Software testing is an important and cost intensive activity in software development.The major contribution in cost is due to test case generations.Requirement-based testing is an approach in which test cases are deri...Software testing is an important and cost intensive activity in software development.The major contribution in cost is due to test case generations.Requirement-based testing is an approach in which test cases are derivative from requirements without considering the implementation’s internal structure.Requirement-based testing includes functional and nonfunctional requirements.The objective of this study is to explore the approaches that generate test cases from requirements.A systematic literature review based on two research questions and extensive quality assessment criteria includes studies.The study identies 30 primary studies from 410 studies spanned from 2000 to 2018.The review’s nding shows that 53%of journal papers,42%of conference papers,and 5%of book chapters’address requirementsbased testing.Most of the studies use UML,activity,and use case diagrams for test case generation from requirements.One of the signicant lessons learned is that most software testing errors are traced back to errors in natural language requirements.A substantial amount of work focuses on UML diagrams for test case generations,which cannot capture all the system’s developed attributes.Furthermore,there is a lack of UML-based models that can generate test cases from natural language requirements by rening them in context.Coverage criteria indicate how efciently the testing has been performed 12.37%of studies use requirements coverage,20%of studies cover path coverage,and 17%study basic coverage.展开更多
Liver tumor is the fifth most occurring type of tumor in men and the ninth most occurring type of tumor in women according to recent reports of Global cancer statistics 2018.There are several imaging tests like Comput...Liver tumor is the fifth most occurring type of tumor in men and the ninth most occurring type of tumor in women according to recent reports of Global cancer statistics 2018.There are several imaging tests like Computed Tomography(CT),Magnetic Resonance Imaging(MRI),and ultrasound that can diagnose the liver tumor after taking the sample from the tissue of the liver.These tests are costly and time-consuming.This paper proposed that image processing through deep learning Convolutional Neural Network(CNNs)ResUNet model that can be helpful for the early diagnose of tumor instead of conventional methods.The existing studies have mainly used the two Cascaded CNNs for liver segmentation and evaluation of Region Of Interest(ROI).This study uses ResUNet,an updated version of U-Net and ResNet Models that utilize the service of Residential blocks.We apply over method on the 3D-IRCADb01 dataset that is based on CT slices of liver tumor affected patients.The results showed the True Value Accuracy around 99%and F1 score performance around 95%.This method will be helpful for early and accurate diagnose of the Liver tumor to save the lives of many patients in the field of Biotechnology.展开更多
Text Summarization is an essential area in text mining,which has procedures for text extraction.In natural language processing,text summarization maps the documents to a representative set of descriptive words.Therefo...Text Summarization is an essential area in text mining,which has procedures for text extraction.In natural language processing,text summarization maps the documents to a representative set of descriptive words.Therefore,the objective of text extraction is to attain reduced expressive contents from the text documents.Text summarization has two main areas such as abstractive,and extractive summarization.Extractive text summarization has further two approaches,in which the first approach applies the sentence score algorithm,and the second approach follows the word embedding principles.All such text extractions have limitations in providing the basic theme of the underlying documents.In this paper,we have employed text summarization by TF-IDF with PageRank keywords,sentence score algorithm,and Word2Vec word embedding.The study compared these forms of the text summarizations with the actual text,by calculating cosine similarities.Furthermore,TF-IDF based PageRank keywords are extracted from the other two extractive summarizations.An intersection over these three types of TD-IDF keywords to generate the more representative set of keywords for each text document is performed.This technique generates variable-length keywords as per document diversity instead of selecting fixedlength keywords for each document.This form of abstractive summarization improves metadata similarity to the original text compared to all other forms of summarized text.It also solves the issue of deciding the number of representative keywords for a specific text document.To evaluate the technique,the study used a sample of more than eighteen hundred text documents.The abstractive summarization follows the principles of deep learning to create uniform similarity of extracted words with actual text and all other forms of text summarization.The proposed technique provides a stable measure of similarity as compared to existing forms of text summarization.展开更多
This paper investigate the effect of slip boundary condition, thermal radiation, heat source, Dufour number,chemical reaction and viscous dissipation on heat and mass transfer of unsteady free convective MHD flow of a...This paper investigate the effect of slip boundary condition, thermal radiation, heat source, Dufour number,chemical reaction and viscous dissipation on heat and mass transfer of unsteady free convective MHD flow of a viscous fluid past through a vertical plate embedded in a porous media. Numerical results are obtained for solving the nonlinear governing momentum, energy and concentration equations with slip boundary condition, ramped wall temperature and ramped wall concentration on the surface of the vertical plate. The influence of emerging parameters on velocity,temperature and concentration fields are shown graphically.展开更多
The magmatic arcs in the north-west region of Pakistan comprises of numerous volcanic and plutonic bodies of different ages and compositions evolved during the subduction of the Neo- Tethys Ocean under the Eurasian su...The magmatic arcs in the north-west region of Pakistan comprises of numerous volcanic and plutonic bodies of different ages and compositions evolved during the subduction of the Neo- Tethys Ocean under the Eurasian supercontinent. This study focusses on the examination of the granitoids of the Kohistan batholith (a part of Kohistan-Ladakh Island Arc;KLIA) and the Khunjerab pluton, concentrating on their petrological traits, mineral chemistry, in-situ zircon U-Pb geochronology, and whole-rock major and trace element geochemistry. According to zircon U-Pb dating, the Kohistan batholith granitoid was emplaced around 91.7 ± 0.3 Ma, while zircons of the Khunjerab pluton yield ages of 106.4 ± 0.4 Ma and 106.4 ± 1.0 Ma. All the samples from both magmatic units have calcic to calc-alkaline (Na_(2)O + K_(2)O: 3.6–10.6 wt.% and SiO_(2): 60–73 wt.%), metaluminous to peraluminous properties (Aluminum Saturation Index (ASI): 0.9–1.2). Notably, Nb, Ta, and Ti show depletion, while large ion lithophile elements like Cs, Rb, and K have been enriched. Additionally, we find that SiO_(2) and P_(2)O_(5) have a negative correlation while Rb and Th have a positive correlation, which confirm an I-type arc magmatism. Together with the published literature, TEM analysis, and thermal modelling, our zircon U-Pb results point to a period of continuous magmatic activity from the Late Jurassic to the Late Cretaceous (between 150 Ma and 91 Ma) in the Kohistan Island arc region while the Khunjerab pluton (part of Karakorum block/Eurasian plate) experienced widespread magmatism around 120 Ma to 106 Ma. With SiO_(2) concentrations ranging from 67.5–73.3 wt.% and 60–71.4 wt.% and relatively low alkali (Na_(2)O + K_(2)O) contents between 3.6–10.6 wt.% and 5.1–7.4 wt.% in the Kohistan batholith and Khunjerab pluton respectively, showing clear signs of acidity. The whole rock as well as the mineral geochemical analysis and the elevated water contents (8–10 wt.% and 3.1–3.5 wt.%) inferred from amphibole and biotite chemistry respectively, indicates that the Kohistan batholith was most likely formed through partial melting of a (hydrous) magma originating from a more or less altered metasomatized mantle wedge. Likewise, the Khunjerab pluton whole rock geochemistry also indicates its origin through partial melting of magma originating from an altered metasomatized mantle wedge. This study also shows that both units are not only different in terms of the nature of magmatism but also in terms of their ages i.e., continental arc magmatism occurred in the Khunjerab (Karakoram) block in the middle Cretaceous (106 Ma) while island arc magmatism occurred on the Kohistan side in the late Cretaceous (91 Ma). Further, this study also investigate why multi-grain U-Pb zircon dating is necessary for studying magmatic rocks by using transmission electron microscopy.展开更多
Blue hydrogen is one of the energy carriers to be adopted by the United Kingdom to reduce emissions to net Zero by 2050,and its use is majorly influenced by policy and technological innovations.With more than 10 blue ...Blue hydrogen is one of the energy carriers to be adopted by the United Kingdom to reduce emissions to net Zero by 2050,and its use is majorly influenced by policy and technological innovations.With more than 10 blue hydrogen facilities planning productive offtake from 2025,there is an urgent need to confirm the viability of these proposed facilities to aid decarbonization and the path to conformity to policy regulation.This study discovers that the Acorn blue hydrogen facility can produce blue hydrogen within the low-carbon hydrogen standard set by the United Kingdom's government.In this study,a detailed examination of hydrogen production techniques is conducted using a lifecycle assessment(LCA)approach aimed to understand the environmental impact of producing 144 tons of hydrogen per day using the Acorn hydrogen facility as a case study.This was followed by a sensitive analysis embracing steam and oxygen consumption and methane leakages,the ability of the facility meeting the low carbon hydrogen standard,economics,and the externality-priced production costs that embody the environmental impact.A gate-to-gate LCA shows that the Acorn hydrogen plant must aim at carbon capture rates of>90%to meet the set UK target of 20 gCO_(2e)/MJLHV.The study further identifies from literature that the autothermal reforming(ATR)system with integrated carbon capture and storage(CCS)production technology as the most environmentally sustainable technology at present in comparison to commercially available options studied.This assessment helps to appraise the potential unintended causes and effects of the production of blue hydrogen that should aid future policy guidance and investments.展开更多
The escalating demand for sustainable and eco-friendly pest management strategies has raised interest in harnessing the pathogenic potential of microorganisms.Serratia marcescens,a Gram-negative bacterium,has emerged ...The escalating demand for sustainable and eco-friendly pest management strategies has raised interest in harnessing the pathogenic potential of microorganisms.Serratia marcescens,a Gram-negative bacterium,has emerged as a potential biological control agent for sustainable pest management.This review critically examines the history,biology,identification,and pathogenicity of S.marcescens strain with their potential application in pest management.The diverse mechanisms employed by the strain to exert control over pests,including the production of metabolites and the induction of systemic resistance in plants,are examined.The review also summarizes the ecological significance and global distribution of S.marcescens associated with the use of S.marcescens in biological control strategies.Furthermore,the usage efficacy of S.marcescens over other conventional chemicals is discussed.A comprehensive understanding of the pathogenic potential of S.marcescens strains as biological control agents is crucial for developing effective and sustainable pest management strategies.This review consolidates current research advances on S.marcescens,and provides insights into the prospects and challenges of using S.marcescens for integrated pest management.展开更多
文摘Software testing is an important and cost intensive activity in software development.The major contribution in cost is due to test case generations.Requirement-based testing is an approach in which test cases are derivative from requirements without considering the implementation’s internal structure.Requirement-based testing includes functional and nonfunctional requirements.The objective of this study is to explore the approaches that generate test cases from requirements.A systematic literature review based on two research questions and extensive quality assessment criteria includes studies.The study identies 30 primary studies from 410 studies spanned from 2000 to 2018.The review’s nding shows that 53%of journal papers,42%of conference papers,and 5%of book chapters’address requirementsbased testing.Most of the studies use UML,activity,and use case diagrams for test case generation from requirements.One of the signicant lessons learned is that most software testing errors are traced back to errors in natural language requirements.A substantial amount of work focuses on UML diagrams for test case generations,which cannot capture all the system’s developed attributes.Furthermore,there is a lack of UML-based models that can generate test cases from natural language requirements by rening them in context.Coverage criteria indicate how efciently the testing has been performed 12.37%of studies use requirements coverage,20%of studies cover path coverage,and 17%study basic coverage.
基金The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Saud University for funding this work through research group No RG-1438-089.
文摘Liver tumor is the fifth most occurring type of tumor in men and the ninth most occurring type of tumor in women according to recent reports of Global cancer statistics 2018.There are several imaging tests like Computed Tomography(CT),Magnetic Resonance Imaging(MRI),and ultrasound that can diagnose the liver tumor after taking the sample from the tissue of the liver.These tests are costly and time-consuming.This paper proposed that image processing through deep learning Convolutional Neural Network(CNNs)ResUNet model that can be helpful for the early diagnose of tumor instead of conventional methods.The existing studies have mainly used the two Cascaded CNNs for liver segmentation and evaluation of Region Of Interest(ROI).This study uses ResUNet,an updated version of U-Net and ResNet Models that utilize the service of Residential blocks.We apply over method on the 3D-IRCADb01 dataset that is based on CT slices of liver tumor affected patients.The results showed the True Value Accuracy around 99%and F1 score performance around 95%.This method will be helpful for early and accurate diagnose of the Liver tumor to save the lives of many patients in the field of Biotechnology.
文摘Text Summarization is an essential area in text mining,which has procedures for text extraction.In natural language processing,text summarization maps the documents to a representative set of descriptive words.Therefore,the objective of text extraction is to attain reduced expressive contents from the text documents.Text summarization has two main areas such as abstractive,and extractive summarization.Extractive text summarization has further two approaches,in which the first approach applies the sentence score algorithm,and the second approach follows the word embedding principles.All such text extractions have limitations in providing the basic theme of the underlying documents.In this paper,we have employed text summarization by TF-IDF with PageRank keywords,sentence score algorithm,and Word2Vec word embedding.The study compared these forms of the text summarizations with the actual text,by calculating cosine similarities.Furthermore,TF-IDF based PageRank keywords are extracted from the other two extractive summarizations.An intersection over these three types of TD-IDF keywords to generate the more representative set of keywords for each text document is performed.This technique generates variable-length keywords as per document diversity instead of selecting fixedlength keywords for each document.This form of abstractive summarization improves metadata similarity to the original text compared to all other forms of summarized text.It also solves the issue of deciding the number of representative keywords for a specific text document.To evaluate the technique,the study used a sample of more than eighteen hundred text documents.The abstractive summarization follows the principles of deep learning to create uniform similarity of extracted words with actual text and all other forms of text summarization.The proposed technique provides a stable measure of similarity as compared to existing forms of text summarization.
文摘This paper investigate the effect of slip boundary condition, thermal radiation, heat source, Dufour number,chemical reaction and viscous dissipation on heat and mass transfer of unsteady free convective MHD flow of a viscous fluid past through a vertical plate embedded in a porous media. Numerical results are obtained for solving the nonlinear governing momentum, energy and concentration equations with slip boundary condition, ramped wall temperature and ramped wall concentration on the surface of the vertical plate. The influence of emerging parameters on velocity,temperature and concentration fields are shown graphically.
基金funded by the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan under the Faculty Development Program for the Khushal Khan Khattak University,Karak,Pakistan with grant No.386-388/PC/PAB/KKKUK/21Partial funds are provided by the University of Vienna,Austria.
文摘The magmatic arcs in the north-west region of Pakistan comprises of numerous volcanic and plutonic bodies of different ages and compositions evolved during the subduction of the Neo- Tethys Ocean under the Eurasian supercontinent. This study focusses on the examination of the granitoids of the Kohistan batholith (a part of Kohistan-Ladakh Island Arc;KLIA) and the Khunjerab pluton, concentrating on their petrological traits, mineral chemistry, in-situ zircon U-Pb geochronology, and whole-rock major and trace element geochemistry. According to zircon U-Pb dating, the Kohistan batholith granitoid was emplaced around 91.7 ± 0.3 Ma, while zircons of the Khunjerab pluton yield ages of 106.4 ± 0.4 Ma and 106.4 ± 1.0 Ma. All the samples from both magmatic units have calcic to calc-alkaline (Na_(2)O + K_(2)O: 3.6–10.6 wt.% and SiO_(2): 60–73 wt.%), metaluminous to peraluminous properties (Aluminum Saturation Index (ASI): 0.9–1.2). Notably, Nb, Ta, and Ti show depletion, while large ion lithophile elements like Cs, Rb, and K have been enriched. Additionally, we find that SiO_(2) and P_(2)O_(5) have a negative correlation while Rb and Th have a positive correlation, which confirm an I-type arc magmatism. Together with the published literature, TEM analysis, and thermal modelling, our zircon U-Pb results point to a period of continuous magmatic activity from the Late Jurassic to the Late Cretaceous (between 150 Ma and 91 Ma) in the Kohistan Island arc region while the Khunjerab pluton (part of Karakorum block/Eurasian plate) experienced widespread magmatism around 120 Ma to 106 Ma. With SiO_(2) concentrations ranging from 67.5–73.3 wt.% and 60–71.4 wt.% and relatively low alkali (Na_(2)O + K_(2)O) contents between 3.6–10.6 wt.% and 5.1–7.4 wt.% in the Kohistan batholith and Khunjerab pluton respectively, showing clear signs of acidity. The whole rock as well as the mineral geochemical analysis and the elevated water contents (8–10 wt.% and 3.1–3.5 wt.%) inferred from amphibole and biotite chemistry respectively, indicates that the Kohistan batholith was most likely formed through partial melting of a (hydrous) magma originating from a more or less altered metasomatized mantle wedge. Likewise, the Khunjerab pluton whole rock geochemistry also indicates its origin through partial melting of magma originating from an altered metasomatized mantle wedge. This study also shows that both units are not only different in terms of the nature of magmatism but also in terms of their ages i.e., continental arc magmatism occurred in the Khunjerab (Karakoram) block in the middle Cretaceous (106 Ma) while island arc magmatism occurred on the Kohistan side in the late Cretaceous (91 Ma). Further, this study also investigate why multi-grain U-Pb zircon dating is necessary for studying magmatic rocks by using transmission electron microscopy.
基金part of HyOne Project(Comprehensive one stop hydrogen storage testing facility)funded under the Emerging Energy Transition Fund,Hydrogen Innovation Scheme,Stream 2(Project No.EETF/HIS/APP/007).
文摘Blue hydrogen is one of the energy carriers to be adopted by the United Kingdom to reduce emissions to net Zero by 2050,and its use is majorly influenced by policy and technological innovations.With more than 10 blue hydrogen facilities planning productive offtake from 2025,there is an urgent need to confirm the viability of these proposed facilities to aid decarbonization and the path to conformity to policy regulation.This study discovers that the Acorn blue hydrogen facility can produce blue hydrogen within the low-carbon hydrogen standard set by the United Kingdom's government.In this study,a detailed examination of hydrogen production techniques is conducted using a lifecycle assessment(LCA)approach aimed to understand the environmental impact of producing 144 tons of hydrogen per day using the Acorn hydrogen facility as a case study.This was followed by a sensitive analysis embracing steam and oxygen consumption and methane leakages,the ability of the facility meeting the low carbon hydrogen standard,economics,and the externality-priced production costs that embody the environmental impact.A gate-to-gate LCA shows that the Acorn hydrogen plant must aim at carbon capture rates of>90%to meet the set UK target of 20 gCO_(2e)/MJLHV.The study further identifies from literature that the autothermal reforming(ATR)system with integrated carbon capture and storage(CCS)production technology as the most environmentally sustainable technology at present in comparison to commercially available options studied.This assessment helps to appraise the potential unintended causes and effects of the production of blue hydrogen that should aid future policy guidance and investments.
基金supported by the Program of Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests(MIMCP-202302)the Science and Technology Innovation Fund of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University(KFB23024A).
文摘The escalating demand for sustainable and eco-friendly pest management strategies has raised interest in harnessing the pathogenic potential of microorganisms.Serratia marcescens,a Gram-negative bacterium,has emerged as a potential biological control agent for sustainable pest management.This review critically examines the history,biology,identification,and pathogenicity of S.marcescens strain with their potential application in pest management.The diverse mechanisms employed by the strain to exert control over pests,including the production of metabolites and the induction of systemic resistance in plants,are examined.The review also summarizes the ecological significance and global distribution of S.marcescens associated with the use of S.marcescens in biological control strategies.Furthermore,the usage efficacy of S.marcescens over other conventional chemicals is discussed.A comprehensive understanding of the pathogenic potential of S.marcescens strains as biological control agents is crucial for developing effective and sustainable pest management strategies.This review consolidates current research advances on S.marcescens,and provides insights into the prospects and challenges of using S.marcescens for integrated pest management.
