Hybrid maize farmers have to face diverse kinds of climate, biological, price and financial risks. Farmers＇ risk perceptions and risk attitudes are essential elements influencing farm operations and management decisi...Hybrid maize farmers have to face diverse kinds of climate, biological, price and financial risks. Farmers＇ risk perceptions and risk attitudes are essential elements influencing farm operations and management decisions. However, this important issue has been overlooked in the contemporary studies and therefore there is a dearth of literature on this important issue. The present research is therefore, an attempt to fill this gap. This study aims to quantify hybrid maize farmers＇ perceptions of disastrous risks, their attitudes towards risk and to explore the impacts of various farm and farm household factors on farmers＇ risk attitudes and risk perceptions. The present study is conducted in four hybrid maize growing districts of Punjab Province, Pakistan, using cross-sectional data of 400 hybrid maize farmers. Risk matrix and equally likely certainty equivalent （ELCE） method are used to rank farmers＇ perceptions of four catastrophic risk sources including climate, biological, price and financial risks and to investigate farmers＇ risk aversion attitudes, respectively. Furthermore, probit regression is used to analyze the determinants affecting farmers＇ risk attitudes and risk perceptions. The results of the study showed that majority of farmers are risk averse in nature and perceive price, biological and climate to be potential sources of risks to their farm enterprise. In addition, analysis divulges that distance from farm to main market, off-farm income, location dummies for Sahiwal and Okara, age, maize farming experience, access to extension agent, significantly （either negatively or positively） influence farmers＇ risk attitudes and risk perceptions. The study delivers valuable insights for farmers, agricultural insurance sector, extension services researchers and agricultural policy makers about the local understanding of risks to hybrid maize crop in developing countries, like Pakistan, and have implications for research on farmers＇ adaptation to exposed risks.展开更多
Three bacterial strains Bacillus pumilis, Cellulosimicrobium cellulans and ExtguoOactertum were investigated when grown in Luria-Bertani （LB） medium at 500 μg/mL Cr（VI）. The hexavalent chromium reduction was meas...Three bacterial strains Bacillus pumilis, Cellulosimicrobium cellulans and ExtguoOactertum were investigated when grown in Luria-Bertani （LB） medium at 500 μg/mL Cr（VI）. The hexavalent chromium reduction was measured by growing the strains in DeLeo and Ehrlich （1994） medium at 200 and 400 μg/mL K2CrO4. The optimal Cr （VI） reduction by strains B. pumilis, Exigubacterium and C. cellulans was 51%, 39%, and 41%, respectively, at an initial KzCrO4 concentration of 200 ~tg/mL at pH 3 and temperature 37℃. At an initial chromate concentration of 400 gg/mL, the Cr（VI） reduction by strains B. purnilis, Exigubacterium and C. cellulans was 24%, 19%, and 18%, respectively at pH 3 at 37℃ after 24 h. These strains have ability to reduce toxic hexavalent chromium to the less mobile trivalent chromium at a wide range of different environmental conditions and can be useful for the treatment of contaminated wastewater and soils.展开更多
Farmers in Pakistan continue to produce maize under various types of risks and adopt several strategies to manage those risks. This study is the first attempt to investigate the factors affecting the concurrent adopti...Farmers in Pakistan continue to produce maize under various types of risks and adopt several strategies to manage those risks. This study is the first attempt to investigate the factors affecting the concurrent adoption of off-farm income diversification and agricultural credit which the farmers use to manage the risk to maize production. We apply bivariate and multinomial probit approaches to the primary data collected from four districts of Punjab Province in Pakistan. The results show that strong correlations exist between the off-farm diversification and agricultural credit which indicates that the use of one risk management strategy leads to another. The findings demonstrate that education, livestock number, maize farming experience, perceptions of biological risks and risk-averse nature of the growers significantly encourage the adoption of diversification as a risk management tool while farm size inversely affects the adoption of diversification. Similarly, in the adoption equation of credit, maize farming experience, farm size, perceptions of price and biological risks and risk attitude of farmers significantly enhance the chances of adopting agricultural credit to manage farm risks. These findings are important for the relevant stakeholders who seek to offer carefully designed risk minimizing options to the maize farmers.展开更多
The Soil and Water Assessment Tool （SWAT） was implemented in a small forested watershed of the Soan River Basin innorthern Pakistan through application of the sequential uncertainty fitting （SUFI-2） method to inve...The Soil and Water Assessment Tool （SWAT） was implemented in a small forested watershed of the Soan River Basin innorthern Pakistan through application of the sequential uncertainty fitting （SUFI-2） method to investigate the associateduncertainty in runoff and sediment load estimation. The model was calibrated for a 10-year period （1991–2000） with aninitial 4-year warm-up period （1987–1990）, and was validated for the subsequent 10-year period （2001–2010）. Themodel evaluation indices R2 （the coefficient of determination）, NS （the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency）, and PBIAS （percentbias） for stream flows simulation indicated that there was a good agreement between the measured and simulated flows.To assess the uncertainty in the model outputs, p-factor （a 95% prediction uncertainty, 95PPU） and r-factors （averagewideness width of the 95PPU band divided by the standard deviation of the observed values） were taken into account.The 95PPU band bracketed 72% of the observed data during the calibration and 67% during the validation. The r-factorwas 0.81 during the calibration and 0.68 during the validation. For monthly sediment yield, the model evaluation coefficients（R2 and NS） for the calibration were computed as 0.81 and 0.79, respectively; for validation, they were 0.78and 0.74, respectively. Meanwhile, the 95PPU covered more than 60% of the observed sediment data during calibrationand validation. Moreover, improved model prediction and parameter estimation were observed with the increasednumber of iterations. However, the model performance became worse after the fourth iterations due to an unreasonableparameter estimation. Overall results indicated the applicability of the SWAT model with moderate levels of uncertaintyduring the calibration and high levels during the validation. Thus, this calibrated SWAT model can be used for assessmentof water balance components, climate change studies, and land use management practices.展开更多
The present study deals with colonization potential of plant growth promoting bacterial strains (Ochrobactrum intermedium, Bacillus cereus and Brevibacterium sp.) on Vigna radiata roots. The roots were heavily coloniz...The present study deals with colonization potential of plant growth promoting bacterial strains (Ochrobactrum intermedium, Bacillus cereus and Brevibacterium sp.) on Vigna radiata roots. The roots were heavily colonized with O. intermedium and B. cereus as compared to Brevibacterium sp. O. intermedium mainly colonized rhizoplane while B. cereus occurred both on the rhizoplane and near root zone. O. intermedium and B. cereus were found to be present both on the rhizoplane and near root zone, while Brevibacterium only in the rhizosphere in the form of groups. The cells of B. cereus were found more in the sites where root exudates were existed. From the above results it was observed that the number of O. intermedium cells were large at root exudate site. Fig 2, Tab 1, Ref展开更多
The design of single-and quad-band Bandpass Filter(BPF)topology has been presented in this paper for next-generation Internet of Things(IoT)devices.The main topology is constructed using the Split Ring Resonator(SRR),...The design of single-and quad-band Bandpass Filter(BPF)topology has been presented in this paper for next-generation Internet of Things(IoT)devices.The main topology is constructed using the Split Ring Resonator(SRR),separated by the Anti-Parallel Coupled Line Structure(APCLS).A detailed analysis of APCLS has been presented,which is further used to construct the single-and quad-band BPF.The single-band BPF design consists of SRR loaded with APCLS.The developed single-band BPF displays a dual-mode response with a center frequency of 2.65 GHz and a measured fractional bandwidth of 17.17%.Moreover,a quad-band bandpass filter has been achieved using the same topology with minor modification in the SRR and APCLS electrical parameters.The developed quad-band BPF generates a dual-mode response having center frequencies of 1.2,2.4,3.5,and 4.7 GHz with the measured fractional bandwidth of 13%,26%,16%,and 5%,respectively.Two prototypes have been fabricated on the highfrequency substrate to validate the proposed topologies.Very high rejection in the stopbands region,little in-band insertion loss,and very selective passband have been measured for single-and quad-band BPFs.The measured and simulated results are well correlated.展开更多
Waste Glass(WGs)and Coir Fiber(CF)are not widely utilized,even though their silica and cellulose content can be used to create construction materials.This study aimed to optimize mortar compressive strength using Resp...Waste Glass(WGs)and Coir Fiber(CF)are not widely utilized,even though their silica and cellulose content can be used to create construction materials.This study aimed to optimize mortar compressive strength using Response Surface Methodology(RSM).The Central Composite Design(CCD)was applied to determine the optimization of WGs and CF addition to the mortar compressive strength.Compressive strength and microstructure testing with Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM),Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy(FT-IR),and X-Ray Diffraction(XRD)were conducted to specify the mechanical ability and bonding between the matrix,CF,and WGs.The results showed that the chemical treatment of CF produced 49.15%cellulose,with an average particle size of 1521μm.The regression of a second-order polynomial model yielded an optimum composition consisting of 12.776%WGs and 2.344%CF with a predicted compressive strength of 19.1023 MPa.C-S-H gels were identified in the mortars due to the dissolving of SiO_(2) in WGs and cement.The silica from WGs increased the C-S-H phase.CF plays a role in preventing,bridging,and branching micro-cracks before reaching maximum stress.WGs aggregates and chemically treated CF are suitable to be composited in mortar to increase compressive strength.展开更多
Analyses of the characteristics and properties of biocoke fuel from several biomass wastes were carried out to determine the energy potential of the fuel.Biocoke production in this research uses heating and pressure m...Analyses of the characteristics and properties of biocoke fuel from several biomass wastes were carried out to determine the energy potential of the fuel.Biocoke production in this research uses heating and pressure methods simultaneously under constant conditions.Experimental results using thermogravimetric analysis show that biocoke empty-fruit-bunches(EFB)have a higher energy potential of 26.57 MJ/kg.Meanwhile,mangrove biocoke recorded the lowest ash content at 1.81%compared to EFB at 5.09%.The carbon content of mangrove biocoke is 58.02%,slightly higher than that of EFB,56.70%,but EFB is higher than that of other biomass.Overall,the energy content recorded in biocoke increased significantly compared to raw biomass.展开更多
Multichannel analysis of surface waves is a noninvasive technique for subsurface shear wave velocity imagining. This method is one of the most effective geophysical tools for geotechnical investigations. In this paper...Multichannel analysis of surface waves is a noninvasive technique for subsurface shear wave velocity imagining. This method is one of the most effective geophysical tools for geotechnical investigations. In this paper, we present multichannel surface wave data acquisition in a non-conventional manner in alluvium deposits. Fixed receiver and multi-source offset geometry were applied to obtain field data. The data processing comprised of generating CMP cross-correlated traces and then inversion to obtain dispersion curves. The inversion of dispersion curves is achieved by employing a genetic algorithm to obtain subsurface shear wave velocity. Finally, the one-dimensional shear wave models are obtained. The multi-source offset data acquisition with fixed receiver geometry technique in combination with CMP cross-correlation gathers for data processing worked in a quite efficient way to obtain subsurface shear wave model.展开更多
Owing to the directional H-bonding,coordination and π-stacking abilities,terpyridines have been widely used as supramolecular tectons in molecular architectures,skeletons in molecular devices and metallopolymers,and ...Owing to the directional H-bonding,coordination and π-stacking abilities,terpyridines have been widely used as supramolecular tectons in molecular architectures,skeletons in molecular devices and metallopolymers,and are gaining importance in medicinal chemistry.In this paper,we have synthesized,characterized and applied deep eutectic ionic liquids (DEILs) based on 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane;triethylenediamine (DABCO)-derived quatemary ammonium salts for the preparation ofterpyridines.These DEILs were synthesized through N-alkylation of DABCO with haloalkanes (1-bromopentane or 1-bromoheptane) followed by mixing and heating with methanol or polyethylene glycol as a hydrogen bond donor.The synthesized DEILs were structurally characterized by IR and NMR.The formation of deep eutectic solvent was confirmed by freezing point depression,it composition was investigated through phase diagram,and its thermal stability was determined through differential scanning calorimetry,derivative thermogravimetry and thermal gravimetric analysis studies.Further,these DEILs were investigated for their effectiveness towards synthesis of 2,2':6',2"-terpyridine,3,2':6',3"-terpyridineand 4,2':6',4"-terpyridine derivatives through Kr(o)hnke reaction.The results show that these three types ofterpyridines can be obtained in reasonable yields (80%-97%) by the one-pot reaction of 2-,3-or 4-acetylpyridine with a variety of aromatic aldehydes in the presence of DEIL as a reaction medium,sodium hydroxide as a base and ammonium acetate as a cyclizing agent.This methodology is highly efficient and cost-effective for synthesis of symmetrical as well as unsymmetrical terpyridines.Importantly,these DEILs can be reused several times without an obvious loss of activity and are non-toxic,low-volatile,biodegradable and highly thermally stable.Therefore,these DEILs as a non-conventional reaction medium for the synthesis of terpyridines provides appealing opportunities to be investigated in the domain of green synthesis.展开更多
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC,71473100NSFC-CGIAR,71461010701)
文摘Hybrid maize farmers have to face diverse kinds of climate, biological, price and financial risks. Farmers＇ risk perceptions and risk attitudes are essential elements influencing farm operations and management decisions. However, this important issue has been overlooked in the contemporary studies and therefore there is a dearth of literature on this important issue. The present research is therefore, an attempt to fill this gap. This study aims to quantify hybrid maize farmers＇ perceptions of disastrous risks, their attitudes towards risk and to explore the impacts of various farm and farm household factors on farmers＇ risk attitudes and risk perceptions. The present study is conducted in four hybrid maize growing districts of Punjab Province, Pakistan, using cross-sectional data of 400 hybrid maize farmers. Risk matrix and equally likely certainty equivalent （ELCE） method are used to rank farmers＇ perceptions of four catastrophic risk sources including climate, biological, price and financial risks and to investigate farmers＇ risk aversion attitudes, respectively. Furthermore, probit regression is used to analyze the determinants affecting farmers＇ risk attitudes and risk perceptions. The results of the study showed that majority of farmers are risk averse in nature and perceive price, biological and climate to be potential sources of risks to their farm enterprise. In addition, analysis divulges that distance from farm to main market, off-farm income, location dummies for Sahiwal and Okara, age, maize farming experience, access to extension agent, significantly （either negatively or positively） influence farmers＇ risk attitudes and risk perceptions. The study delivers valuable insights for farmers, agricultural insurance sector, extension services researchers and agricultural policy makers about the local understanding of risks to hybrid maize crop in developing countries, like Pakistan, and have implications for research on farmers＇ adaptation to exposed risks.
文摘Three bacterial strains Bacillus pumilis, Cellulosimicrobium cellulans and ExtguoOactertum were investigated when grown in Luria-Bertani （LB） medium at 500 μg/mL Cr（VI）. The hexavalent chromium reduction was measured by growing the strains in DeLeo and Ehrlich （1994） medium at 200 and 400 μg/mL K2CrO4. The optimal Cr （VI） reduction by strains B. pumilis, Exigubacterium and C. cellulans was 51%, 39%, and 41%, respectively, at an initial KzCrO4 concentration of 200 ~tg/mL at pH 3 and temperature 37℃. At an initial chromate concentration of 400 gg/mL, the Cr（VI） reduction by strains B. purnilis, Exigubacterium and C. cellulans was 24%, 19%, and 18%, respectively at pH 3 at 37℃ after 24 h. These strains have ability to reduce toxic hexavalent chromium to the less mobile trivalent chromium at a wide range of different environmental conditions and can be useful for the treatment of contaminated wastewater and soils.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China (71473100 and 71461010701)
文摘Farmers in Pakistan continue to produce maize under various types of risks and adopt several strategies to manage those risks. This study is the first attempt to investigate the factors affecting the concurrent adoption of off-farm income diversification and agricultural credit which the farmers use to manage the risk to maize production. We apply bivariate and multinomial probit approaches to the primary data collected from four districts of Punjab Province in Pakistan. The results show that strong correlations exist between the off-farm diversification and agricultural credit which indicates that the use of one risk management strategy leads to another. The findings demonstrate that education, livestock number, maize farming experience, perceptions of biological risks and risk-averse nature of the growers significantly encourage the adoption of diversification as a risk management tool while farm size inversely affects the adoption of diversification. Similarly, in the adoption equation of credit, maize farming experience, farm size, perceptions of price and biological risks and risk attitude of farmers significantly enhance the chances of adopting agricultural credit to manage farm risks. These findings are important for the relevant stakeholders who seek to offer carefully designed risk minimizing options to the maize farmers.
基金supported by the Centre of Excellence in Water Resources Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, and local authorities in Pakistan
文摘The Soil and Water Assessment Tool （SWAT） was implemented in a small forested watershed of the Soan River Basin innorthern Pakistan through application of the sequential uncertainty fitting （SUFI-2） method to investigate the associateduncertainty in runoff and sediment load estimation. The model was calibrated for a 10-year period （1991–2000） with aninitial 4-year warm-up period （1987–1990）, and was validated for the subsequent 10-year period （2001–2010）. Themodel evaluation indices R2 （the coefficient of determination）, NS （the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency）, and PBIAS （percentbias） for stream flows simulation indicated that there was a good agreement between the measured and simulated flows.To assess the uncertainty in the model outputs, p-factor （a 95% prediction uncertainty, 95PPU） and r-factors （averagewideness width of the 95PPU band divided by the standard deviation of the observed values） were taken into account.The 95PPU band bracketed 72% of the observed data during the calibration and 67% during the validation. The r-factorwas 0.81 during the calibration and 0.68 during the validation. For monthly sediment yield, the model evaluation coefficients（R2 and NS） for the calibration were computed as 0.81 and 0.79, respectively; for validation, they were 0.78and 0.74, respectively. Meanwhile, the 95PPU covered more than 60% of the observed sediment data during calibrationand validation. Moreover, improved model prediction and parameter estimation were observed with the increasednumber of iterations. However, the model performance became worse after the fourth iterations due to an unreasonableparameter estimation. Overall results indicated the applicability of the SWAT model with moderate levels of uncertaintyduring the calibration and high levels during the validation. Thus, this calibrated SWAT model can be used for assessmentof water balance components, climate change studies, and land use management practices.
文摘The present study deals with colonization potential of plant growth promoting bacterial strains (Ochrobactrum intermedium, Bacillus cereus and Brevibacterium sp.) on Vigna radiata roots. The roots were heavily colonized with O. intermedium and B. cereus as compared to Brevibacterium sp. O. intermedium mainly colonized rhizoplane while B. cereus occurred both on the rhizoplane and near root zone. O. intermedium and B. cereus were found to be present both on the rhizoplane and near root zone, while Brevibacterium only in the rhizosphere in the form of groups. The cells of B. cereus were found more in the sites where root exudates were existed. From the above results it was observed that the number of O. intermedium cells were large at root exudate site. Fig 2, Tab 1, Ref
文摘The design of single-and quad-band Bandpass Filter(BPF)topology has been presented in this paper for next-generation Internet of Things(IoT)devices.The main topology is constructed using the Split Ring Resonator(SRR),separated by the Anti-Parallel Coupled Line Structure(APCLS).A detailed analysis of APCLS has been presented,which is further used to construct the single-and quad-band BPF.The single-band BPF design consists of SRR loaded with APCLS.The developed single-band BPF displays a dual-mode response with a center frequency of 2.65 GHz and a measured fractional bandwidth of 17.17%.Moreover,a quad-band bandpass filter has been achieved using the same topology with minor modification in the SRR and APCLS electrical parameters.The developed quad-band BPF generates a dual-mode response having center frequencies of 1.2,2.4,3.5,and 4.7 GHz with the measured fractional bandwidth of 13%,26%,16%,and 5%,respectively.Two prototypes have been fabricated on the highfrequency substrate to validate the proposed topologies.Very high rejection in the stopbands region,little in-band insertion loss,and very selective passband have been measured for single-and quad-band BPFs.The measured and simulated results are well correlated.
基金funded by the Ministry of Education,Culture,Research,and the Technology,Indonesia for Matching Fund (Kedaireka)Scheme in 2022 with Contract No.155/E1/KS.06.02/2022.
文摘Waste Glass(WGs)and Coir Fiber(CF)are not widely utilized,even though their silica and cellulose content can be used to create construction materials.This study aimed to optimize mortar compressive strength using Response Surface Methodology(RSM).The Central Composite Design(CCD)was applied to determine the optimization of WGs and CF addition to the mortar compressive strength.Compressive strength and microstructure testing with Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM),Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy(FT-IR),and X-Ray Diffraction(XRD)were conducted to specify the mechanical ability and bonding between the matrix,CF,and WGs.The results showed that the chemical treatment of CF produced 49.15%cellulose,with an average particle size of 1521μm.The regression of a second-order polynomial model yielded an optimum composition consisting of 12.776%WGs and 2.344%CF with a predicted compressive strength of 19.1023 MPa.C-S-H gels were identified in the mortars due to the dissolving of SiO_(2) in WGs and cement.The silica from WGs increased the C-S-H phase.CF plays a role in preventing,bridging,and branching micro-cracks before reaching maximum stress.WGs aggregates and chemically treated CF are suitable to be composited in mortar to increase compressive strength.
基金support in the form of a research grant by Badan Pengelola Dana Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit(BPDPKS)with grant number(PRJ-374/DPKS/2022,PRJ-17/DPKS/2023Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian Masyarakat(LPPM-USK)with grand number 192/UN11.2.1/PT.01.03/PNBP/2023).
文摘Analyses of the characteristics and properties of biocoke fuel from several biomass wastes were carried out to determine the energy potential of the fuel.Biocoke production in this research uses heating and pressure methods simultaneously under constant conditions.Experimental results using thermogravimetric analysis show that biocoke empty-fruit-bunches(EFB)have a higher energy potential of 26.57 MJ/kg.Meanwhile,mangrove biocoke recorded the lowest ash content at 1.81%compared to EFB at 5.09%.The carbon content of mangrove biocoke is 58.02%,slightly higher than that of EFB,56.70%,but EFB is higher than that of other biomass.Overall,the energy content recorded in biocoke increased significantly compared to raw biomass.
文摘Multichannel analysis of surface waves is a noninvasive technique for subsurface shear wave velocity imagining. This method is one of the most effective geophysical tools for geotechnical investigations. In this paper, we present multichannel surface wave data acquisition in a non-conventional manner in alluvium deposits. Fixed receiver and multi-source offset geometry were applied to obtain field data. The data processing comprised of generating CMP cross-correlated traces and then inversion to obtain dispersion curves. The inversion of dispersion curves is achieved by employing a genetic algorithm to obtain subsurface shear wave velocity. Finally, the one-dimensional shear wave models are obtained. The multi-source offset data acquisition with fixed receiver geometry technique in combination with CMP cross-correlation gathers for data processing worked in a quite efficient way to obtain subsurface shear wave model.
文摘Owing to the directional H-bonding,coordination and π-stacking abilities,terpyridines have been widely used as supramolecular tectons in molecular architectures,skeletons in molecular devices and metallopolymers,and are gaining importance in medicinal chemistry.In this paper,we have synthesized,characterized and applied deep eutectic ionic liquids (DEILs) based on 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane;triethylenediamine (DABCO)-derived quatemary ammonium salts for the preparation ofterpyridines.These DEILs were synthesized through N-alkylation of DABCO with haloalkanes (1-bromopentane or 1-bromoheptane) followed by mixing and heating with methanol or polyethylene glycol as a hydrogen bond donor.The synthesized DEILs were structurally characterized by IR and NMR.The formation of deep eutectic solvent was confirmed by freezing point depression,it composition was investigated through phase diagram,and its thermal stability was determined through differential scanning calorimetry,derivative thermogravimetry and thermal gravimetric analysis studies.Further,these DEILs were investigated for their effectiveness towards synthesis of 2,2':6',2"-terpyridine,3,2':6',3"-terpyridineand 4,2':6',4"-terpyridine derivatives through Kr(o)hnke reaction.The results show that these three types ofterpyridines can be obtained in reasonable yields (80%-97%) by the one-pot reaction of 2-,3-or 4-acetylpyridine with a variety of aromatic aldehydes in the presence of DEIL as a reaction medium,sodium hydroxide as a base and ammonium acetate as a cyclizing agent.This methodology is highly efficient and cost-effective for synthesis of symmetrical as well as unsymmetrical terpyridines.Importantly,these DEILs can be reused several times without an obvious loss of activity and are non-toxic,low-volatile,biodegradable and highly thermally stable.Therefore,these DEILs as a non-conventional reaction medium for the synthesis of terpyridines provides appealing opportunities to be investigated in the domain of green synthesis.
