security recognition in software systems during the early phases of software development.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32100689)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2021YFC2700202,No.2022YFA0806303,and No.2022YFC2702601)+1 种基金the Global Select Project(No.DJK-LX-2022010)of the Institute of Health and MedicineHefei Comprehensive National Science Center,and the Joint Fund for New Medicine of USTC(No.YD9100002034).
文摘Multiple morphological abnormalities of sperm flagella(MMAF)is a severe form of asthenoteratozoospermia,characterized by morphological abnormalities and reduced motility of sperm,causing male infertility.Although approximately 60%of MMAF cases can be explained genetically,the etiology of the remaining cases is unclear.Here,we identified two novel compound heterozygous variants in the gene,dynein axonemal heavy chain 10(DNAH10),in three patients from two unrelated Pakistani families using whole-exome sequencing(WES),including one compound heterozygous mutation(DNAH10:c.9409C>A[p.P3137T];c.12946G>C[p.D4316H])in family 1 and another compound heterozygous mutation(DNAH10:c.8849G>A[p.G2950D];c.11509C>T[p.R3687W])in family 2.All the identified variants are absent or rare in public genome databases and are predicted to have deleterious effects according to multiple bioinformatic tools.Sanger sequencing revealed that these variants follow an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance.Hematoxylin and eosin(H&E)staining revealed MMAF,including sperm head abnormalities,in the patients.In addition,immunofluorescence staining revealed loss of DNAH10 protein signals along sperm flagella.These findings broaden the spectrum of DNAH10 variants and expand understanding of the genetic basis of male infertility associated with the MMAF phenotype.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2021YFC2700202,No.2022YFA0806303,and No.2022YFC2702601)the Global Select Project of the Institute of Health and Medicine,Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center(DJK-LX-2022010)the Joint Fund for New Medicine of USTC(YD9100002034).
文摘Multiple morphological abnormalities of the flagella(MMAF)represent a severe form of sperm defects leading to asthenozoospermia and male infertility.In this study,we identified a novel homozygous splicing mutation(c.871-4 ACA>A)in the adenylate kinase 7(AK7)gene by whole-exome sequencing in infertile individuals.Spermatozoa from affected individuals exhibited typical MMAF characteristics,including coiled,bent,short,absent,and irregular flagella.Transmission electron microscopy analysis showed disorganized axonemal structure and abnormal mitochondrial sheets in sperm flagella.Immunofluorescence staining confirmed the absence of AK7 protein from the patients’spermatozoa,validating the pathogenic nature of the mutation.This study provides direct evidence linking the AK7 gene to MMAF-associated asthenozoospermia in humans,expanding the mutational spectrum of AK7 and enhancing our understanding of the genetic basis of male infertility.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFC2700202,2022YFA0806303 and 2022YFC2702601)the Global Select Project of the Institute of Health and Medicine,Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center(DJK-LX-2022010)+1 种基金USTC Research Funds of the Double First-Class Initiative(the Joint Fund for New Medicine of USTC)(YD9100002034)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(WK9100000004).
文摘Multiple morphological abnormalities of the sperm flagella(MMAF)are characterized by bent,irregular,short,coiled,and absent flagella.MMAF is caused by a variety of genes,some of which have been identified.However,the underlying genetic factors responsible for the majority of MMAF cases are still largely unknown.The glutamine-rich 2(QRICH2)gene plays an essential role in the development of sperm flagella by regulating the expression of essential sperm flagellar biogenesis-associated proteins,and genetic variants of QRICH2 have been identified as the primary cause of MMAF in humans and mice.Here,we recruited a Pakistani consanguineous family to identify the genetic variant causing infertility in patients with MMAF.Whole-exome sequencing and Sanger sequencing were conducted to identify potentially pathogenic variants causing MMAF in infertile patients.Hematoxylin and eosin(HE)staining was performed to analyze sperm morphology.Quantitative polymerase chain reaction,western blot,and immunofluorescence staining analyses were conducted to observe the expression of QRICH2 in spermatozoa.A novel homozygous missense variant(c.4618C>T)in QRICH2 was identified in the affected patients.Morphological analysis of spermatozoa revealed the MMAF phenotype in infertile patients.qPCR revealed a significant reduction in the level of sperm QRICH2 mRNA,and immunofluorescence staining revealed a lack of sperm QRICH2 expression.Additionally,patients harboring a homozygous QRICH2 mutation presented reduced expression of outer dense fiber 2(ODF2)in sperm,whereas sperm expression of A-kinase anchor protein 4(AKAP4)was normal.These findings expand our understanding of the genetic causes of MMAF-associated male infertility and emphasize the importance of genetic counseling.
基金Researchers Supporting Project Number(RSPD2024R 553),King Saud University,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia.
文摘Wheat is a critical crop,extensively consumed worldwide,and its production enhancement is essential to meet escalating demand.The presence of diseases like stem rust,leaf rust,yellow rust,and tan spot significantly diminishes wheat yield,making the early and precise identification of these diseases vital for effective disease management.With advancements in deep learning algorithms,researchers have proposed many methods for the automated detection of disease pathogens;however,accurately detectingmultiple disease pathogens simultaneously remains a challenge.This challenge arises due to the scarcity of RGB images for multiple diseases,class imbalance in existing public datasets,and the difficulty in extracting features that discriminate between multiple classes of disease pathogens.In this research,a novel method is proposed based on Transfer Generative Adversarial Networks for augmenting existing data,thereby overcoming the problems of class imbalance and data scarcity.This study proposes a customized architecture of Vision Transformers(ViT),where the feature vector is obtained by concatenating features extracted from the custom ViT and Graph Neural Networks.This paper also proposes a Model AgnosticMeta Learning(MAML)based ensemble classifier for accurate classification.The proposedmodel,validated on public datasets for wheat disease pathogen classification,achieved a test accuracy of 99.20%and an F1-score of 97.95%.Compared with existing state-of-the-art methods,this proposed model outperforms in terms of accuracy,F1-score,and the number of disease pathogens detection.In future,more diseases can be included for detection along with some other modalities like pests and weed.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82071709,No.32070850,and No.82171601)the National Key Research and Developmental Program of China(2022YFC2702601 and 2022YFA0806303)the Joint Fund for New Medicine of USTC(YD9100002034).
文摘Male infertility is a worldwide health issue,affecting 8%–12%of the global population.Oligoasthenoteratozoospermia(OAT)represents a severe type of male infertility,characterized by reduced sperm count and motility and an increased frequency of sperm with aberrant morphology.Using whole-exome sequencing,this study identified a novel missense mutation(c.848C>A,p.A283E)in the coiled-coil domain-containing 34 gene(CCDC34)in a consanguineous Pakistani family.This rare mutation was predicted to be deleterious and to affect the protein stability.Hematoxylin and eosin staining of spermatozoa from the patient with OAT revealed multiple morphological abnormalities of the flagella and transmission electron microscopy indicated axonemal ultrastructural defects with a lack of outer dynein arms.These findings indicated that CCDC34 plays a role in maintaining the axonemal ultrastructure and the assembly or stability of the outer dynein arms,thus expanding the phenotypic spectrum of CCDC34 missense mutations.
文摘Dear Editor,Renal calculosis is one of the most common urological disorders worldwide,with a prevalence ranging from 1%to 13%across different regions[1].Renal stones are crystal concretions that form on the inner surface of the kidney,resulting from disruptions in the metabolism,the excretion of stone constituents,or the formation of Randall's plaques and plugs.These stones are a result of various endogenous factors.
文摘Nanotechnology has far-reaching implications and applications in multiple fields.The biomedical and health sectors can use nanotechnology concepts for medication delivery and treatment.Under controlled conditions,it can target and initiate administering drugs and several other therapeutic agents.Since cancer is the largest cause of death worldwide,prompt diagnosis and effective anticancer treatments are crucial.In this particular context,nanotechnology reduces side effects and directs drug delivery to specifically target cancer cells,providing unique benefits for cancer therapy.In the present thorough review,the most noteworthy new findings for 2010–2023 were compiled,which address the development and use of nanosystems for cancer treatment.Nanoparticles allow precise and controlled release of therapeutic substances at specific action locations,enabling targeted medication delivery.Size,shape,surface,charge,and loading methods impact its efficiency.Researchers have made advancements in encapsulating drugs into nanoliposomes and nanoemulsions,including paclitaxel and fisetin,and are currently testing their suitability in ongoing clinical trials.The purpose of this review is to serve as a continuous path toward recognizing the extraordinary potential of various nanoparticles in cancer therapies.
文摘This study was designed to find the susceptibility of Nitrofurantoin and Fosfomycin among urinary isolates of Escherichia.coli.Four hundred(400)urine samples were collected for susceptibility of nitrofurantoin and fosfomycin among urinary isolates of E.coli.All indoor and outdoor patients'urinary samples yielded growth of E.coli.Mid-stream urine specimens were inoculated on blood agar and CLED agar and incubated at 35±2°C.Growth was observed,and Escherichia coli was identified by Gram staining,Catalase,Motility test and API 20E(Bio murex)as per standard procedure.Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of isolates for nitrofurantoin and fosfomycin was carried out by the modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method according to CLSI guidelines ATCC 25922.E.coli was used as a quality control strain.A total of 400 samples were tested susceptibility of nitrofurantoin and fosfomycin among urinary isolates of E.coli during this period.A total of 400 samples yielded the growth of E.coli,out of which 178(44.5%)were male and 222(55.5%)were female samples.Among males,18(10%)were tolerant to nitrofurantoin,and 2(1.1%)were tolerant to fosfomycin.Among females,9(4.09%)were susceptible to nitrofurantoin while 6(2.72%)were susceptible to fosfomycin.Among age groups below 45 years old,6(4.76%)were tolerant to nitrofurantoin,and 2(1.58%)were sensitive to fosfomycin.Between 46-66 years old,4(2.81%)were sensitive to nitrofurantoin,and 3(2.11%)were sensitive to fosfomycin.Between 67-90 years old,17(12.87%)were sensitive to nitrofurantoin,and 4(3.03%)were tolerant to fosfomycin.Fosfomycin and nitrofurantoin showed good susceptibility in urinary isolates of E.coli and can be used empirically in our setup.
文摘The study was designed to find the prevalence of ANA antibodies and anti-dsDNA antibodies in samples tested at AFIP Rawalpindi and their correlation with age and gender and to find positive and negative predictive values of ANA antibodies.For this purpose,twelve thousand nine hundred sixty-seven(12,967)patients were analyzed for ANA with four hundred sixty-eight(468)healthy samples tested as control and four thousand seven hundred three(4,703)patients tested for ds-DNA antibodies.Retrospective data of all samples tested by indirect immunofluorescence(IF)for ANA antibodies and dsDNA antibodies was collected.To address positive and negative predictive values another control group(autoimmunity not suspected)of serum samples was taken from the healthy population.For the first group,age,gender,ANA antibodies and ds-DNA antibodies results(both tests performed by IIF)data was collected from a computer record cell;for the second control group,ANA antibodies were performed by IIF.12,967 and 4,703 samples(Group 1)were tested for ANA antibodies and dsDNA antibodies,respectively,during this period.1,119(9%)and 99(2%)were found positive for ANA antibodies and ds DNA antibodies.Among these positive samples,850(76%)and 73(74%)were females respectively.Gender predisposition towards autoimmunity(ANA)was found significant with a P value of(P=0.001).Relation of age was also found significant with anti-ANA antibodies with a P value of(P=0.001).This study shows a negative correlation between age(P=0.025)and gender(P=0.001)with anti-dsDNA which is also significant.High prevalence was found below the mean age of 38 years(SD±16.635)for ANA antibodies and the mean age of 35 years(SD±15.066)for ds-DNA antibodies.The age of ANA antibodies and dsDNA antibodies positive patients ranged from 1 year old to 98 years old and 2 years old to 95 years old respectively.In the second(autoimmunity-free)control group,a total of 468 samples were tested for ANA antibodies and 9(2%)were found positive.Positive predictive value(PPV)was 8.6%and negative predictive value(NPV)was 98%.ANA is a sensitive test for autoimmunity and it is significantly related to female gender and increasing age.The low prevalence of ANA antibodies among clinically suspected cases suggests that rationalization of test prescriptions is needed.Anti-ds-DNA is also a sensitive test for diagnosis of SLE and it is significantly related to female gender and increasing age.
文摘Plant tissue culture is a technique that enhances the quality and quantity of potatoes. Potatoes are a significant crop and are primarily used in the world. It is a staple food in many countries, where millions of tonnes are produced annually. It is an essential source of many nutrients, such as proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, and beta-carotene. In addition, potatoes are being used as therapeutic agents against cancer and other human diseases as well. Potatoes are on the third list after wheat and rice. To overcome food shortages and malnutrition, there are two methods used for producing potatoes: the first is sexual, which is seed propagation, and the second is asexual, which is plant tissue culture propagation. Conventional potato breeding is a uniform method, but it is unsafe because there is a risk of pathogen attack. In a laboratory setting, the tissue culture of potatoes produced millions of plants with nutrient-rich medium under controlled environmental conditions that prevent pest attacks. Some environmental stresses, such as salinity and water scarcity, affect potato yield and production;however, applying nanoparticles like organic, inorganic, and silicon dioxide enhances potato quality and combats stress. Biotechnology has proven to be helpful in addressing all these issues. This review discusses the significance of potatoes, their production through the tissue culture technique, and the application of nanoparticles to improve the growth, and impact of potatoes on human health.
文摘Cancer stem cells(CSCs),first identified in blood cancers,are increasingly recognized as significant biomarkers and targets in tumor therapy due to their metastatic potential and role in cancer recurrence.Recent research has demonstrated the dedication of scientists in targeting CSCs to explore novel therapeutic strategies.Many types of cancer exhibit metastasis,heterogeneity,and resistance to treatment,all of which are influenced by CSCs.These cells utilize various transcription factors and signaling pathways to carry out these functions.By identifying and understanding these pathways,new therapeutic breakthroughs can be achieved.Thus,targeting cancer stem cells holds great potential and importance in cancer treatment.Moreover,CSCs offer promising avenues for treating otherwise incurable diseases.However,targeting CSCs presents challenges such as immunological rejection and disease recurrence.Advancing research into CSCs may reveal new insights in the fight against cancer and ultimately improve human health.This review explores the roles of CSCs in cancer development and treatment,aiming to uncover new therapeutic approaches.
基金support from the Research Council of Norway provided by the Norwegian Center for Transmission Electron Microscopy,NORTEM(197405/F50)NTNU NanoLab(grant number 245963)which have provided the characterization toolsthe strategic funding support provided by Department of Chemical Engineering,NTNU,Trondheim,Norway.
文摘To achieve efficient photocatalytic H_(2) generation from water using earth-abundant and cost-effective materials,a simple synthesis method for carbon-doped CdS particles wrapped with graphene(C-doped CdS@G)is reported.The doping effect and the application of graphene as cocatalyst for CdS is studied for photocatalytic H_(2) generation.The most active sample consists of CdS and graphene(CdS-0.15G)exhibits promising photocatalytic activity,producing 3.12 mmol g^-(1) h^-(1) of H_(2) under simulated solar light which is^4.6 times superior than pure CdS nanoparticles giving an apparent quantum efficiency(AQY)of 11.7%.The enhanced photocatalytic activity for H_(2) generation is associated to the narrowing of the bandgap,enhanced light absorption,fast interfacial charge transfer,and higher carrier density(N_(D))in C-doped CdS@G samples.This is achieved by C doping in CdS nanoparticles and the formation of a graphene shell over the C-doped CdS nanoparticles.After stability test,the spent catalysts sample was also characterized to investigate the nanostructure.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)grant funded by the Korean government (MSIT) (No.2020R1C1C1004434)。
文摘Deformation twinning is profusely activated in the Mg alloys due to lower critical resolved shear stress(CRSS) compared to the non-basal slip systems(prismatic and pyramidal ) and plays a significant role in texture reorientation, grain refinement and enhancement of mechanical performance. Twinning is a sequential process comprising twin nucleation, twin propagation and twin growth, hence several intrinsic and extrinsic parameters that facilitate or suppress the process have been critically reviewed. The dependence of twinning on the grain size, deformation temperature, favorable grain orientation and shear strain have been thoroughly discussed in the context of published literature and an attempt has been made to provide a benchmark conclusive finding based on the majority of works. Furthermore, the subsequent effect of twinning on the mechanical performance of Mg alloys, including ductility, formability and tension-compression asymmetry has been discussed in detail. Lastly, the stability of twins, including stress and thermal stability, is summarized and critical issues related to pertinent bottlenecks have been addressed.
基金support of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft(DFG),Grant no.AL 1343/7–1,AL 1343/8–1,Yi 103/3–1。
文摘Critical properties of metallic materials,such as the yield stress,corrosion resistance and ductility depend on the microstructure and its grain size and size distribution.Solute atoms that favorably segregate to grain boundaries produce a pinning atmosphere that exerts a drag pressure on the boundary motion,which strongly affects the grain growth behavior during annealing.In the current work,the characteristics of grain growth in an annealed Mg-1 wt.%Mn-1 wt.%Nd magnesium alloy were investigated by advanced experimental and modeling techniques.Systematic quasi in-situ orientation mappings with a scanning electron microscope were performed to track the evolution of local and global microstructural characteristics as a function of annealing time.Solute segregation at targeted grain boundaries was measured using three-dimensional atom probe tomography.Level-set computer simulations were carried with different setups of driving forces to explore their contribution to the microstructure development with and without solute drag.The results showed that the favorable growth advantage for some grains leading to a transient stage of abnormal grain growth is controlled by several drivers with varying importance at different stages of annealing.For longer annealing times,residual dislocation density gradients between large and smaller grains are no longer important,which leads to microstructure stability due to predominant solute drag.Local fluctuations in residual dislocation energy and solute concentration near grain boundaries cause different boundary segments to migrate at different rates,which affects the average growth rate of large grains and their evolved shape.
基金financially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51972029 and 51772029)。
文摘Aurivillius Na_(0.5)Bi_(4.5)Ti_(4)O_(15) and Bi_(4)Ti_(3)O_(12)compounds were synthesized via solid-state reaction technique.X-ray powder diffraction study confirmed monophasic four-layered Na_(0.5)Bi_(4.5)Ti_(4)O_(15) and three-layered Bi_(4)Ti_(3)O_(12) ceramics.Dielectric relaxation and conduction behaviors of Na-contained Na_(0.5)Bi_(4.5)Ti_(4)O_(15)ceramics were thoroughly investigated in a large scale of temperature of 30-650℃ and frequency of 40 Hz^(-1) MHz.In addition,comparative studies of both the compounds were discussed.Impedance and modulus analyses revealed a single relaxation behavior in Na_(0.5)Bi_(4.5)Ti_(4)O_(15) compound which was originated from the grain’s interior with grain resistance of 2.189×10^(5)Ω and capacitance of 4.268×10^(-10) F at 570℃.While in Bi_(4)Ti_(3)O_(12) ceramic the relaxation was due to the contributions of grain and grain boundaries.Alternating current(AC)conductivity analysis revealed the presence of two different conduction regions in both the compounds.Activation energies for the two different conduction mechanisms,i.e.,in low-temperature region and in high-temperature region were calculated to be~0.23 and~1.27 eV at 1 kHz for Na_(0.5)Bi_(4.5)Ti_(4)O_(15) compound and~0.43 eV and~0.97 eV at 1 kHz for Bi_(4)Ti_(3)O_(12) compound,respectively.The present study of dielectric relaxation and conduction behaviors would be helpful for further investigations of Na_(0.5)Bi_(4.5)Ti_(4)O_(15)-related Aurivillius compounds.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32070850)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31630050,31890780,and 32061143006)+2 种基金the National Key Research and Developmental Program of China(2018YFC1003900,2019YFA0802600,and 2016YFC1000600)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDB19000000)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.YD2070002006).
文摘Multiple morphological abnormalities of the sperm flagella(MMAF)is a specific type of asthenoteratozoospermia,presenting with multiple morphological anomalies in spermatozoa,such as absent,bent,coiled,short,or irregular caliber flagella.Previous genetic studies revealed pathogenic mutations in genes encoding cilia and flagella-associated proteins(CFAPs;e.g.,CFAP43,CFAP44,CFAP65,CFAP69,CFAP70,and CFAP251)responsible for the MMAF phenotype in infertile men from different ethnic groups.However,none of them have been identified in infertile Pakistani males with MMAF.In the current study,two Pakistani families with MMAF patients were recruited.Whole-exome sequencing(WES)of patients and their parents was performed.WES analysis reflected novel biallelic loss-of-function mutations in CFAP43 in both families(Family 1:ENST00000357060.3,p.Arg300Lysfs*22 and p.Thr526Serfs*43 in a compound heterozygous state;Family 2:ENST00000357060.3,p.Thr526Serfs*43 in a homozygous state).Sanger sequencing further confirmed that these mutations were segregated recessively in the families with the MMAF phenotype.Semiquantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR)was carried out to detect the effect of the mutation on mRNA of the affected gene.Previous research demonstrated that biallelic loss-of-function mutations in CFAP43 accounted for the majority of all CFAP43-mutant MMAF patients.To the best of our knowledge,this is the first study to report CFAP43 biallelic loss-of-function mutations in a Pakistani population with the MMAF phenotype.This study will help researchers and clinicians to understand the genetic etiology of MMAF better.
文摘IPv6 over Low Power Wireless Personal Area Network(6LoWPAN)connects the highly constrained sensor nodes with the internet using the IPv6 protocol.6LoWPAN has improved the scalability of the Internet of Things(IoTs)infrastructure and allows mobile nodes to send packets over the IEEE 802.15.4 wireless network.Several mobility managements schemes have been suggested for handling the registration and handover procedures in 6LoWPAN.However,these schemes have performance constraints,such as increased transmission cost,signalling overhead,registration,and handover latency.To address these issues,we propose a novel cluster-based group mobility scheme(CGM6)for 6LoWPAN.To reduce the signalling cost in the CGM6 scheme,we propose to combine the functions of the Authentication,Authorization and Accounting(AAA)server and Local Mobility Anchor(LMA)in AMAG6(AAA+MAG for 6LoWPAN).AMAG6 acts as a cluster head and exchange its information directly with its neighbouring AMAG6 during the mobility.Furthermore,AMAG6 is responsible for the binding and authentication process.To reduce the transmission cost,we also propose enhancements in registration and Handover procedures.The performance of CGM6 is evaluated through extensive simulations.The simulation results show that CGM6 has reduced the handoff latency by 32%,registration delay by 11%and transmission cost by 37%compared to the state-of-the-art mobility management schemes.
文摘One of the most difficult jobs in the post-genomic age is identifying a genetic disease from a massive amount of genetic data.Furthermore,the complicated genetic disease has a very diverse genotype,making it challenging to find genetic markers.This is a challenging process since it must be completed effectively and efficiently.This research article focuses largely on which patients are more likely to have a genetic disorder based on numerous medical parameters.Using the patient’s medical history,we used a genetic disease prediction algorithm that predicts if the patient is likely to be diagnosed with a genetic disorder.To predict and categorize the patient with a genetic disease,we utilize several deep and machine learning techniques such as Artificial neural network(ANN),K-nearest neighbors(KNN),and Support vector machine(SVM).To enhance the accuracy of predicting the genetic disease in any patient,a highly efficient approach was utilized to control how the model can be used.To predict genetic disease,deep and machine learning approaches are performed.The most productive tool model provides more precise efficiency.The simulation results demonstrate that by using the proposed model with the ANN,we achieve the highest model performance of 85.7%,84.9%,84.3%accuracy of training,testing and validation respectively.This approach will undoubtedly transform genetic disorder prediction and give a real competitive strategy to save patients’lives.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(WK2070080005)。
文摘Infertility is a major health issue,affecting approximately 15%of couples of child-bearing age.Although nearly half of idiopathic infertility cases are assumed to have a genetic basis,the underlying causes remain largely unknown in most infertile men.
