In this study,Palm kernel shell(PKS)is utilized as a raw material to produce activated biochar as adsorbent for dye removal from wastewater,specifically methylene blue(MB)dye,by utilizing a simplified and costeffectiv...In this study,Palm kernel shell(PKS)is utilized as a raw material to produce activated biochar as adsorbent for dye removal from wastewater,specifically methylene blue(MB)dye,by utilizing a simplified and costeffective approach.Production of activated biocharwas carried out using both a furnace and a domesticmicrowave oven without an inert atmosphere.Three samples of palm kernel shell(PKS)based activated biochar labeled as samples A,B and C were carbonized inside the furnace at 800℃ for 1 h and then activated using the microwave-heating technique with varying heating times(0,5,10,and 15 min).The heating was conducted in the absence of an inert gas.Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy(FTIR)highlighted a significant Si-O stretching vibration between 1040.5 to 692.7 cm−1,indicating the presence of key components(Silica and Alumina)in all PKS-based activated biochar samples.For wastewater treatment,activated biochar samples were tested against a 20 mg/LMethylene Blue(MB)solution,and the MB percentage removal was calculated for each run using a standard curve.Central Composite Design(CCD)experiments were conducted for optimization,with activated biochar Sample C exhibiting the highest adsorption capacity at 88.14%MB removal under specific conditions.ANOVA analysis confirmed the significance of the quadratic model,with a p-value of 0.0222 and R^(2)=0.9438.In conclusion,the results demonstrated the efficiency of PKS-based activated biochar as an adsorbent for MB removal in comparison to other commercial adsorbents.展开更多
Purpose:Hypertonic fluids such as mannitol and half-molar sodium lactate are given to treat intracranial hypertension in patients with severe traumatic brain injury(TBI).In this study,sodium lactate was compared to ma...Purpose:Hypertonic fluids such as mannitol and half-molar sodium lactate are given to treat intracranial hypertension in patients with severe traumatic brain injury(TBI).In this study,sodium lactate was compared to mannitol in patients with TBI to investigate the efficacy in reducing intracranial pressure(ICP).Methods:This study was a systematic review with literature research on articles published in any year in the databases of PubMed,ScienceDirect,Asian Journal of Neurosurgery,and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials.The keywords were"half-molar sodium lactate","mannitol","cerebral edema or brain swelling",and"severe traumatic brain injury".The inclusion criteria were(1)studies published in English,(2)randomized control trials or retrospective/prospective studies on TBI patients,and(3)therapies including half-molar sodium lactate and mannitol and(4)sufficient data such as mean difference(MD)and risk ratio(RR).Data analysis was conducted using Review Manager 5.3.Results:From 1499 studies,a total of 8 studies were eligible.Mannitol group reduced ICP of 0.65 times(MD 0.65;p=0.64)and improved cerebral perfusion pressure of 0.61 times(MD 0.61;p=0.88),better than the half-molar group of sodium lactate.But the half-molar group of sodium lactate maintained the mean arterial pressure level of 0.86 times,better than the mannitol group(MD 0.86;p=0.09).Conclusion:Half-molar sodium lactate is as effective as mannitol in reducing ICP in the early phase of brain injury,superior over mannitol in an extended period.It is able to prevent intracranial hypertension and give better brain tissue perfusion as well as more stable hemodynamics.Blood osmolarity is a concern as it increases serum sodium.展开更多
文摘In this study,Palm kernel shell(PKS)is utilized as a raw material to produce activated biochar as adsorbent for dye removal from wastewater,specifically methylene blue(MB)dye,by utilizing a simplified and costeffective approach.Production of activated biocharwas carried out using both a furnace and a domesticmicrowave oven without an inert atmosphere.Three samples of palm kernel shell(PKS)based activated biochar labeled as samples A,B and C were carbonized inside the furnace at 800℃ for 1 h and then activated using the microwave-heating technique with varying heating times(0,5,10,and 15 min).The heating was conducted in the absence of an inert gas.Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy(FTIR)highlighted a significant Si-O stretching vibration between 1040.5 to 692.7 cm−1,indicating the presence of key components(Silica and Alumina)in all PKS-based activated biochar samples.For wastewater treatment,activated biochar samples were tested against a 20 mg/LMethylene Blue(MB)solution,and the MB percentage removal was calculated for each run using a standard curve.Central Composite Design(CCD)experiments were conducted for optimization,with activated biochar Sample C exhibiting the highest adsorption capacity at 88.14%MB removal under specific conditions.ANOVA analysis confirmed the significance of the quadratic model,with a p-value of 0.0222 and R^(2)=0.9438.In conclusion,the results demonstrated the efficiency of PKS-based activated biochar as an adsorbent for MB removal in comparison to other commercial adsorbents.
文摘Purpose:Hypertonic fluids such as mannitol and half-molar sodium lactate are given to treat intracranial hypertension in patients with severe traumatic brain injury(TBI).In this study,sodium lactate was compared to mannitol in patients with TBI to investigate the efficacy in reducing intracranial pressure(ICP).Methods:This study was a systematic review with literature research on articles published in any year in the databases of PubMed,ScienceDirect,Asian Journal of Neurosurgery,and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials.The keywords were"half-molar sodium lactate","mannitol","cerebral edema or brain swelling",and"severe traumatic brain injury".The inclusion criteria were(1)studies published in English,(2)randomized control trials or retrospective/prospective studies on TBI patients,and(3)therapies including half-molar sodium lactate and mannitol and(4)sufficient data such as mean difference(MD)and risk ratio(RR).Data analysis was conducted using Review Manager 5.3.Results:From 1499 studies,a total of 8 studies were eligible.Mannitol group reduced ICP of 0.65 times(MD 0.65;p=0.64)and improved cerebral perfusion pressure of 0.61 times(MD 0.61;p=0.88),better than the half-molar group of sodium lactate.But the half-molar group of sodium lactate maintained the mean arterial pressure level of 0.86 times,better than the mannitol group(MD 0.86;p=0.09).Conclusion:Half-molar sodium lactate is as effective as mannitol in reducing ICP in the early phase of brain injury,superior over mannitol in an extended period.It is able to prevent intracranial hypertension and give better brain tissue perfusion as well as more stable hemodynamics.Blood osmolarity is a concern as it increases serum sodium.
