The ion-acoustic(IA) mode exhibiting various orbital angular momentum(OAM) states is examined in a plasma with drifting electrons.The constituent plasma species are modeled with a non-gyrotropic Maxwellian distributio...The ion-acoustic(IA) mode exhibiting various orbital angular momentum(OAM) states is examined in a plasma with drifting electrons.The constituent plasma species are modeled with a non-gyrotropic Maxwellian distribution and discussion of dispersion relation and growth rate of twisted IA waves under various conditions is presented.In the domain of kinetic model,the twisted IA waves are characterized by Laguerre-Gaussian(LG) solutions,where plasma distribution function and electric field are decomposed into axial and azimuthal components.The plasma response function is obtained under paraxial approximations and investigated for threshold condition of instability growth rate with helical electric field structures.The impact of an extra electron specie on the instability is demonstrated through a comparison of twisted waves for single and double electron species.展开更多
Bacterial leaf blight(BLB)is a devastating disease of rice with the potential to reduce yield by up to 70%.In this study,we investigated the genetic foundation of Xa21-mediated resistance to BLB infection in seven dif...Bacterial leaf blight(BLB)is a devastating disease of rice with the potential to reduce yield by up to 70%.In this study,we investigated the genetic foundation of Xa21-mediated resistance to BLB infection in seven different rice varieties from Myanmar.The varieties exhibited a variable phenotypic response at 14 d after infection(DAI)by Xoo strains K1 and K3a,among which,the variety Kayin Ma was classified as a moderately resistant(MR)variety,expressing Xa2,Xa4,xa5,xa13,and Xa21 genes.展开更多
Polychloroprene (PC) based contact adhesives are widely used in various applications;however, there is a possibility to improve the properties of PC adhesive. Modifications of polymers can enhance the properties of th...Polychloroprene (PC) based contact adhesives are widely used in various applications;however, there is a possibility to improve the properties of PC adhesive. Modifications of polymers can enhance the properties of the material, e.g. increase in thermal stability, compatibility, rigidity, physical response, flexibility and improve the polymer process ability. In the current study, improved formulation of solvent-based adhesive was developed, and the properties were further enhanced by the addition of nano-reinforcement of multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The addition of nano-reinforcement was optimized to obtain improvement in the bond strength and also to enhance its resistance at a high temperature (~100<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C). This paper discusses the uniform dispersion of MWCNTs during the synthesis of polychloroprene solvent-based adhesive, thereby improving its structural properties. Incorporation of MWCNTs-solvent-based adhesives resulted in a 20% - 35% improvement in 180<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span> peel strength determined on flexible substrates such as canvas, leather. The reinforced based adhesive also exhibited improved thermal stability and weather resistance compared with unreinforced adhesive. The MWCNTs- solvent-based contact adhesives is a potential candidate in an industrially relevant branch of adhesives commonly used in structural applications, e.g., footwear, plastic, leather, automobile, construction industries, etc.展开更多
Cabbage white butterfly (<i><span>Pieris</span></i><span> </span><i><span>brassicae</span></i><span>) is one of the important insect pests of cabb...Cabbage white butterfly (<i><span>Pieris</span></i><span> </span><i><span>brassicae</span></i><span>) is one of the important insect pests of cabbage crop which causes remarkable quantitative or qualitative crop losses. The research was conducted at Hazara Agricultural research station, Abbottabad (Pakistan) to study the effect of different new chemical insecticides, botanical oil and neem seed oil (</span><i><span>Azadirachta</span></i><span> </span><i><span>indica</span></i><span> A. Juss.) on the population density of </span><i><span>P.</span></i><span> </span><i><span>brassicae</span></i><span>. The study showed that neem oil had a significant effect on population of </span><i><span>P.</span></i><span> </span><i><span>brassic</span></i><i><span>ae</span></i><span> in comparison to control treatment. So, neem oil alone or in combination with insecticides can be used for control of </span><i><span>P.</span></i><span> </span><i><span>brassicae</span></i><span> in vegetable crops for a safer food supply.</span>展开更多
At the global scale,foliar metal transfer occurs for consumed vegetables cultivated in numerous urban or industrial areas with a polluted atmosphere.However,the kinetics of metal uptake,translocation and involved phyt...At the global scale,foliar metal transfer occurs for consumed vegetables cultivated in numerous urban or industrial areas with a polluted atmosphere.However,the kinetics of metal uptake,translocation and involved phytotoxicity was never jointly studied with vegetables exposed to micronic and sub-micronic particles(PM).Different leafy vegetables(lettuces and cabbages)cultivated in RHIZOtest?devices were,therefore,exposed in a greenhouse for 5,10 and 15 days to various Pb O PM doses.The kinetics of transfer and phytotoxicity was assessed in relation to lead concentration and exposure duration.A significant Pb accumulation in leaves(up to 7392 mg/kg dry weight(DW)in lettuce)with translocation to roots was observed.Lead foliar exposure resulted in significant phytotoxicity,lipid composition change,a decrease of plant shoot growth(up to 68.2%in lettuce)and net photosynthesis(up to 58%in lettuce).The phytotoxicity results indicated plant adaptation to Pb and a higher sensitivity of lettuce in comparison with cabbage.Air quality needs,therefore,to be considered for the health and quality of vegetables grown in polluted areas,such as certain megacities(in China,Pakistan,Europe,etc.)and furthermore,to assess the health risks associated with their consumption.展开更多
In industrial areas, tree leaves contaminated by metals and metalloids could constitute a secondary source of pollutants. In the present study, water extraction kinetics of inorganic elements （IE： Pb, Zn, Cd, As, Fe...In industrial areas, tree leaves contaminated by metals and metalloids could constitute a secondary source of pollutants. In the present study, water extraction kinetics of inorganic elements （IE： Pb, Zn, Cd, As, Fe and Mn）, dissolved organic carbon, pH and biological activity were studied for industrial contaminated poplar leaves. Moreover, the distribution of the IE through the size fractions of the associated top soil was measured. High quantities ofMn, Zn and As and polysaccharides were released in the solution from the strongly contaminated leaves. The kinetic of release varied with time and metal type. The solution pH decreased while dissolved organic contents increased with time after 30 days. Therefore, these contaminated leaves could constitute a source of more available organic metals and metalloids than the initial inorganic process particles. However, the distribution of the IE through the size fractions of the top soil suggested that a great part of the released IE was adsorbed, reducing in consequence their transfers and bioavailability. It＇s concluded that mobility/boioavailability and speciation of metals and metalloids released from the decomposition of polluted tree leaves depends on soil characteristics, pollutant type and litter composition, with consequences for environmental risk assessment.展开更多
Agricultural production systems are immensely exposed to different environmental stresses in which heavy metal stress receives serious concerns. This study was conducted to explore the deleterious effects of different...Agricultural production systems are immensely exposed to different environmental stresses in which heavy metal stress receives serious concerns. This study was conducted to explore the deleterious effects of different chromium （Cr） stress levels, i.e., O, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 μmol L^-1, on two maize genotypes, Wandan 13 and Runnong 35. Both genotypes were evaluated by measuring their growth and yield characteristics, Cr accumulation in different plant tissues, alterations in osmolyte accumulation, generation of reactive oxygen species （ROS）, and anti-oxidative enzyme activity to scavenge ROS. The results showed that Cr stress decreased the leaf area, cob formation, 100-grain weight, shoot fresh biomass, and yield formation, while Cr accumulation in different maize tissues was found in the order of roots 〉 leaves 〉 stem ~ seeds in both genotypes. The increased Cr toxicity resulted in higher free proline, soluble sugars and total phenolic contents, and lower soluble protein contents. However, enhanced lipid peroxidation was noticed in the forms of malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide （H2O2） and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance accumulation, and electrolyte leakage. The hyperactivity of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, especially glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase indicated that these anti-oxidative enzymes had a central role in protecting maize from Cr toxicity, especially for Wandan 13. Moreover, higher uptake and less translocation of Cr contents into the grains of Wandan 13 implied its importance as a potential candidate against soil Cr pollution.展开更多
Manipulation of flowering time to develop cultivars with desired maturity dates is fundamental in plant breeding.It is desirable to generate polyploid rapeseed(Brassica napus L.)germplasm with varying flowering time c...Manipulation of flowering time to develop cultivars with desired maturity dates is fundamental in plant breeding.It is desirable to generate polyploid rapeseed(Brassica napus L.)germplasm with varying flowering time controlled by a few genes.In the present study,Bna SVP,a rapeseed homolog of the Arabidopsis SVP(Short Vegetative Phase)gene,was characterized and a set of mutants was developed using a CRISPR/Cas9-based gene-editing tool.A single construct targeting multiple sites was successfully applied to precisely mutate four copies of Bna SVP.The induced mutations in these copies were stably transmitted to subsequent generations.Homozygous mutants with loss-of-function alleles and free transgenic elements were generated across the four Bna SVP homologs.All mutant T_(1)lines tested in two environments(summer and winter growing seasons)showed early-flowering phenotypes.The decrease in flowering time was correlated with the number of mutated Bna SVP alleles.The quadruple mutants showed the shortest flowering time,with a mean decrease of 40.6%–50.7%in length relative to the wild type under the two growth conditions.Our study demonstrates the quantitative involvement of Bna SVP copies in the regulation of flowering time and provides valuable resources for rapeseed breeding.展开更多
Dramatic changes in climatic conditions that supplement the biotic and abiotic stresses pose severe threat to the sustainable rice production and have made it a difficult task for rice molecular breeders to enhance pr...Dramatic changes in climatic conditions that supplement the biotic and abiotic stresses pose severe threat to the sustainable rice production and have made it a difficult task for rice molecular breeders to enhance production and productivity under these stress factors. The main focus of rice molecular breeders is to understand the fundamentals of molecular pathways involved in complex agronomic traits to increase the yield. The availability of complete rice genome sequence and recent improvements in rice genomics research has made it possible to detect and map accurately a large number of genes by using linkage to DNA markers. Linkage mapping is an effective approach to identify the genetic markers which are co-segregating with target traits within the family. The ideas of genetic diversity, quantitative trait locus（QTL） mapping, and marker-assisted selection（MAS） are evolving into more efficient concepts of linkage disequilibrium（LD） also called association mapping and genomic selection（GS）, respectively. The use of cost-effective DNA markers derived from the fine mapped position of the genes for important agronomic traits will provide opportunities for breeders to develop high-yielding, stress-resistant, and better quality rice cultivars. Here we focus on the progress of molecular marker technologies, their application in genetic mapping and evolution of association mapping techniques in rice.展开更多
Stripe rust is a continuous threat to wheat crop all over the world.It causes considerable yield losses in wheat crop every year.Continuous deployment of adult plant resistance(APR)genes in newly developing wheat cult...Stripe rust is a continuous threat to wheat crop all over the world.It causes considerable yield losses in wheat crop every year.Continuous deployment of adult plant resistance(APR)genes in newly developing wheat cultivars is the most judicious strategy to combat this disease.Herein,we dissected the genetics underpinning stripe rust resistance in Pakistani wheat germplasm.An association panel of 94 spring wheat genotypes was phenotyped for two years to score the infestation of stripe rust on each accession and was scanned with 203 polymorphic SSRs.Based on D’measure,linkage disequilibrium(LD)exhibited between loci distant up to 45 c M.Marker-trait associations(MTAs)were determined using mixed linear model(MLM).Total 31 quantitative trait loci(QTLs)were observed on all 21 wheat chromosomes.Twelve QTLs were newly discovered as well as 19 QTLs and 35 previously reported Yr genes were validated in Pakistani wheat germplasm.The major QTLs were QYr.uaf.2 AL and QYr.uaf.3 BS(PVE,11.9%).Dissection of genes from the newly observed QTLs can provide new APR genes to improve genetic resources for APR resistance in wheat crop.展开更多
An experiment was conducted at Rice Research Institute, Kala Shah Kaku in 2010 during kharif season to study the influence of nitrogen (N) and potash (K) on severity of Bacterial leaf blight (BLB) of rice (Oryza sativ...An experiment was conducted at Rice Research Institute, Kala Shah Kaku in 2010 during kharif season to study the influence of nitrogen (N) and potash (K) on severity of Bacterial leaf blight (BLB) of rice (Oryza sativa L.) aimed at improving productivity. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with factorial arrangement with three replications. Treatments comprised of: 0 kg N ha-1, 75 kg N ha-1, 100 kg N ha-1, 125 kg N ha-1 and 0 kg K ha-1, 50 kg K ha-1, 75 kg K ha-1, 100 kg K ha-1. Data on disease severity and paddy yield were recorded using standard procedures. Paddy yield was affected significantly by various combinations of N & K. In case of bacterial leaf blight, minimum diseased incidence percentage was observed when nitrogen alone was applied @ 75 kg·ha-1 in contrast to fertilizer applied @ 125 kg N ha-1 + 50 kg K ha-1 which showed maximum diseased incidence percentage. Maximum paddy yield (4.32 t·ha-1 ) was recorded when rice was fertilized @ 75 kg N ha-1 + 100 kg K ha-1 as compared to sole fertilization of 75 kg K ha-1 that produced minimum paddy yield (2.40 t·ha-1). Maximum gross income, net returns and benefit cost ratio were obtained where rice crop was fertilized @ 75 kg N ha-1 and 100 kg K ha-1.展开更多
Generically system includes two types of categories, computerized based system and socio-technical system;the difference between both types of systems is that the socio-technical systems deals with technical operation...Generically system includes two types of categories, computerized based system and socio-technical system;the difference between both types of systems is that the socio-technical systems deals with technical operation and involves the users. Information system that deals with the flow of information regarding business and social perspective falls in socio-technical based system. ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) is the best example of Information system that organization adopt to make fast the business process. The ERP systems are suffering from multifaceted interface. Previous research shows that there is a need for an improvement regarding user interface because it is the way of communicate with system. As the emphasis of HCI (Human Computer Interaction) is to clearly understand the users’ philosophy, reminiscence and problems solving techniques in order to design users oriented applications. Therefore the usability engineering is the only way to study the deeds of users by getting analysis on prototype or system by offering different methods and techniques. This paper will focus on the users’ experiences in view of financial module in ERP system which is based on different sub-components. To carry this research work HCI research methods, automated explicitly survey questionnaire method and focus group were adopted to gather users understanding in order to evaluate the selected application in ERP system. This study involved group of users from various corporate level industries in textile sector. It is the extended work as in previous only two industries were selected.展开更多
Biochar(BC)has gained attention for removal of toxic elements(TEs)from aqueous media;however,pristine biochar often exhibits low adsorption capability.Thus,various modification strategies in BC have been developed to ...Biochar(BC)has gained attention for removal of toxic elements(TEs)from aqueous media;however,pristine biochar often exhibits low adsorption capability.Thus,various modification strategies in BC have been developed to improve its removal capability against TEs.Nanoscale zero-valent iron(nZVI)and iron oxides(FeOx)have been used as sorbents for TE removal.However,these materials are prone to agglomeration and also expensive,which make their usage limited for large-scale applications.The nZVI technical demerits could be resolved by the development of BC-based composite sorbents through the loading of nZVI or FeOx onto BC surface.Nano zero-valent iron modified BC(nZVIBC),FeOx-modified BC(FeOxBC)have attracted attention for their capability in removing pollutants from the aqueous phases.Nonetheless,a potential use of nZVIBC and FeOxBC for TE removal from aqueous environments has not been well-realized or reviewed.As such,this article reviews:(i)the preparation and characterization of nZVIBC and FeOxBC;(ii)the capacity of nZVIBC and FeOxBC for TE retention in line with their physicochemical properties,and(iii)TE removal mechanisms by nZVIBC and FeOxBC.Adopting nZVI and FeOx in BC increases its sporptive capability of TEs due to surface modifications in morphology,functional groups,and elemental composition.The combined effects of BC and nZVI,FeOx or Fe salts on the sorption of TEs are complex because they are very specific to TEs.This review identified significant opportunities for research and technol-ogy advancement of nZVIBC and FeOxBC as novel and effective sorbents for the remediation of TEs contaminated water.展开更多
From soil contamination and risk assessment perspectives,it is imperative to understand the ecological processes occurring in soils.Certain soil processes greatly affect chemical speciation of potentially toxic metals...From soil contamination and risk assessment perspectives,it is imperative to understand the ecological processes occurring in soils.Certain soil processes greatly affect chemical speciation of potentially toxic metals(PTMs),and thus also influence their biogeochemical activity.The current study analyzed chemical speciation of eight PTMs(Cd,Cr,Fe,Cu,Mn,Ni,Zn,and Pb)in upper and lower soil layers for 15 agronomic fields of Vehari-Pakistan using Visual Minteq software.The divalent forms of most PTMs(PTM^(2+))generally predominated in both soil layers(79.9%overall occurrence).However,chromium revealed a different pattern of chemical speciation(95.8%as CrOH^(+))compared to other PTMs.The mean percentage of all the PTMs2+was slightly higher for the lower soil layer(81.3%)than in the upper layer(78.4%),the trend being same for all the PTMs,except Cr.This higher PTMs^(2+)percentage in lower soil layers than upper layers was due to lower content of organic matter and other anions such as Cl^(−)and HCO_(3)_(−).The mean percentage ages of all the PTMs^(2+)was similar among all the 15 agronomic fields,which was confirmed by strong Pearson correlation values(R^(2)>0.95).The PCA graph grouped all the agronomic fields and PTM^(2+) closely,except Cr^(2+) and Cu^(2+).This grouping confirmed the similar chemical speciation of PTMs,except Cu and Cr in studied fields.展开更多
The flux-weighted average cross sections ^(nat) Cd(γ,xn)^(115g,m,111m,109,107,105,104)Cd and ^(nat) Cd(γ,x)^113g,112,111g,110m)Ag reactions were measured at the bremsstrahlung end-point energies of 50 and 60 MeV.The...The flux-weighted average cross sections ^(nat) Cd(γ,xn)^(115g,m,111m,109,107,105,104)Cd and ^(nat) Cd(γ,x)^113g,112,111g,110m)Ag reactions were measured at the bremsstrahlung end-point energies of 50 and 60 MeV.The activa tion and off-line y-ray spectrometric technique was carried out using the 100 MeV electron linear accelerator at the Pohang Accelerator Laboratory,Korea.The ^(nat)lCd(γ,xn) reaction cross sections as a function of photon energy were theoretically calculated using the TALYS-1.95 and the EMPIRE-3.2 Malta codes.Then,the flux-weighted average cross sections were obtained from the theoretical values of mono-energetic photons.These values were compared with the flux-weighted values from the present study and were found to be in general agreement.The measured experimental reaction cross-sections and integral yields were described for cadmium and silver isotopes in the ^(nat)Cd(γ,xn)^(115g,m,111m,109,107,105,104) and ^(nat)Cd(γ,x)^(113g,112.111g,110m)Ag reactions.The isomeric yield ratio(IR) of ^(115g.m)Cd in the ^(nat)Cd(γ,xn) reaction was determined for the two bremsstrahlung end-point energies.The measured isomeric yield ratios of ^(115g,m)Cd in the ^(nat)Cd(γ,xn) reaction were also compared with the theoretical values of the nuclear model codes and previously published literature data of the ^(116)Cd(γ,x) and ^116(γ,2n) reactions.It was found that the IR value increases with increasing projectile energy,which demonstrates the characteristic of excitation energy.However,the higher IR value of ^(115g.m)Cd in the ^(116)Cd(n,2n)reaction compared to that in the ^(116)Cd(γ,x)reaction indicates the role of compound nuclear spin alongside excitation energy.展开更多
With a continuous threat of type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)worldwide,efforts to discover new alternatives are ongoing for its management.Therefore,the use of natural herbal products is promising to achieve this goal as...With a continuous threat of type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)worldwide,efforts to discover new alternatives are ongoing for its management.Therefore,the use of natural herbal products is promising to achieve this goal as it has been reported to have fewer side effects compared to synthetic drugs.Garcinia atroviridis is one of the plants that has been reported to have various therapeutic functions,including antioxidant,antimicrobial,anticancer,anti-inflammatory,and antihyperlipidemic.This study aimed to identify the bioactive compounds and evaluate the antidiabetic and cytotoxic potential of G.atroviridis fruit aqueous crude extract.The G.atroviridis fruit extract demonstrated promising inhibitory potential against theα-amylase andα-glucosidase enzymes with halfmaximal inhibitory concentration(IC50)of 211±0.74μg/ml and 963±0.85μg/ml,respectively.While the IC50 cytotoxicity concentrations of G.atroviridis extract on L6 cells for 24 h,48 h,and 72 h,are 0.96±0.11 mg/ml,0.63±0.5 mg/ml and 0.45±0.3 mg/ml,respectively.It was noted that the IC50 forα-glucosidase inhibition was higher than the IC50 of L6 cells cytotoxicity for 48 h,and 72 h,however the extract still proved to be viable to help in managing diabetes at lower concentration since there are other properties in the extract that can potentially help in targeting other diabetic therapeutic candidates,such asα-glucosidase.Further,through LCMS chromatographic analysis,a library of 62 chemical constituents was generated.These were put up for further pharmacological screening and molecular docking analyses,and we short-listed 18 potent antidiabetic bioactive compounds.Besides,molecular dynamics(MD)simulation was performed,which showed stable ligand-protein complexes.In conclusion,the findings of this research demonstrated that G.atroviridis fruit extract could be an excellent source of bioactive compounds with promising antidiabetic potential.展开更多
文摘The ion-acoustic(IA) mode exhibiting various orbital angular momentum(OAM) states is examined in a plasma with drifting electrons.The constituent plasma species are modeled with a non-gyrotropic Maxwellian distribution and discussion of dispersion relation and growth rate of twisted IA waves under various conditions is presented.In the domain of kinetic model,the twisted IA waves are characterized by Laguerre-Gaussian(LG) solutions,where plasma distribution function and electric field are decomposed into axial and azimuthal components.The plasma response function is obtained under paraxial approximations and investigated for threshold condition of instability growth rate with helical electric field structures.The impact of an extra electron specie on the instability is demonstrated through a comparison of twisted waves for single and double electron species.
基金funded by the Basic Science Research Program of the Ministry of Education’s National Research Foundation of Korea (Grant No.RS-2023-00245922)。
文摘Bacterial leaf blight(BLB)is a devastating disease of rice with the potential to reduce yield by up to 70%.In this study,we investigated the genetic foundation of Xa21-mediated resistance to BLB infection in seven different rice varieties from Myanmar.The varieties exhibited a variable phenotypic response at 14 d after infection(DAI)by Xoo strains K1 and K3a,among which,the variety Kayin Ma was classified as a moderately resistant(MR)variety,expressing Xa2,Xa4,xa5,xa13,and Xa21 genes.
文摘Polychloroprene (PC) based contact adhesives are widely used in various applications;however, there is a possibility to improve the properties of PC adhesive. Modifications of polymers can enhance the properties of the material, e.g. increase in thermal stability, compatibility, rigidity, physical response, flexibility and improve the polymer process ability. In the current study, improved formulation of solvent-based adhesive was developed, and the properties were further enhanced by the addition of nano-reinforcement of multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The addition of nano-reinforcement was optimized to obtain improvement in the bond strength and also to enhance its resistance at a high temperature (~100<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C). This paper discusses the uniform dispersion of MWCNTs during the synthesis of polychloroprene solvent-based adhesive, thereby improving its structural properties. Incorporation of MWCNTs-solvent-based adhesives resulted in a 20% - 35% improvement in 180<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span> peel strength determined on flexible substrates such as canvas, leather. The reinforced based adhesive also exhibited improved thermal stability and weather resistance compared with unreinforced adhesive. The MWCNTs- solvent-based contact adhesives is a potential candidate in an industrially relevant branch of adhesives commonly used in structural applications, e.g., footwear, plastic, leather, automobile, construction industries, etc.
文摘Cabbage white butterfly (<i><span>Pieris</span></i><span> </span><i><span>brassicae</span></i><span>) is one of the important insect pests of cabbage crop which causes remarkable quantitative or qualitative crop losses. The research was conducted at Hazara Agricultural research station, Abbottabad (Pakistan) to study the effect of different new chemical insecticides, botanical oil and neem seed oil (</span><i><span>Azadirachta</span></i><span> </span><i><span>indica</span></i><span> A. Juss.) on the population density of </span><i><span>P.</span></i><span> </span><i><span>brassicae</span></i><span>. The study showed that neem oil had a significant effect on population of </span><i><span>P.</span></i><span> </span><i><span>brassic</span></i><i><span>ae</span></i><span> in comparison to control treatment. So, neem oil alone or in combination with insecticides can be used for control of </span><i><span>P.</span></i><span> </span><i><span>brassicae</span></i><span> in vegetable crops for a safer food supply.</span>
基金financial support from Ademe(the French Agency of Sustainable Development and Energy)through the"DIMENSION"projectthe National Research Agency under reference ANR-12-0011-VBDUthe National Polytechnic Institute in Toulouse(INPT)
文摘At the global scale,foliar metal transfer occurs for consumed vegetables cultivated in numerous urban or industrial areas with a polluted atmosphere.However,the kinetics of metal uptake,translocation and involved phytotoxicity was never jointly studied with vegetables exposed to micronic and sub-micronic particles(PM).Different leafy vegetables(lettuces and cabbages)cultivated in RHIZOtest?devices were,therefore,exposed in a greenhouse for 5,10 and 15 days to various Pb O PM doses.The kinetics of transfer and phytotoxicity was assessed in relation to lead concentration and exposure duration.A significant Pb accumulation in leaves(up to 7392 mg/kg dry weight(DW)in lettuce)with translocation to roots was observed.Lead foliar exposure resulted in significant phytotoxicity,lipid composition change,a decrease of plant shoot growth(up to 68.2%in lettuce)and net photosynthesis(up to 58%in lettuce).The phytotoxicity results indicated plant adaptation to Pb and a higher sensitivity of lettuce in comparison with cabbage.Air quality needs,therefore,to be considered for the health and quality of vegetables grown in polluted areas,such as certain megacities(in China,Pakistan,Europe,etc.)and furthermore,to assess the health risks associated with their consumption.
文摘In industrial areas, tree leaves contaminated by metals and metalloids could constitute a secondary source of pollutants. In the present study, water extraction kinetics of inorganic elements （IE： Pb, Zn, Cd, As, Fe and Mn）, dissolved organic carbon, pH and biological activity were studied for industrial contaminated poplar leaves. Moreover, the distribution of the IE through the size fractions of the associated top soil was measured. High quantities ofMn, Zn and As and polysaccharides were released in the solution from the strongly contaminated leaves. The kinetic of release varied with time and metal type. The solution pH decreased while dissolved organic contents increased with time after 30 days. Therefore, these contaminated leaves could constitute a source of more available organic metals and metalloids than the initial inorganic process particles. However, the distribution of the IE through the size fractions of the top soil suggested that a great part of the released IE was adsorbed, reducing in consequence their transfers and bioavailability. It＇s concluded that mobility/boioavailability and speciation of metals and metalloids released from the decomposition of polluted tree leaves depends on soil characteristics, pollutant type and litter composition, with consequences for environmental risk assessment.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31271673)the Special Fund for Agro-Scientific Research in the Public Interest of China (No. 201503127)
文摘Agricultural production systems are immensely exposed to different environmental stresses in which heavy metal stress receives serious concerns. This study was conducted to explore the deleterious effects of different chromium （Cr） stress levels, i.e., O, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 μmol L^-1, on two maize genotypes, Wandan 13 and Runnong 35. Both genotypes were evaluated by measuring their growth and yield characteristics, Cr accumulation in different plant tissues, alterations in osmolyte accumulation, generation of reactive oxygen species （ROS）, and anti-oxidative enzyme activity to scavenge ROS. The results showed that Cr stress decreased the leaf area, cob formation, 100-grain weight, shoot fresh biomass, and yield formation, while Cr accumulation in different maize tissues was found in the order of roots 〉 leaves 〉 stem ~ seeds in both genotypes. The increased Cr toxicity resulted in higher free proline, soluble sugars and total phenolic contents, and lower soluble protein contents. However, enhanced lipid peroxidation was noticed in the forms of malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide （H2O2） and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance accumulation, and electrolyte leakage. The hyperactivity of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, especially glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase indicated that these anti-oxidative enzymes had a central role in protecting maize from Cr toxicity, especially for Wandan 13. Moreover, higher uptake and less translocation of Cr contents into the grains of Wandan 13 implied its importance as a potential candidate against soil Cr pollution.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFE0104800)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31671725)。
文摘Manipulation of flowering time to develop cultivars with desired maturity dates is fundamental in plant breeding.It is desirable to generate polyploid rapeseed(Brassica napus L.)germplasm with varying flowering time controlled by a few genes.In the present study,Bna SVP,a rapeseed homolog of the Arabidopsis SVP(Short Vegetative Phase)gene,was characterized and a set of mutants was developed using a CRISPR/Cas9-based gene-editing tool.A single construct targeting multiple sites was successfully applied to precisely mutate four copies of Bna SVP.The induced mutations in these copies were stably transmitted to subsequent generations.Homozygous mutants with loss-of-function alleles and free transgenic elements were generated across the four Bna SVP homologs.All mutant T_(1)lines tested in two environments(summer and winter growing seasons)showed early-flowering phenotypes.The decrease in flowering time was correlated with the number of mutated Bna SVP alleles.The quadruple mutants showed the shortest flowering time,with a mean decrease of 40.6%–50.7%in length relative to the wild type under the two growth conditions.Our study demonstrates the quantitative involvement of Bna SVP copies in the regulation of flowering time and provides valuable resources for rapeseed breeding.
文摘Dramatic changes in climatic conditions that supplement the biotic and abiotic stresses pose severe threat to the sustainable rice production and have made it a difficult task for rice molecular breeders to enhance production and productivity under these stress factors. The main focus of rice molecular breeders is to understand the fundamentals of molecular pathways involved in complex agronomic traits to increase the yield. The availability of complete rice genome sequence and recent improvements in rice genomics research has made it possible to detect and map accurately a large number of genes by using linkage to DNA markers. Linkage mapping is an effective approach to identify the genetic markers which are co-segregating with target traits within the family. The ideas of genetic diversity, quantitative trait locus（QTL） mapping, and marker-assisted selection（MAS） are evolving into more efficient concepts of linkage disequilibrium（LD） also called association mapping and genomic selection（GS）, respectively. The use of cost-effective DNA markers derived from the fine mapped position of the genes for important agronomic traits will provide opportunities for breeders to develop high-yielding, stress-resistant, and better quality rice cultivars. Here we focus on the progress of molecular marker technologies, their application in genetic mapping and evolution of association mapping techniques in rice.
基金Higher Education Commission(HEC),Islamabad,Pakistan for providing for funding(21179/SRGP/R&D/HEC/2014)the International Research Support Initiative Program(IRSIP)Scholarship for this research work。
文摘Stripe rust is a continuous threat to wheat crop all over the world.It causes considerable yield losses in wheat crop every year.Continuous deployment of adult plant resistance(APR)genes in newly developing wheat cultivars is the most judicious strategy to combat this disease.Herein,we dissected the genetics underpinning stripe rust resistance in Pakistani wheat germplasm.An association panel of 94 spring wheat genotypes was phenotyped for two years to score the infestation of stripe rust on each accession and was scanned with 203 polymorphic SSRs.Based on D’measure,linkage disequilibrium(LD)exhibited between loci distant up to 45 c M.Marker-trait associations(MTAs)were determined using mixed linear model(MLM).Total 31 quantitative trait loci(QTLs)were observed on all 21 wheat chromosomes.Twelve QTLs were newly discovered as well as 19 QTLs and 35 previously reported Yr genes were validated in Pakistani wheat germplasm.The major QTLs were QYr.uaf.2 AL and QYr.uaf.3 BS(PVE,11.9%).Dissection of genes from the newly observed QTLs can provide new APR genes to improve genetic resources for APR resistance in wheat crop.
文摘An experiment was conducted at Rice Research Institute, Kala Shah Kaku in 2010 during kharif season to study the influence of nitrogen (N) and potash (K) on severity of Bacterial leaf blight (BLB) of rice (Oryza sativa L.) aimed at improving productivity. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with factorial arrangement with three replications. Treatments comprised of: 0 kg N ha-1, 75 kg N ha-1, 100 kg N ha-1, 125 kg N ha-1 and 0 kg K ha-1, 50 kg K ha-1, 75 kg K ha-1, 100 kg K ha-1. Data on disease severity and paddy yield were recorded using standard procedures. Paddy yield was affected significantly by various combinations of N & K. In case of bacterial leaf blight, minimum diseased incidence percentage was observed when nitrogen alone was applied @ 75 kg·ha-1 in contrast to fertilizer applied @ 125 kg N ha-1 + 50 kg K ha-1 which showed maximum diseased incidence percentage. Maximum paddy yield (4.32 t·ha-1 ) was recorded when rice was fertilized @ 75 kg N ha-1 + 100 kg K ha-1 as compared to sole fertilization of 75 kg K ha-1 that produced minimum paddy yield (2.40 t·ha-1). Maximum gross income, net returns and benefit cost ratio were obtained where rice crop was fertilized @ 75 kg N ha-1 and 100 kg K ha-1.
文摘Generically system includes two types of categories, computerized based system and socio-technical system;the difference between both types of systems is that the socio-technical systems deals with technical operation and involves the users. Information system that deals with the flow of information regarding business and social perspective falls in socio-technical based system. ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) is the best example of Information system that organization adopt to make fast the business process. The ERP systems are suffering from multifaceted interface. Previous research shows that there is a need for an improvement regarding user interface because it is the way of communicate with system. As the emphasis of HCI (Human Computer Interaction) is to clearly understand the users’ philosophy, reminiscence and problems solving techniques in order to design users oriented applications. Therefore the usability engineering is the only way to study the deeds of users by getting analysis on prototype or system by offering different methods and techniques. This paper will focus on the users’ experiences in view of financial module in ERP system which is based on different sub-components. To carry this research work HCI research methods, automated explicitly survey questionnaire method and focus group were adopted to gather users understanding in order to evaluate the selected application in ERP system. This study involved group of users from various corporate level industries in textile sector. It is the extended work as in previous only two industries were selected.
文摘Biochar(BC)has gained attention for removal of toxic elements(TEs)from aqueous media;however,pristine biochar often exhibits low adsorption capability.Thus,various modification strategies in BC have been developed to improve its removal capability against TEs.Nanoscale zero-valent iron(nZVI)and iron oxides(FeOx)have been used as sorbents for TE removal.However,these materials are prone to agglomeration and also expensive,which make their usage limited for large-scale applications.The nZVI technical demerits could be resolved by the development of BC-based composite sorbents through the loading of nZVI or FeOx onto BC surface.Nano zero-valent iron modified BC(nZVIBC),FeOx-modified BC(FeOxBC)have attracted attention for their capability in removing pollutants from the aqueous phases.Nonetheless,a potential use of nZVIBC and FeOxBC for TE removal from aqueous environments has not been well-realized or reviewed.As such,this article reviews:(i)the preparation and characterization of nZVIBC and FeOxBC;(ii)the capacity of nZVIBC and FeOxBC for TE retention in line with their physicochemical properties,and(iii)TE removal mechanisms by nZVIBC and FeOxBC.Adopting nZVI and FeOx in BC increases its sporptive capability of TEs due to surface modifications in morphology,functional groups,and elemental composition.The combined effects of BC and nZVI,FeOx or Fe salts on the sorption of TEs are complex because they are very specific to TEs.This review identified significant opportunities for research and technol-ogy advancement of nZVIBC and FeOxBC as novel and effective sorbents for the remediation of TEs contaminated water.
基金Dr.Shahid thanks HEC-Pakistan for NTPU-4423 projectsupported by the Distinguished Scientist Fellowship Program(DSFP)at King Saud University,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia.
文摘From soil contamination and risk assessment perspectives,it is imperative to understand the ecological processes occurring in soils.Certain soil processes greatly affect chemical speciation of potentially toxic metals(PTMs),and thus also influence their biogeochemical activity.The current study analyzed chemical speciation of eight PTMs(Cd,Cr,Fe,Cu,Mn,Ni,Zn,and Pb)in upper and lower soil layers for 15 agronomic fields of Vehari-Pakistan using Visual Minteq software.The divalent forms of most PTMs(PTM^(2+))generally predominated in both soil layers(79.9%overall occurrence).However,chromium revealed a different pattern of chemical speciation(95.8%as CrOH^(+))compared to other PTMs.The mean percentage of all the PTMs2+was slightly higher for the lower soil layer(81.3%)than in the upper layer(78.4%),the trend being same for all the PTMs,except Cr.This higher PTMs^(2+)percentage in lower soil layers than upper layers was due to lower content of organic matter and other anions such as Cl^(−)and HCO_(3)_(−).The mean percentage ages of all the PTMs^(2+)was similar among all the 15 agronomic fields,which was confirmed by strong Pearson correlation values(R^(2)>0.95).The PCA graph grouped all the agronomic fields and PTM^(2+) closely,except Cr^(2+) and Cu^(2+).This grouping confirmed the similar chemical speciation of PTMs,except Cu and Cr in studied fields.
基金Supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)through a grant provided by the Ministry of Science and ICT(NRF-2017R1D1A1B03030484,NRF-2013M7A1A1075764,NRF-2018R1A6A1A06024970)。
文摘The flux-weighted average cross sections ^(nat) Cd(γ,xn)^(115g,m,111m,109,107,105,104)Cd and ^(nat) Cd(γ,x)^113g,112,111g,110m)Ag reactions were measured at the bremsstrahlung end-point energies of 50 and 60 MeV.The activa tion and off-line y-ray spectrometric technique was carried out using the 100 MeV electron linear accelerator at the Pohang Accelerator Laboratory,Korea.The ^(nat)lCd(γ,xn) reaction cross sections as a function of photon energy were theoretically calculated using the TALYS-1.95 and the EMPIRE-3.2 Malta codes.Then,the flux-weighted average cross sections were obtained from the theoretical values of mono-energetic photons.These values were compared with the flux-weighted values from the present study and were found to be in general agreement.The measured experimental reaction cross-sections and integral yields were described for cadmium and silver isotopes in the ^(nat)Cd(γ,xn)^(115g,m,111m,109,107,105,104) and ^(nat)Cd(γ,x)^(113g,112.111g,110m)Ag reactions.The isomeric yield ratio(IR) of ^(115g.m)Cd in the ^(nat)Cd(γ,xn) reaction was determined for the two bremsstrahlung end-point energies.The measured isomeric yield ratios of ^(115g,m)Cd in the ^(nat)Cd(γ,xn) reaction were also compared with the theoretical values of the nuclear model codes and previously published literature data of the ^(116)Cd(γ,x) and ^116(γ,2n) reactions.It was found that the IR value increases with increasing projectile energy,which demonstrates the characteristic of excitation energy.However,the higher IR value of ^(115g.m)Cd in the ^(116)Cd(n,2n)reaction compared to that in the ^(116)Cd(γ,x)reaction indicates the role of compound nuclear spin alongside excitation energy.
基金supported by Department of Food Sciences,Faculty Science and Technology,Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia(Funding No.:ST-2019-013 and ST-2021-010)supported by Inti International University(INTI-FHLS-03-03-2022).
文摘With a continuous threat of type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)worldwide,efforts to discover new alternatives are ongoing for its management.Therefore,the use of natural herbal products is promising to achieve this goal as it has been reported to have fewer side effects compared to synthetic drugs.Garcinia atroviridis is one of the plants that has been reported to have various therapeutic functions,including antioxidant,antimicrobial,anticancer,anti-inflammatory,and antihyperlipidemic.This study aimed to identify the bioactive compounds and evaluate the antidiabetic and cytotoxic potential of G.atroviridis fruit aqueous crude extract.The G.atroviridis fruit extract demonstrated promising inhibitory potential against theα-amylase andα-glucosidase enzymes with halfmaximal inhibitory concentration(IC50)of 211±0.74μg/ml and 963±0.85μg/ml,respectively.While the IC50 cytotoxicity concentrations of G.atroviridis extract on L6 cells for 24 h,48 h,and 72 h,are 0.96±0.11 mg/ml,0.63±0.5 mg/ml and 0.45±0.3 mg/ml,respectively.It was noted that the IC50 forα-glucosidase inhibition was higher than the IC50 of L6 cells cytotoxicity for 48 h,and 72 h,however the extract still proved to be viable to help in managing diabetes at lower concentration since there are other properties in the extract that can potentially help in targeting other diabetic therapeutic candidates,such asα-glucosidase.Further,through LCMS chromatographic analysis,a library of 62 chemical constituents was generated.These were put up for further pharmacological screening and molecular docking analyses,and we short-listed 18 potent antidiabetic bioactive compounds.Besides,molecular dynamics(MD)simulation was performed,which showed stable ligand-protein complexes.In conclusion,the findings of this research demonstrated that G.atroviridis fruit extract could be an excellent source of bioactive compounds with promising antidiabetic potential.
