The current study aims to investigate the population variation and food habits of ranid frogs in the rice-based cropping system in District Gujranwala,Pakistan.The population in the study area was estimated using capt...The current study aims to investigate the population variation and food habits of ranid frogs in the rice-based cropping system in District Gujranwala,Pakistan.The population in the study area was estimated using capture,mark and release method whereas food habits of the species were studied by analysis of stomach contents.The results showed the highest average population was found during August 2009(93.10±18.64/ha) while the lowest from December 2008 to February 2009.Maximum seasonal populations existed in summer 2009,whereas winter 2008 sizes were at a minimum.Stomach content analysis of the species revealed percent frequency(% F) of occurrence of insects(80.3),earthworms(28.5),whole frogs(15.8),bone pieces(22.5),rodents(1.66),vegetation(5.0),soil particles(13.3) and some unidentified material(7.5) in all the stomach samples.Most frequently consumed prey items were insects(30% by volume),although frogs also preyed upon conspecifics and rodents.Insects recovered from the stomach contents were identified as belonging to Orthoptera,Lepidoptera,Coleoptera,Diptera,Odonata and Homoptera as well as the class Archnida.Insects recovered from the stomach contents were compared to those captured from the study area.展开更多
The population density and breeding of two frog species, i. e., the Skittering Frog （Euphlyctis eyanophlyctis） and the Bull Frog （Hoplobatrachus tigerinus） were studied at Rawal Lake, Islamabad, Pakistan, by using...The population density and breeding of two frog species, i. e., the Skittering Frog （Euphlyctis eyanophlyctis） and the Bull Frog （Hoplobatrachus tigerinus） were studied at Rawal Lake, Islamabad, Pakistan, by using visual encounter method from September 2009 to August 2010. Mean population density for the two frogs was 1.55 ± 0.44 frogs per ha, with that for the Skittering Frog being 1.09 ± 0.33 frogs/ha and that of the Bull Frog 0.46 ± 0.11 frog/ha, respectively. It is concluded that both frog species are explosive breeders, i. e., their breeding activities were confined to the first showers of the monsoon season. The mean spawn weight of the Skittering Frog was 1.5 g with more than 1000 eggs in each spawn, while that of the Bull Frog was 0.26 g with less than 1000 eggs in a spawn. The spawning sites of the two species were investigated in detail. Generally, no threat to their populations was observed. However, the opening of the spillway of Rawal Dam following the torrential rain destroyed the breeding sites of the frogs. It is maintained that the event did not produce any significant impact on their populations and breeding as the two species were quite common.展开更多
文摘The current study aims to investigate the population variation and food habits of ranid frogs in the rice-based cropping system in District Gujranwala,Pakistan.The population in the study area was estimated using capture,mark and release method whereas food habits of the species were studied by analysis of stomach contents.The results showed the highest average population was found during August 2009(93.10±18.64/ha) while the lowest from December 2008 to February 2009.Maximum seasonal populations existed in summer 2009,whereas winter 2008 sizes were at a minimum.Stomach content analysis of the species revealed percent frequency(% F) of occurrence of insects(80.3),earthworms(28.5),whole frogs(15.8),bone pieces(22.5),rodents(1.66),vegetation(5.0),soil particles(13.3) and some unidentified material(7.5) in all the stomach samples.Most frequently consumed prey items were insects(30% by volume),although frogs also preyed upon conspecifics and rodents.Insects recovered from the stomach contents were identified as belonging to Orthoptera,Lepidoptera,Coleoptera,Diptera,Odonata and Homoptera as well as the class Archnida.Insects recovered from the stomach contents were compared to those captured from the study area.
文摘The population density and breeding of two frog species, i. e., the Skittering Frog （Euphlyctis eyanophlyctis） and the Bull Frog （Hoplobatrachus tigerinus） were studied at Rawal Lake, Islamabad, Pakistan, by using visual encounter method from September 2009 to August 2010. Mean population density for the two frogs was 1.55 ± 0.44 frogs per ha, with that for the Skittering Frog being 1.09 ± 0.33 frogs/ha and that of the Bull Frog 0.46 ± 0.11 frog/ha, respectively. It is concluded that both frog species are explosive breeders, i. e., their breeding activities were confined to the first showers of the monsoon season. The mean spawn weight of the Skittering Frog was 1.5 g with more than 1000 eggs in each spawn, while that of the Bull Frog was 0.26 g with less than 1000 eggs in a spawn. The spawning sites of the two species were investigated in detail. Generally, no threat to their populations was observed. However, the opening of the spillway of Rawal Dam following the torrential rain destroyed the breeding sites of the frogs. It is maintained that the event did not produce any significant impact on their populations and breeding as the two species were quite common.
