Metastasis refers to disseminating cancerous tumors from their primary site to distant locations inside the body. Cancer cells must go through a sequence of events called the “metastatic cascade” to develop metastas...Metastasis refers to disseminating cancerous tumors from their primary site to distant locations inside the body. Cancer cells must go through a sequence of events called the “metastatic cascade” to develop metastases. Each stage necessitates a unique functional alteration. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) play a crucial role in tumor metastasis, but understanding their dynamic behavior and regulating mechanisms remains incomplete. This review explores the influence of liver CSCs on the biological processes that drive the spread and growth of cancer cells, as described by the “metastatic cascade” concept. Liver CSCs can spread to other organs by undergoing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). This alteration in the microenvironment facilitates cellular dissemination, immune surveillance evasion, dormancy induction, and subsequent reactivation. To effectively prevent and treat advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) metastases, it is crucial to understand the heterogeneity and features of liver CSCs involved in these processes.展开更多
Climate change has become a global phenomenon and is adversely affecting agricultural development across the globe.Developing countries like Pakistan where 18.9%of the GDP(gross domestic product)came from the agricult...Climate change has become a global phenomenon and is adversely affecting agricultural development across the globe.Developing countries like Pakistan where 18.9%of the GDP(gross domestic product)came from the agriculture sector and also 42%of the labor force involved in agriculture.They are directly and indirectly affected by climate change due to an increase in the frequency and intensity of climatic extreme events such as floods,droughts and extreme weather events.In this paper,we have focused on the impact of climate change on farm households and their adaptation strategies to cope up the climatic extremes.For this purpose,we have selected farm households by using multistage stratified random sampling from four districts of the Potohar region i.e.Attock,Rawalpindi,Jhelum and Chakwal.These districts were selected by dividing the Potohar region into rain-fed areas.We have employed logistic regression to assess the determinants of adaptation to climate change and its impact.We have also calculated the marginal effect of each independent variable of the logistic regression to measure the immediate rate of change in the model.In order to check the significance of our suggested model,we have used hypothesis testing.展开更多
Multiphase flow and heat transfer processes are involved in various applications,such as water desalination,sterilisation,and power generation.Environmentally friendly and sustainable system operation can be ensured t...Multiphase flow and heat transfer processes are involved in various applications,such as water desalination,sterilisation,and power generation.Environmentally friendly and sustainable system operation can be ensured through the utilisation of renewable energy resources.Furthermore,the thermal efficiency of these systems can be enhanced by using nanofluids.This study reports an experimental investigation of the photothermal conversion properties of polyethylenimine(PEI)functionalised Copper oxide(CuO)nano particles used in Lithium Bromide(LiBr)salt solutions.The nano particles were characterised by the dynamic light scattering(DLS),transmission electron microscope(TEM),ultraviolet visible(UV–Vis)spectrophotometer.The long-term stability of the prepared nanofluid was evaluated using a high-speed centrifuge analyser.The instability index of 0.071±0.002 indicated low agglomeration and sedimentation tendencies.Photothermal conversion efficiency for different concentrations of CuO was experimentally investigated under a solar simulator.The experiments were conducted with nanofluids containing 55 wt%of LiBr and PEI functionalised nanoparticles,with loading ranging from 0.05 to 0.15 wt%.The addition of nanoparticles resulted in an increase in surface temperature,up to 90.69±2.7%higher than the base case tested with deionised water(DIW).Experimental results further confirms that the nanofluid tested in this study has the potential to significantly increase solar energy trapping efficiency and evaporation rate due to a localised solar energy harvesting by the surface of nanofluid.It was found that a 0.1 wt%CuO NP concentration is the optimum nanofluid concentration in terms of stability for enhanced sensible and latent heat efficiencies.展开更多
Solar multiple （SM） and thermal storage capacity are two key design parameters for revealing the performance of direct steam generation （DSG） solar power tower plant. In the case of settled land area, SM and therm...Solar multiple （SM） and thermal storage capacity are two key design parameters for revealing the performance of direct steam generation （DSG） solar power tower plant. In the case of settled land area, SM and thermal storage capacity can be optimized to obtain the minimum levelized cost of electricity （LCOE） by adjusting the power generation output. Taking the dual-receiver DSG solar power tower plant with a given size of solar field equivalent electricity of 100 MWe in Sevilla as a reference case, the minimum LCOE is 21.77 /kWhe with an SM of 1.7 and a thermal storage capacity of 3 h. Besides Sevilla, two other sites are also introduced to discuss the influence of annual DNI. When compared with the case of Sevilla, the minimum LCOE and optimal SM of the San Jose site change just slightly, while the minimum LCOE of the Bishop site decreases by 32.8% and the optimal SM is reduced to 1.3. The influence of the size of solar field equivalent electricity is studied as well. The minimum LCOE decreases with the size of solar field, while the optimal SM and thermal storage capacity still remain unchanged. In addition, the sensitivity of different investment in sub-system is investigated. In terms ofoptimal SM and thermal storage capacity, they can decrease with the cost of thermal storage system but increase with the cost of power generation unit.展开更多
文摘Metastasis refers to disseminating cancerous tumors from their primary site to distant locations inside the body. Cancer cells must go through a sequence of events called the “metastatic cascade” to develop metastases. Each stage necessitates a unique functional alteration. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) play a crucial role in tumor metastasis, but understanding their dynamic behavior and regulating mechanisms remains incomplete. This review explores the influence of liver CSCs on the biological processes that drive the spread and growth of cancer cells, as described by the “metastatic cascade” concept. Liver CSCs can spread to other organs by undergoing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). This alteration in the microenvironment facilitates cellular dissemination, immune surveillance evasion, dormancy induction, and subsequent reactivation. To effectively prevent and treat advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) metastases, it is crucial to understand the heterogeneity and features of liver CSCs involved in these processes.
文摘Climate change has become a global phenomenon and is adversely affecting agricultural development across the globe.Developing countries like Pakistan where 18.9%of the GDP(gross domestic product)came from the agriculture sector and also 42%of the labor force involved in agriculture.They are directly and indirectly affected by climate change due to an increase in the frequency and intensity of climatic extreme events such as floods,droughts and extreme weather events.In this paper,we have focused on the impact of climate change on farm households and their adaptation strategies to cope up the climatic extremes.For this purpose,we have selected farm households by using multistage stratified random sampling from four districts of the Potohar region i.e.Attock,Rawalpindi,Jhelum and Chakwal.These districts were selected by dividing the Potohar region into rain-fed areas.We have employed logistic regression to assess the determinants of adaptation to climate change and its impact.We have also calculated the marginal effect of each independent variable of the logistic regression to measure the immediate rate of change in the model.In order to check the significance of our suggested model,we have used hypothesis testing.
文摘Multiphase flow and heat transfer processes are involved in various applications,such as water desalination,sterilisation,and power generation.Environmentally friendly and sustainable system operation can be ensured through the utilisation of renewable energy resources.Furthermore,the thermal efficiency of these systems can be enhanced by using nanofluids.This study reports an experimental investigation of the photothermal conversion properties of polyethylenimine(PEI)functionalised Copper oxide(CuO)nano particles used in Lithium Bromide(LiBr)salt solutions.The nano particles were characterised by the dynamic light scattering(DLS),transmission electron microscope(TEM),ultraviolet visible(UV–Vis)spectrophotometer.The long-term stability of the prepared nanofluid was evaluated using a high-speed centrifuge analyser.The instability index of 0.071±0.002 indicated low agglomeration and sedimentation tendencies.Photothermal conversion efficiency for different concentrations of CuO was experimentally investigated under a solar simulator.The experiments were conducted with nanofluids containing 55 wt%of LiBr and PEI functionalised nanoparticles,with loading ranging from 0.05 to 0.15 wt%.The addition of nanoparticles resulted in an increase in surface temperature,up to 90.69±2.7%higher than the base case tested with deionised water(DIW).Experimental results further confirms that the nanofluid tested in this study has the potential to significantly increase solar energy trapping efficiency and evaporation rate due to a localised solar energy harvesting by the surface of nanofluid.It was found that a 0.1 wt%CuO NP concentration is the optimum nanofluid concentration in terms of stability for enhanced sensible and latent heat efficiencies.
基金This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant No. 51676069）, the 111 Project （1312034）, and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities （Grant No. 2016XS30）.
文摘Solar multiple （SM） and thermal storage capacity are two key design parameters for revealing the performance of direct steam generation （DSG） solar power tower plant. In the case of settled land area, SM and thermal storage capacity can be optimized to obtain the minimum levelized cost of electricity （LCOE） by adjusting the power generation output. Taking the dual-receiver DSG solar power tower plant with a given size of solar field equivalent electricity of 100 MWe in Sevilla as a reference case, the minimum LCOE is 21.77 /kWhe with an SM of 1.7 and a thermal storage capacity of 3 h. Besides Sevilla, two other sites are also introduced to discuss the influence of annual DNI. When compared with the case of Sevilla, the minimum LCOE and optimal SM of the San Jose site change just slightly, while the minimum LCOE of the Bishop site decreases by 32.8% and the optimal SM is reduced to 1.3. The influence of the size of solar field equivalent electricity is studied as well. The minimum LCOE decreases with the size of solar field, while the optimal SM and thermal storage capacity still remain unchanged. In addition, the sensitivity of different investment in sub-system is investigated. In terms ofoptimal SM and thermal storage capacity, they can decrease with the cost of thermal storage system but increase with the cost of power generation unit.
