Graphitic carbon nitride(g-C_(3)N_(4))exhibits great mechanical as well as thermal characteristics,making it a valuable ma-terial for use in photoelectric conversion devices,an accelerator for synthesis of organic com...Graphitic carbon nitride(g-C_(3)N_(4))exhibits great mechanical as well as thermal characteristics,making it a valuable ma-terial for use in photoelectric conversion devices,an accelerator for synthesis of organic compounds,an electrolyte for fuel cell applications or power sources,and a hydrogen storage substance and a fluorescence detector.It is fabricated using dif-ferent methods,and there is a variety of morphologies and nanostructures such as zero to three dimensions that have been designed for different purposes.Ther e are many reports about g-C_(3)N_(4) in recent years,but a comprehensive review which covers nanostructure dimensions and their properties are missing.This review paper aims to give basic and comprehensive understanding of the photocatalytic and electrocatalytic usages of g-C_(3)N_(4).It highlights the recent progress of g-C_(3)N_(4) nano-structure designing by covering synthesis methods,dimensions,morphologies,applications and properties.Along with the summary,we will also discuss the challenges and prospects.Scientists,investigators,and engineers looking at g-C_(3)N_(4) nanostructures for a variety of applications might find our review paper to be a useful resource.展开更多
This research extends the literature on the environmental Phillips curve(EPC)and environmental Kuznets curve(EKC)by focusing on the 38 member economies of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development(OEC...This research extends the literature on the environmental Phillips curve(EPC)and environmental Kuznets curve(EKC)by focusing on the 38 member economies of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD).Using panel data from 2000 to 2021,the study employs several econometric techniques,including fixed effects,feasible generalized least squares,two-stage least squares,and the generalized method of moments.Our primary findings reveal that unemployment has a significant negative impact on CO_(2)emissions,thereby supporting the validity of the EPC hypothesis within OECD countries.This suggests a trade-off between unemployment and reductions in CO_(2)emissions.Similarly,the results validate the EKC hypothesis,with further analysis indicating that the EKC exhibits an N-shaped curve-an important contribution to the literature on environmental dynamics in advanced economies.Additionally,the results show that both trade openness and renewable energy usage have significantly improved environmental quality in OECD economies.Finally,extensive causality testing identifies both one-way and two-way causal relationships among the key variables examined.These findings have important policy implications for the management of environmental quality and macroeconomic variables in the OECD context.展开更多
Nickel-based cathodes in aqueous nickel-zinc batteries typically suffer from sluggish reaction kinetics and limited energy density.In situ introduction of metal phosphides and rational construction of heterostructures...Nickel-based cathodes in aqueous nickel-zinc batteries typically suffer from sluggish reaction kinetics and limited energy density.In situ introduction of metal phosphides and rational construction of heterostructures can effectively promote electron/ion transport.However,the complex evolution of phosphidation and intractable phosphidizing degree greatly affect the composition of active phase,active sites,charge transfer rate,and ion adsorption strength of cathodes.Herein,the critical bimetallic phosphide layer(CBPL)is constructed on the NiCo-layered double hydroxide(NiCo-LDH)skeleton by a controllable anion-exchange strategy,yielding a novel nanohybrid cathode(NiCo-P1.0,1.0 representing the mass ratio of Na_(2)H_(2)PO_(2)to NiCo-LDH).The high-conductivity CBPL with the inner NiCo-LDH forms extensive heterostructures,effectively regulating the electronic structure via charge transfer,thereby improving electrical conductivity.Remarkably,the CBPL exhibits unexpected electrochemical activity and synergizes with NiCo-LDH for electrode reactions,ultimately delivering extra energy.Benefiting from the bifunctional CBPL,NiCo-P1.0 delivers an optimal capacity of 286.64 mAh g^(−1)at 1C(1C=289 mAh g^(−1))and superb rate performance(a capacity retention of 72.22%at 40C).The assembled NiCo-P1.0//Zn battery achieves ultrahigh energy/power density(503.62 Wh kg^(−1)/18.62 kW kg^(−1),based on the mass loading of active material on the cathode),and the flexible quasi-solid-state pouch cell validates its practicality.This work demonstrates the superiority of bifunctional CBPL for surface modification,providing an effective and scalable compositing strategy in achieving high-performance cathodes for aqueous batteries.展开更多
Within the context of the proton-neutron quasi-particle random phase approximation(pn-QRPA)model and TALYS v1.96 code,the radiative capture(^(99)Tc(n,γ)^(100)Tc)and stellar weak interaction(^(99)Tc→^(99)Ru+e^(−)+ν_...Within the context of the proton-neutron quasi-particle random phase approximation(pn-QRPA)model and TALYS v1.96 code,the radiative capture(^(99)Tc(n,γ)^(100)Tc)and stellar weak interaction(^(99)Tc→^(99)Ru+e^(−)+ν_(e))rates were computed during thermal pulses operating in asymptotic giant branch stars.The Maxwellian average cross-section(MACS)and neutron capture rates for the^(99)Tc(n,γ)^(100)Tc process are analyzed within the context of statistical code TALYS v1.96.The effect of nuclear level density(NLD)andγ-strength functions on MACS and neutron capture rates has been examined.The model-based computations for MACS provided an insightful contrast to prior investigated findings.The sensitivity of stellar weak interaction rates to different densities and temperatures is investigated using the pn-QRPA model.The impact of thermally populated excited states on electron emission(β^(−))rates in^(99)Tc is extensively examined.Additionally,a comparison is made between the study of the stellarβ^(−)decay rates and the thermal neutron capture rates.It is found that at T_(9)=0.26 the thermal neutron capture rates(λ_((n,γ)))and the temperature dependent stellarβ^(−)decay rates( λ_(β-))cross each other.However,at higher temperatures,theλ(n,γ)are found to be higher than λ_(β-).展开更多
Developing a simple scalable method to fabricate electrodes with high capacity and wide voltage range is desired for the real use of electrochemical supercapacitors.Herein,we synthesized amorphous NiCo-LDH nanosheets ...Developing a simple scalable method to fabricate electrodes with high capacity and wide voltage range is desired for the real use of electrochemical supercapacitors.Herein,we synthesized amorphous NiCo-LDH nanosheets vertically aligned on activated carbon cloth substrate,which was in situ transformed from Co-metal-organic framework materials nano-columns by a simple ion exchange process at room temperature.Due to the amorphous and vertically aligned ultrathin structure of NiCo-LDH,the NiCo-LDH/activated carbon cloth composites present high areal capacities of 3770 and 1480 mF cm^(-2)as cathode and anode at 2 mA cm^(-2),and 79.5%and 80%capacity have been preserved at 50 mA cm^(-2).In the meantime,they all showed excellent cycling performance with negligible change after>10000 cycles.By fabricating them into an asymmetric supercapacitor,the device achieves high energy densities(5.61 mWh cm^(-2)and 0.352 mW cm^(-3)).This work provides an innovative strategy for simplifying the design of supercapacitors as well as providing a new understanding of improving the rate capabilities/cycling stability of NiCo-LDH materials.展开更多
For microelectronic devices,the on-chip microsupercapacitors with facile construction and high performance,are attracting researchers'prior consideration due to their high compatibility with modern microsystems.He...For microelectronic devices,the on-chip microsupercapacitors with facile construction and high performance,are attracting researchers'prior consideration due to their high compatibility with modern microsystems.Herein,we proposed interchanging interdigital Au-/MnO_(2)/polyethylene dioxythiophene stacked microsupercapacitor based on a microfabrication process followed by successive electrochemical deposition.The stacked configuration of two pseudocapacitive active microelectrodes meritoriously leads to an enhanced contact area between MnO_(2)and the conductive and electroactive layer of polyethylene dioxythiophene,hence providing excellent electron transport and diffusion pathways of electrolyte ions,resulting in increased pseudocapacitance of MnO_(2)and polyethylene dioxythiophene.The stacked quasi-solid-state microsupercapacitors delivered the maximum specific capacitance of 43 mF cm^(-2)(211.9 F cm^(-3)),an energy density of 3.8μWh cm^(-2)(at a voltage window of 0.8 V)and 5.1μWh cm^(-2)(at a voltage window of 1.0 V)with excellent rate capability(96.6%at 2 mA cm^(-2))and cycling performance of 85.3%retention of initial capacitance after 10000 consecutive cycles at a current density of 5 mA cm^(-2),higher than those of ever reported polyethylene dioxythiophene and MnO_(2)-based planar microsupercapacitors.Benefiting from the favorable morphology,bilayer microsupercapacitor is utilized as a flexible humidity sensor with a response/relaxation time superior to those of some commercially available integrated microsensors.This strategy will be of significance in developing high-performance on-chip integrated microsupercapacitors/microsensors at low cost and environment-friendly routes.展开更多
Parasitization has an enormous impact on host physiology, development and reproduction. The effect of parasitism by endoparasitoid, Aenasius bambawalei Hayat (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) on survival and reproduction of m...Parasitization has an enormous impact on host physiology, development and reproduction. The effect of parasitism by endoparasitoid, Aenasius bambawalei Hayat (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) on survival and reproduction of mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) on different host stages was studied. Our data reveals that host mealybugs parasitized by the wasp at the 2<sup>nd</sup> instar stage were died during the 3<sup>rd</sup> instar stage of their life. However, those parasitized at the 3<sup>rd</sup> instar stage could reach the adult stage and were able to produce their progeny. After 6 days of parasitization, all parasitized hosts of the 2<sup>nd</sup>, 3<sup>rd</sup> and adult stages were died except the 1<sup>st</sup> instar. Results showed that parasitized host mealybugs had significantly lower reproductive potential than the unparasitized ones. Maximum parasitoid emergence was recorded in the 3<sup>rd</sup> instar host stage. This basic research regarding survival and reproduction of the parasitized host mealybugs would be very helpful in devising sustainable biological control strategies for cotton mealybug.展开更多
Exfoliated 2D MAX Ti_(3) AlC_(2) conductive cocatalyst anchored with g-C_(3)N_(4)/TiO_(2) to construct 2D/0D/2D het-erojunction has been explored for enhanced CO_(2) photoreduction in a fixed-bed and monolith photorea...Exfoliated 2D MAX Ti_(3) AlC_(2) conductive cocatalyst anchored with g-C_(3)N_(4)/TiO_(2) to construct 2D/0D/2D het-erojunction has been explored for enhanced CO_(2) photoreduction in a fixed-bed and monolith photoreac-tor.The TiO_(2) particle sizes(NPs and MPs)were systematically investigated to determine effective metal-support interaction with faster charge carrier separation among the composite materials.When TiO_(2) NPs were anchored with 2D Ti_(3) AlC_(2) MAX structure,10.44 folds higher CH_(4) production was observed com-pared to anchoring TiO_(2) MPs.Maximum CH_(4) yield rate of 2103.5μmol g^(−1) h^(−1) achieved at selectivity 96.59%using ternary g-C_(3)N_(4)/TiO_(2)/Ti_(3) AlC_(2)2D/0D/2D composite which is 2.73 and 7.45 folds higher than using binary g-C_(3)N_(4)/Ti_(3) AlC_(2) MAX and TiO_(2) NPs/Ti_(3)AlC_(2) samples,respectively.A step-scheme(S-scheme)photocatalytic mechanism operates in this composite,suppressed the recombination of useful electron and holes and provides higher reduction potential for efficient CO_(2) conversion to CO and CH_(4).More im-portantly,when light intensity was increased by 5 folds,CH_(4) production rate was increased by 3.59 folds under visible light.The performance of composite catalyst was further investigated in a fixed-bed and monolith photoreactor and found monolithic support increased CO production by 2.64 folds,whereas,53.99 times lower CH_(4) production was noticed.The lower photocatalytic activity in a monolith photore-actor was due to lower visible light penetration into the microchannels.Thus,2D MAX Ti_(3) AlC_(2) composite catalyst can be constructed for selective photocatalytic CO_(2) methanation under visible light in a fixed-bed photoreactor.展开更多
Using sunlight to drive chemical reactions via photocatalysis is paramount for a sustainable future.Among several photocatalysts,employing layered double hydrides(LDH) for photocatalytic application is most straightfo...Using sunlight to drive chemical reactions via photocatalysis is paramount for a sustainable future.Among several photocatalysts,employing layered double hydrides(LDH) for photocatalytic application is most straightforward and desirable owing to their distinctive two-dimensional(2D) lamellar structure and optical attributes.This article reviews the advancements in bimetallic/trimetallic LDHs and various strategies to achieve high efficiency toward an outstanding performing photocatalyst.Firstly,the tuning of LDH components that control the electro nic and structural properties is explained.The tu ning obtained through the adoption,combination,and incorporation of different cations and anions is also explained.The progress of modification methods,such as the adoption of different morphologies,delamination,and defect engineering towards enhanced photocatalytic activities,is discussed in the mainstream.The band engineering,structural characteristics,and redox tuning are further deliberated to maximize solar energy harvesting for different photocatalytic applications.Finally,the progress obtained in forming hierarchical heterostructures through hybridization with other semiconductors or conducting materials is systematically disclosed to get maximum photocatalytic performance.Moreover,the structural changes during the in-situ synthesis of LDH and the stability of LDH-based photocatalysts are deliberated.The review also summarizes the improvements in LDH properties obtained through modification tactics and discusses the prospects for future energy and environmental applications.展开更多
Conducting polymers have achieved remarkable attentions owing to their exclusive characteristics,for instance,electrical conductivity,high ionic conductivity,visual transparency,and mechanical tractability.Surface and...Conducting polymers have achieved remarkable attentions owing to their exclusive characteristics,for instance,electrical conductivity,high ionic conductivity,visual transparency,and mechanical tractability.Surface and nanostructure engineering of conjugated conducting polymers offers an exceptional pathway to facilitate their implementation in a variety of scientific claims,comprising energy storage and production devices,flexible and wearable optoelectronic devices.A two-step tactic to assemble high-performance polypyrrole(PPy)-based microsupercapacitor(MSC)is utilized by transforming the current collectors to suppress structural pulverization and increase the adhesion of PPy,and then electrochemical co-deposition of PPy-CNT nanostructures on rGO@Au current collectors is performed.The resulting fine patterned MSC conveyed a high areal capacitance of 65.9 mF cm^(−2)(at a current density of 0.1 mA cm^(−2)),an exceptional cycling performance of retaining 79%capacitance after 10,000 charge/discharge cycles at 5 mA cm^(−2).Benefiting from the intermediate graphene,current collector free PPy-CNT@rGO flexible MSC is produced by a facile transfer method on a flexible substrate,which delivered an areal capacitance of 70.25 mF cm^(−2) at 0.1 mA cm^(−2) and retained 46%of the initial capacitance at a current density of 1.0 mA cm^(−2).The flexible MSC is utilized as a skin compatible capacitive micro-strain sensor with excellent electromechanochemical characteristics.展开更多
Even though several advances have been made in recent years,handwritten script recognition is still a challenging task in the pattern recognition domain.This field has gained much interest lately due to its diverse ap...Even though several advances have been made in recent years,handwritten script recognition is still a challenging task in the pattern recognition domain.This field has gained much interest lately due to its diverse application potentials.Nowadays,different methods are available for automatic script recognition.Among most of the reported script recognition techniques,deep neural networks have achieved impressive results and outperformed the classical machine learning algorithms.However,the process of designing such networks right from scratch intuitively appears to incur a significant amount of trial and error,which renders them unfeasible.This approach often requires manual intervention with domain expertise which consumes substantial time and computational resources.To alleviate this shortcoming,this paper proposes a new neural architecture search approach based on meta-heuristic quantum particle swarm optimization(QPSO),which is capable of automatically evolving the meaningful convolutional neural network(CNN)topologies.The computational experiments have been conducted on eight different datasets belonging to three popular Indic scripts,namely Bangla,Devanagari,and Dogri,consisting of handwritten characters and digits.Empirically,the results imply that the proposed QPSO-CNN algorithm outperforms the classical and state-of-the-art methods with faster prediction and higher accuracy.展开更多
Traditional techniques based on image fusion are arduous in integrating complementary or heterogeneous infrared(IR)/visible(VS)images.Dissimilarities in various kind of features in these images are vital to preserve i...Traditional techniques based on image fusion are arduous in integrating complementary or heterogeneous infrared(IR)/visible(VS)images.Dissimilarities in various kind of features in these images are vital to preserve in the single fused image.Hence,simultaneous preservation of both the aspects at the same time is a challenging task.However,most of the existing methods utilize the manual extraction of features;and manual complicated designing of fusion rules resulted in a blurry artifact in the fused image.Therefore,this study has proposed a hybrid algorithm for the integration of multi-features among two heterogeneous images.Firstly,fuzzification of two IR/VS images has been done by feeding it to the fuzzy sets to remove the uncertainty present in the background and object of interest of the image.Secondly,images have been learned by two parallel branches of the siamese convolutional neural network(CNN)to extract prominent features from the images as well as high-frequency information to produce focus maps containing source image information.Finally,the obtained focused maps which contained the detailed integrated information are directly mapped with the source image via pixelwise strategy to result in fused image.Different parameters have been used to evaluate the performance of the proposed image fusion by achieving 1.008 for mutual information(MI),0.841 for entropy(EG),0.655 for edge information(EI),0.652 for human perception(HP),and 0.980 for image structural similarity(ISS).Experimental results have shown that the proposed technique has attained the best qualitative and quantitative results using 78 publically available images in comparison to the existing discrete cosine transform(DCT),anisotropic diffusion&karhunen-loeve(ADKL),guided filter(GF),random walk(RW),principal component analysis(PCA),and convolutional neural network(CNN)methods.展开更多
High-performance anode is hurdle for on-chip planar microsupercapacitor(MSC).Polypyrrole(PPy)is a highly attractive pseudocapacitive material,but its low cycling stability,and low adhesion with current collector hinde...High-performance anode is hurdle for on-chip planar microsupercapacitor(MSC).Polypyrrole(PPy)is a highly attractive pseudocapacitive material,but its low cycling stability,and low adhesion with current collector hinder its practicability.Herein we propose one-prong generic strategy to boost the cycling stability of PPy.For our strategy,the electrochemical deposition of multilayered reduced graphene oxide(rGO)on micropatterned Au is utilized,and the resultant rGO@Au pattern is then used for growing highly porous PPy nanostructures by facile electrochemical polymerization.The fabricated PPy anode on rGO@Au has quasi rectangular cyclic voltammetry curves up to-0.7 V and exceptional cycling stability,retaining82%of capacitance after 10,000 charge/discharge cycles in 2 M KCl electrolyte.The outstanding reliability of PPy on rGO@Au is due to the flexibility of rGO,accommodating structural pulverization and providing a promising background for the nucleation of highly porous nanostructure.Further,an all-polymer based asymmetric aqueous MSC(AMSC)is constructed with PPy anode and PEDOT cathode,which exhibited excellent electrochemical performance compared with conventional symmetric MSCs based on conducting polymers.The constructed AMSC delivered a maximum areal capacitance of 15.9 m F cm^-2(99.3 F cm^-3),high specific energy and power densities of 4.3μWh cm^-2(27.03 mWh cm^-3)and 0.36 W cm^-2(0.68 W cm^-3)at 1.4 V,respectively.The enhanced electrochemical performances can be illustrated by nucleation mechanism,in which surface topology of r GO generates a promising background for nucleation and electrochemical growth of nanoporous pseudocapacitive conducting polymers with superior interfacial contact and improved surface area.展开更多
Recent advancements in hardware and communication technologies have enabled worldwide interconnection using the internet of things(IoT).The IoT is the backbone of smart city applications such as smart grids and green ...Recent advancements in hardware and communication technologies have enabled worldwide interconnection using the internet of things(IoT).The IoT is the backbone of smart city applications such as smart grids and green energy management.In smart cities,the IoT devices are used for linking power,price,energy,and demand information for smart homes and home energy management(HEM)in the smart grids.In complex smart gridconnected systems,power scheduling and secure dispatch of information are the main research challenge.These challenges can be resolved through various machine learning techniques and data analytics.In this paper,we have proposed a particle swarm optimization based machine learning algorithm known as a collaborative execute-before-after dependency-based requirement,for the smart grid.The proposed collaborative execute-before-after dependencybased requirement algorithm works in two phases,analysis and assessment of the requirements of end-users and power distribution companies.In the rst phases,a xed load is adjusted over a period of 24 h,and in the second phase,a randomly produced population load for 90 days is evaluated using particle swarm optimization.The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm performed better in terms of percentage cost reduction,peak to average ratio,and power variance mean ratio than particle swarm optimization and inclined block rate.展开更多
A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the integrated nutrients effect on growth, yield and quality of maize (Zea mays L.) during spring, 2009, at the Agronomic Research Area, University of Agriculture, Faisalab...A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the integrated nutrients effect on growth, yield and quality of maize (Zea mays L.) during spring, 2009, at the Agronomic Research Area, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. The ex-periment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) having three replications with following treat-ments: T1 (control), T2(recommended NPK @ 200-120-125 kg ha-1), T3 [single spray of multinutrient (a solution mixture of micronutrients i.e;Zn = 2%, Fe = 1%, B = 1%, Mn = 1%, Cu = 0.2% and macronutrients N = 1%, K2O = 2%, S = 2%) @ 1.25Lha-1], T4 (recommended NPK @ 200-120-125 kg ha-1 + single spray of multinutrient @ 1.25L ha-1), T5 (recom-mended NPK @ 200-120-125 kg ha-1 + two spray of multinutrient @1.25Lha-1) and T6 (recommended NPK @ 200-120-125 kg ha-1+ three spray of multinutrient @ 1.25Lha-1).The recommended dose of NPK in addition with single spray of Multi-nutrients substationally improved all growth parameters, ear characteristics and also enhanced macronutrients use efficiency up to 11.5% which induced significant increase in grain yield as compared to control and also in the treatment where recommended dose of NPK was applied alone. The quality parameter of maize (oil contents) significantly improved by foliar application of multinutrients solution but recommended dose of fertilizer in addition to single spray of Multi-nutrients was economical.展开更多
This study is aimed to delineate the subsurface structural elements using geophysical techniques in the Haraza area of Pakistan.We investigated the Oghi and Battal thrust faults,sedimentary and metasedimentary wedge,a...This study is aimed to delineate the subsurface structural elements using geophysical techniques in the Haraza area of Pakistan.We investigated the Oghi and Battal thrust faults,sedimentary and metasedimentary wedge,and the absolute crustal thickness based on terrestrial gravity data.Unlike seismic survey relying on wave propagation,magnetic survey is based on both attraction and repulsion,and electrical and electromagnetics on induction.The attractive gravity field produces relatively simpler patterns of anomalies,like a series of highs and lows over regions with undulating basements and buried structures.A qualitative interpretation of gravity data reveals a good deal of information.During the collision of Indian and Eurasian Plates,compressional structures were developed in the Lesser Himalayas or northwest of the Hazara Kashmir Syntaxis.The study mainly focuses on the western limb of the Hazara Kashmir Syntaxis.The regional and local Bouguer anomalies were incorporated to delineate the regional structural units.The gravity model is computed through geophysical technique along with profile A-A'from Mansehra to the Battal area that demarcates the blind Oghi Thrust and emergent Battal Thrust.Tanol Formation of Precambrian age demarcates the Oghi Thrust near Kotli Pine while the Battal Thrust is demarcated within the Mansehra Granite of Cambrian to Ordovician age near Battal.Along with the Battal Thrust,fault gouge and breccias have been observed during the field studies.The total thickness of the sedimentary/metasedimentary wedge in the Mansehra and Battal areas was estimated to be 13.6 km and 14.2 km.In comparison,the total thickness of crust in the Mansehra and Battal areas was 51.6 km and 52.2 km,respectively.展开更多
Pesticide leaching is a great threat in low organic carbon soils when subjected to improper irrigation scheduling.Limited data are available on the sorption and leaching potential of pesticides in agricultural soils o...Pesticide leaching is a great threat in low organic carbon soils when subjected to improper irrigation scheduling.Limited data are available on the sorption and leaching potential of pesticides in agricultural soils of Pakistan with low soil organic carbon(SOC).Lysimeter and field studies were conducted with and without manure application at two irrigation levels in a wheat-fallowmaize rotation in Faisalabad,Punjab,Pakistan.Isoproturon was applied to wheat 55 d after sowing at 1 kg active ingredient(a.i.)ha^(-1),while atrazine was sprayed on maize 30 d after sowing at 0.774 kg a.i.ha^(-1).Soil was sampled from three depths(0-35,35-70,and 70-110 cm) for the field study and four depths(0-35,35-70,70-115,and 115-160 cm) for the lysimeter study,280 and 65 d after application of isoproturon and atrazine,respectively.The soil-water partition coefficients(K_d) of isoproturon and atrazine ranged from 0.3 to 1.2 and 0.4 to 1.5 L kg^(-1),respectively,and increased linearly with increase in SOC contents.The organic carbon-normalized soil-water partition coefficient(K_(oc)) of isoproturon and atrazine averaged 246.1 and 184.9 L kg^(-1),respectively,being higher with low spiking concentration.Isoproturon residues measured 280 d after application ranged from 2.1% to 3.6% of the applied mass in the lysimeter study and from 1.5% to 3.1% under field conditions.Atrazine residues 65 d after application ranged from only 0.62% to 0.78% and from 0.88% to 0.82% in the lysimeter and field studies,respectively.The lowest levels of residues for both pesticides were observed with frequent irrigation applied to manure-amended soil.A pesticide leaching risk screening tool,the ground water ubiquity score(GUS),indicated that in the absence of manure under both irrigation levels,isoproturon has a leaching potential(GUS = 2.8),while with the application of manure it has a very low leaching risk.Atrazine GUS ranged from 1.7 to 1.9,indicating a very low risk of leaching.展开更多
基金M Tahir is funded by EU H2020 Marie Skłodows-ka-Curie Fellowship(1439425).
文摘Graphitic carbon nitride(g-C_(3)N_(4))exhibits great mechanical as well as thermal characteristics,making it a valuable ma-terial for use in photoelectric conversion devices,an accelerator for synthesis of organic compounds,an electrolyte for fuel cell applications or power sources,and a hydrogen storage substance and a fluorescence detector.It is fabricated using dif-ferent methods,and there is a variety of morphologies and nanostructures such as zero to three dimensions that have been designed for different purposes.Ther e are many reports about g-C_(3)N_(4) in recent years,but a comprehensive review which covers nanostructure dimensions and their properties are missing.This review paper aims to give basic and comprehensive understanding of the photocatalytic and electrocatalytic usages of g-C_(3)N_(4).It highlights the recent progress of g-C_(3)N_(4) nano-structure designing by covering synthesis methods,dimensions,morphologies,applications and properties.Along with the summary,we will also discuss the challenges and prospects.Scientists,investigators,and engineers looking at g-C_(3)N_(4) nanostructures for a variety of applications might find our review paper to be a useful resource.
文摘This research extends the literature on the environmental Phillips curve(EPC)and environmental Kuznets curve(EKC)by focusing on the 38 member economies of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD).Using panel data from 2000 to 2021,the study employs several econometric techniques,including fixed effects,feasible generalized least squares,two-stage least squares,and the generalized method of moments.Our primary findings reveal that unemployment has a significant negative impact on CO_(2)emissions,thereby supporting the validity of the EPC hypothesis within OECD countries.This suggests a trade-off between unemployment and reductions in CO_(2)emissions.Similarly,the results validate the EKC hypothesis,with further analysis indicating that the EKC exhibits an N-shaped curve-an important contribution to the literature on environmental dynamics in advanced economies.Additionally,the results show that both trade openness and renewable energy usage have significantly improved environmental quality in OECD economies.Finally,extensive causality testing identifies both one-way and two-way causal relationships among the key variables examined.These findings have important policy implications for the management of environmental quality and macroeconomic variables in the OECD context.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52373249,W2433146)the Science and Technology Project of Yibin Sanjiang New Area(No.2023SJXQSXZJ003)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.20822041F4045).
文摘Nickel-based cathodes in aqueous nickel-zinc batteries typically suffer from sluggish reaction kinetics and limited energy density.In situ introduction of metal phosphides and rational construction of heterostructures can effectively promote electron/ion transport.However,the complex evolution of phosphidation and intractable phosphidizing degree greatly affect the composition of active phase,active sites,charge transfer rate,and ion adsorption strength of cathodes.Herein,the critical bimetallic phosphide layer(CBPL)is constructed on the NiCo-layered double hydroxide(NiCo-LDH)skeleton by a controllable anion-exchange strategy,yielding a novel nanohybrid cathode(NiCo-P1.0,1.0 representing the mass ratio of Na_(2)H_(2)PO_(2)to NiCo-LDH).The high-conductivity CBPL with the inner NiCo-LDH forms extensive heterostructures,effectively regulating the electronic structure via charge transfer,thereby improving electrical conductivity.Remarkably,the CBPL exhibits unexpected electrochemical activity and synergizes with NiCo-LDH for electrode reactions,ultimately delivering extra energy.Benefiting from the bifunctional CBPL,NiCo-P1.0 delivers an optimal capacity of 286.64 mAh g^(−1)at 1C(1C=289 mAh g^(−1))and superb rate performance(a capacity retention of 72.22%at 40C).The assembled NiCo-P1.0//Zn battery achieves ultrahigh energy/power density(503.62 Wh kg^(−1)/18.62 kW kg^(−1),based on the mass loading of active material on the cathode),and the flexible quasi-solid-state pouch cell validates its practicality.This work demonstrates the superiority of bifunctional CBPL for surface modification,providing an effective and scalable compositing strategy in achieving high-performance cathodes for aqueous batteries.
基金the financial support of the Higher Education Commission Pakistan through project number 20-15394/NRPU/R&D/HEC/2021.
文摘Within the context of the proton-neutron quasi-particle random phase approximation(pn-QRPA)model and TALYS v1.96 code,the radiative capture(^(99)Tc(n,γ)^(100)Tc)and stellar weak interaction(^(99)Tc→^(99)Ru+e^(−)+ν_(e))rates were computed during thermal pulses operating in asymptotic giant branch stars.The Maxwellian average cross-section(MACS)and neutron capture rates for the^(99)Tc(n,γ)^(100)Tc process are analyzed within the context of statistical code TALYS v1.96.The effect of nuclear level density(NLD)andγ-strength functions on MACS and neutron capture rates has been examined.The model-based computations for MACS provided an insightful contrast to prior investigated findings.The sensitivity of stellar weak interaction rates to different densities and temperatures is investigated using the pn-QRPA model.The impact of thermally populated excited states on electron emission(β^(−))rates in^(99)Tc is extensively examined.Additionally,a comparison is made between the study of the stellarβ^(−)decay rates and the thermal neutron capture rates.It is found that at T_(9)=0.26 the thermal neutron capture rates(λ_((n,γ)))and the temperature dependent stellarβ^(−)decay rates( λ_(β-))cross each other.However,at higher temperatures,theλ(n,γ)are found to be higher than λ_(β-).
基金the funding from Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52003163)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(No.2022A1515010670)+1 种基金Science and Technology Innovation Commission of Shenzhen(Nos.KQTD20170810105439418 and 20200812112006001)NTUT-SZU Joint Research Program(Nos.2022005 and 2022015)
文摘Developing a simple scalable method to fabricate electrodes with high capacity and wide voltage range is desired for the real use of electrochemical supercapacitors.Herein,we synthesized amorphous NiCo-LDH nanosheets vertically aligned on activated carbon cloth substrate,which was in situ transformed from Co-metal-organic framework materials nano-columns by a simple ion exchange process at room temperature.Due to the amorphous and vertically aligned ultrathin structure of NiCo-LDH,the NiCo-LDH/activated carbon cloth composites present high areal capacities of 3770 and 1480 mF cm^(-2)as cathode and anode at 2 mA cm^(-2),and 79.5%and 80%capacity have been preserved at 50 mA cm^(-2).In the meantime,they all showed excellent cycling performance with negligible change after>10000 cycles.By fabricating them into an asymmetric supercapacitor,the device achieves high energy densities(5.61 mWh cm^(-2)and 0.352 mW cm^(-3)).This work provides an innovative strategy for simplifying the design of supercapacitors as well as providing a new understanding of improving the rate capabilities/cycling stability of NiCo-LDH materials.
基金the financial support of the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant Nos.2021YFB3200701 and 2018YFA0208501)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.21875260,21671193,91963212,51773206,21731001,and 52272098)Beijing Natural Science Foundation(No.2202069)
文摘For microelectronic devices,the on-chip microsupercapacitors with facile construction and high performance,are attracting researchers'prior consideration due to their high compatibility with modern microsystems.Herein,we proposed interchanging interdigital Au-/MnO_(2)/polyethylene dioxythiophene stacked microsupercapacitor based on a microfabrication process followed by successive electrochemical deposition.The stacked configuration of two pseudocapacitive active microelectrodes meritoriously leads to an enhanced contact area between MnO_(2)and the conductive and electroactive layer of polyethylene dioxythiophene,hence providing excellent electron transport and diffusion pathways of electrolyte ions,resulting in increased pseudocapacitance of MnO_(2)and polyethylene dioxythiophene.The stacked quasi-solid-state microsupercapacitors delivered the maximum specific capacitance of 43 mF cm^(-2)(211.9 F cm^(-3)),an energy density of 3.8μWh cm^(-2)(at a voltage window of 0.8 V)and 5.1μWh cm^(-2)(at a voltage window of 1.0 V)with excellent rate capability(96.6%at 2 mA cm^(-2))and cycling performance of 85.3%retention of initial capacitance after 10000 consecutive cycles at a current density of 5 mA cm^(-2),higher than those of ever reported polyethylene dioxythiophene and MnO_(2)-based planar microsupercapacitors.Benefiting from the favorable morphology,bilayer microsupercapacitor is utilized as a flexible humidity sensor with a response/relaxation time superior to those of some commercially available integrated microsensors.This strategy will be of significance in developing high-performance on-chip integrated microsupercapacitors/microsensors at low cost and environment-friendly routes.
文摘Parasitization has an enormous impact on host physiology, development and reproduction. The effect of parasitism by endoparasitoid, Aenasius bambawalei Hayat (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) on survival and reproduction of mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) on different host stages was studied. Our data reveals that host mealybugs parasitized by the wasp at the 2<sup>nd</sup> instar stage were died during the 3<sup>rd</sup> instar stage of their life. However, those parasitized at the 3<sup>rd</sup> instar stage could reach the adult stage and were able to produce their progeny. After 6 days of parasitization, all parasitized hosts of the 2<sup>nd</sup>, 3<sup>rd</sup> and adult stages were died except the 1<sup>st</sup> instar. Results showed that parasitized host mealybugs had significantly lower reproductive potential than the unparasitized ones. Maximum parasitoid emergence was recorded in the 3<sup>rd</sup> instar host stage. This basic research regarding survival and reproduction of the parasitized host mealybugs would be very helpful in devising sustainable biological control strategies for cotton mealybug.
基金Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE),Malaysia,for financial support of this work under Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (No.R.J130000.7851.5F384)。
文摘Exfoliated 2D MAX Ti_(3) AlC_(2) conductive cocatalyst anchored with g-C_(3)N_(4)/TiO_(2) to construct 2D/0D/2D het-erojunction has been explored for enhanced CO_(2) photoreduction in a fixed-bed and monolith photoreac-tor.The TiO_(2) particle sizes(NPs and MPs)were systematically investigated to determine effective metal-support interaction with faster charge carrier separation among the composite materials.When TiO_(2) NPs were anchored with 2D Ti_(3) AlC_(2) MAX structure,10.44 folds higher CH_(4) production was observed com-pared to anchoring TiO_(2) MPs.Maximum CH_(4) yield rate of 2103.5μmol g^(−1) h^(−1) achieved at selectivity 96.59%using ternary g-C_(3)N_(4)/TiO_(2)/Ti_(3) AlC_(2)2D/0D/2D composite which is 2.73 and 7.45 folds higher than using binary g-C_(3)N_(4)/Ti_(3) AlC_(2) MAX and TiO_(2) NPs/Ti_(3)AlC_(2) samples,respectively.A step-scheme(S-scheme)photocatalytic mechanism operates in this composite,suppressed the recombination of useful electron and holes and provides higher reduction potential for efficient CO_(2) conversion to CO and CH_(4).More im-portantly,when light intensity was increased by 5 folds,CH_(4) production rate was increased by 3.59 folds under visible light.The performance of composite catalyst was further investigated in a fixed-bed and monolith photoreactor and found monolithic support increased CO production by 2.64 folds,whereas,53.99 times lower CH_(4) production was noticed.The lower photocatalytic activity in a monolith photore-actor was due to lower visible light penetration into the microchannels.Thus,2D MAX Ti_(3) AlC_(2) composite catalyst can be constructed for selective photocatalytic CO_(2) methanation under visible light in a fixed-bed photoreactor.
基金United Arab Emirates University (UAE) for providing funding of this research undergrant # 12N097。
文摘Using sunlight to drive chemical reactions via photocatalysis is paramount for a sustainable future.Among several photocatalysts,employing layered double hydrides(LDH) for photocatalytic application is most straightforward and desirable owing to their distinctive two-dimensional(2D) lamellar structure and optical attributes.This article reviews the advancements in bimetallic/trimetallic LDHs and various strategies to achieve high efficiency toward an outstanding performing photocatalyst.Firstly,the tuning of LDH components that control the electro nic and structural properties is explained.The tu ning obtained through the adoption,combination,and incorporation of different cations and anions is also explained.The progress of modification methods,such as the adoption of different morphologies,delamination,and defect engineering towards enhanced photocatalytic activities,is discussed in the mainstream.The band engineering,structural characteristics,and redox tuning are further deliberated to maximize solar energy harvesting for different photocatalytic applications.Finally,the progress obtained in forming hierarchical heterostructures through hybridization with other semiconductors or conducting materials is systematically disclosed to get maximum photocatalytic performance.Moreover,the structural changes during the in-situ synthesis of LDH and the stability of LDH-based photocatalysts are deliberated.The review also summarizes the improvements in LDH properties obtained through modification tactics and discusses the prospects for future energy and environmental applications.
基金support of the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2021YFB3200701,2018YFA0208501)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52272098,21875260,21671193,91963212,51773206,21731001,22272182)Beijing Natural Science Foundation(No.2202069).
文摘Conducting polymers have achieved remarkable attentions owing to their exclusive characteristics,for instance,electrical conductivity,high ionic conductivity,visual transparency,and mechanical tractability.Surface and nanostructure engineering of conjugated conducting polymers offers an exceptional pathway to facilitate their implementation in a variety of scientific claims,comprising energy storage and production devices,flexible and wearable optoelectronic devices.A two-step tactic to assemble high-performance polypyrrole(PPy)-based microsupercapacitor(MSC)is utilized by transforming the current collectors to suppress structural pulverization and increase the adhesion of PPy,and then electrochemical co-deposition of PPy-CNT nanostructures on rGO@Au current collectors is performed.The resulting fine patterned MSC conveyed a high areal capacitance of 65.9 mF cm^(−2)(at a current density of 0.1 mA cm^(−2)),an exceptional cycling performance of retaining 79%capacitance after 10,000 charge/discharge cycles at 5 mA cm^(−2).Benefiting from the intermediate graphene,current collector free PPy-CNT@rGO flexible MSC is produced by a facile transfer method on a flexible substrate,which delivered an areal capacitance of 70.25 mF cm^(−2) at 0.1 mA cm^(−2) and retained 46%of the initial capacitance at a current density of 1.0 mA cm^(−2).The flexible MSC is utilized as a skin compatible capacitive micro-strain sensor with excellent electromechanochemical characteristics.
文摘Even though several advances have been made in recent years,handwritten script recognition is still a challenging task in the pattern recognition domain.This field has gained much interest lately due to its diverse application potentials.Nowadays,different methods are available for automatic script recognition.Among most of the reported script recognition techniques,deep neural networks have achieved impressive results and outperformed the classical machine learning algorithms.However,the process of designing such networks right from scratch intuitively appears to incur a significant amount of trial and error,which renders them unfeasible.This approach often requires manual intervention with domain expertise which consumes substantial time and computational resources.To alleviate this shortcoming,this paper proposes a new neural architecture search approach based on meta-heuristic quantum particle swarm optimization(QPSO),which is capable of automatically evolving the meaningful convolutional neural network(CNN)topologies.The computational experiments have been conducted on eight different datasets belonging to three popular Indic scripts,namely Bangla,Devanagari,and Dogri,consisting of handwritten characters and digits.Empirically,the results imply that the proposed QPSO-CNN algorithm outperforms the classical and state-of-the-art methods with faster prediction and higher accuracy.
文摘Traditional techniques based on image fusion are arduous in integrating complementary or heterogeneous infrared(IR)/visible(VS)images.Dissimilarities in various kind of features in these images are vital to preserve in the single fused image.Hence,simultaneous preservation of both the aspects at the same time is a challenging task.However,most of the existing methods utilize the manual extraction of features;and manual complicated designing of fusion rules resulted in a blurry artifact in the fused image.Therefore,this study has proposed a hybrid algorithm for the integration of multi-features among two heterogeneous images.Firstly,fuzzification of two IR/VS images has been done by feeding it to the fuzzy sets to remove the uncertainty present in the background and object of interest of the image.Secondly,images have been learned by two parallel branches of the siamese convolutional neural network(CNN)to extract prominent features from the images as well as high-frequency information to produce focus maps containing source image information.Finally,the obtained focused maps which contained the detailed integrated information are directly mapped with the source image via pixelwise strategy to result in fused image.Different parameters have been used to evaluate the performance of the proposed image fusion by achieving 1.008 for mutual information(MI),0.841 for entropy(EG),0.655 for edge information(EI),0.652 for human perception(HP),and 0.980 for image structural similarity(ISS).Experimental results have shown that the proposed technique has attained the best qualitative and quantitative results using 78 publically available images in comparison to the existing discrete cosine transform(DCT),anisotropic diffusion&karhunen-loeve(ADKL),guided filter(GF),random walk(RW),principal component analysis(PCA),and convolutional neural network(CNN)methods.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars(51425204)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51521001)+2 种基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFA0202603,2016YFA0202604)the Programme of Introducing Talents of Discipline to Universities(B17034)the Yellow Crane Talent(Science&Technology)Program of Wuhan City。
文摘High-performance anode is hurdle for on-chip planar microsupercapacitor(MSC).Polypyrrole(PPy)is a highly attractive pseudocapacitive material,but its low cycling stability,and low adhesion with current collector hinder its practicability.Herein we propose one-prong generic strategy to boost the cycling stability of PPy.For our strategy,the electrochemical deposition of multilayered reduced graphene oxide(rGO)on micropatterned Au is utilized,and the resultant rGO@Au pattern is then used for growing highly porous PPy nanostructures by facile electrochemical polymerization.The fabricated PPy anode on rGO@Au has quasi rectangular cyclic voltammetry curves up to-0.7 V and exceptional cycling stability,retaining82%of capacitance after 10,000 charge/discharge cycles in 2 M KCl electrolyte.The outstanding reliability of PPy on rGO@Au is due to the flexibility of rGO,accommodating structural pulverization and providing a promising background for the nucleation of highly porous nanostructure.Further,an all-polymer based asymmetric aqueous MSC(AMSC)is constructed with PPy anode and PEDOT cathode,which exhibited excellent electrochemical performance compared with conventional symmetric MSCs based on conducting polymers.The constructed AMSC delivered a maximum areal capacitance of 15.9 m F cm^-2(99.3 F cm^-3),high specific energy and power densities of 4.3μWh cm^-2(27.03 mWh cm^-3)and 0.36 W cm^-2(0.68 W cm^-3)at 1.4 V,respectively.The enhanced electrochemical performances can be illustrated by nucleation mechanism,in which surface topology of r GO generates a promising background for nucleation and electrochemical growth of nanoporous pseudocapacitive conducting polymers with superior interfacial contact and improved surface area.
文摘Recent advancements in hardware and communication technologies have enabled worldwide interconnection using the internet of things(IoT).The IoT is the backbone of smart city applications such as smart grids and green energy management.In smart cities,the IoT devices are used for linking power,price,energy,and demand information for smart homes and home energy management(HEM)in the smart grids.In complex smart gridconnected systems,power scheduling and secure dispatch of information are the main research challenge.These challenges can be resolved through various machine learning techniques and data analytics.In this paper,we have proposed a particle swarm optimization based machine learning algorithm known as a collaborative execute-before-after dependency-based requirement,for the smart grid.The proposed collaborative execute-before-after dependencybased requirement algorithm works in two phases,analysis and assessment of the requirements of end-users and power distribution companies.In the rst phases,a xed load is adjusted over a period of 24 h,and in the second phase,a randomly produced population load for 90 days is evaluated using particle swarm optimization.The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm performed better in terms of percentage cost reduction,peak to average ratio,and power variance mean ratio than particle swarm optimization and inclined block rate.
文摘A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the integrated nutrients effect on growth, yield and quality of maize (Zea mays L.) during spring, 2009, at the Agronomic Research Area, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. The ex-periment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) having three replications with following treat-ments: T1 (control), T2(recommended NPK @ 200-120-125 kg ha-1), T3 [single spray of multinutrient (a solution mixture of micronutrients i.e;Zn = 2%, Fe = 1%, B = 1%, Mn = 1%, Cu = 0.2% and macronutrients N = 1%, K2O = 2%, S = 2%) @ 1.25Lha-1], T4 (recommended NPK @ 200-120-125 kg ha-1 + single spray of multinutrient @ 1.25L ha-1), T5 (recom-mended NPK @ 200-120-125 kg ha-1 + two spray of multinutrient @1.25Lha-1) and T6 (recommended NPK @ 200-120-125 kg ha-1+ three spray of multinutrient @ 1.25Lha-1).The recommended dose of NPK in addition with single spray of Multi-nutrients substationally improved all growth parameters, ear characteristics and also enhanced macronutrients use efficiency up to 11.5% which induced significant increase in grain yield as compared to control and also in the treatment where recommended dose of NPK was applied alone. The quality parameter of maize (oil contents) significantly improved by foliar application of multinutrients solution but recommended dose of fertilizer in addition to single spray of Multi-nutrients was economical.
文摘This study is aimed to delineate the subsurface structural elements using geophysical techniques in the Haraza area of Pakistan.We investigated the Oghi and Battal thrust faults,sedimentary and metasedimentary wedge,and the absolute crustal thickness based on terrestrial gravity data.Unlike seismic survey relying on wave propagation,magnetic survey is based on both attraction and repulsion,and electrical and electromagnetics on induction.The attractive gravity field produces relatively simpler patterns of anomalies,like a series of highs and lows over regions with undulating basements and buried structures.A qualitative interpretation of gravity data reveals a good deal of information.During the collision of Indian and Eurasian Plates,compressional structures were developed in the Lesser Himalayas or northwest of the Hazara Kashmir Syntaxis.The study mainly focuses on the western limb of the Hazara Kashmir Syntaxis.The regional and local Bouguer anomalies were incorporated to delineate the regional structural units.The gravity model is computed through geophysical technique along with profile A-A'from Mansehra to the Battal area that demarcates the blind Oghi Thrust and emergent Battal Thrust.Tanol Formation of Precambrian age demarcates the Oghi Thrust near Kotli Pine while the Battal Thrust is demarcated within the Mansehra Granite of Cambrian to Ordovician age near Battal.Along with the Battal Thrust,fault gouge and breccias have been observed during the field studies.The total thickness of the sedimentary/metasedimentary wedge in the Mansehra and Battal areas was estimated to be 13.6 km and 14.2 km.In comparison,the total thickness of crust in the Mansehra and Battal areas was 51.6 km and 52.2 km,respectively.
基金funded by the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan under Indigenous 5000-Fellowship Program(PIN,No.063171189Av3-077)International Research Support Initiative Program(IRSIP,No.1-8/HEC/HRD/2009/671),University of Minnesota,USA
文摘Pesticide leaching is a great threat in low organic carbon soils when subjected to improper irrigation scheduling.Limited data are available on the sorption and leaching potential of pesticides in agricultural soils of Pakistan with low soil organic carbon(SOC).Lysimeter and field studies were conducted with and without manure application at two irrigation levels in a wheat-fallowmaize rotation in Faisalabad,Punjab,Pakistan.Isoproturon was applied to wheat 55 d after sowing at 1 kg active ingredient(a.i.)ha^(-1),while atrazine was sprayed on maize 30 d after sowing at 0.774 kg a.i.ha^(-1).Soil was sampled from three depths(0-35,35-70,and 70-110 cm) for the field study and four depths(0-35,35-70,70-115,and 115-160 cm) for the lysimeter study,280 and 65 d after application of isoproturon and atrazine,respectively.The soil-water partition coefficients(K_d) of isoproturon and atrazine ranged from 0.3 to 1.2 and 0.4 to 1.5 L kg^(-1),respectively,and increased linearly with increase in SOC contents.The organic carbon-normalized soil-water partition coefficient(K_(oc)) of isoproturon and atrazine averaged 246.1 and 184.9 L kg^(-1),respectively,being higher with low spiking concentration.Isoproturon residues measured 280 d after application ranged from 2.1% to 3.6% of the applied mass in the lysimeter study and from 1.5% to 3.1% under field conditions.Atrazine residues 65 d after application ranged from only 0.62% to 0.78% and from 0.88% to 0.82% in the lysimeter and field studies,respectively.The lowest levels of residues for both pesticides were observed with frequent irrigation applied to manure-amended soil.A pesticide leaching risk screening tool,the ground water ubiquity score(GUS),indicated that in the absence of manure under both irrigation levels,isoproturon has a leaching potential(GUS = 2.8),while with the application of manure it has a very low leaching risk.Atrazine GUS ranged from 1.7 to 1.9,indicating a very low risk of leaching.
