A steady rise in the overall population is creating an overburden on crops due to their global demand.On the other hand,given the current climate change and population growth,agricultural practices established during ...A steady rise in the overall population is creating an overburden on crops due to their global demand.On the other hand,given the current climate change and population growth,agricultural practices established during the Green Revolution are no longer viable.Consequently,innovative practices are the prerequisite of the time struggle with the rising global food demand.The potential of nanotechnology to reduce the phytotoxic effects of these ecological restrictions has shown significant promise.Nanoparticles(NPs)typically enhance plant resilience to stressors by fortifying the physical barrier,optimizing photosynthesis,stimulating enzymatic activity for defense,elevating the concentration of stress-resistant compounds,and activating the expression of genes associated with defense mechanisms.In this review,we thoroughly cover the uptake and translocations of NPs crops and their potential valuable functions in enhancing plant growth and development at different growth stages.Additionally,we addressed how NPs improve plant resistance to biotic and abiotic stress.Generally,this review presents a thorough understanding of the significance of NPs in plants and their prospective value for plant antioxidant and crop development.展开更多
Male sterile lines serve as a pivotal tool in plant breeding,offering an effective strategy for developing hybrid cultivars.In cucumber(Cucumis sativus L.),the creation of male sterile lines,most of which exhibit abno...Male sterile lines serve as a pivotal tool in plant breeding,offering an effective strategy for developing hybrid cultivars.In cucumber(Cucumis sativus L.),the creation of male sterile lines,most of which exhibit abnormal pollen development,is essential for harnessing heterosis.Accumulating evidence suggests that male sterility in plants is linked to the overaccumulation of Reactive Oxygen Species(ROS),which causes oxidative damage to biomolecules and cellular structures,ultimately leading to aberrant anther development(Li et al.,2004).展开更多
Metal-organic frameworks(MOFs)have been considered as great contender and promising electrode materials for supercapacitors.However,their low capacity,aggregation,and poor porosity have necessitated the exploration of...Metal-organic frameworks(MOFs)have been considered as great contender and promising electrode materials for supercapacitors.However,their low capacity,aggregation,and poor porosity have necessitated the exploration of new approaches to enhance the performance of these active materials.In this study,sphere-like MOF were in-situ grown and it subsequently burst,transformed into a desired metal oxide heterostructure comprising n-type ZnO and p-type NiO(ZnO/NiO-350).The resulting optimized flower-like structure,composed of interlaced nanoflakes derived from MOFs,greatly improved the active sites,porosity,and functionality of the electrode materials.The ZnO/NiO-350 electrode exhibited superior electrochemical activities for supercapacitors,compared to the parent MOF,bare n-type,and p-type counterparts.The specific capacitance can reach to 543 F g^(-1) at a current density of 1 A g^(-1).Theoretical modeling and simulations were employed to gain insights into the atomic-scale properties of the materials.Furthermore,an assembled hybrid device using active carbon and ZnO/NiO-350 as electrodes demonstrated excellent energy density of 44 Wh kg^(-1) at a power density of 1.6 Kw kg^(-1).After 5000 cycles at 10 A g^(-1),the cycling stability remained excellent 80%of the initial capacitance.Overall,such evaluation of unique electrode with superior properties may be useful for the next generation supercapacitor electrode.展开更多
In recent years, the world has faced rising global temperatures, accumulative pollution, and energy crises, stimulating scientists worldwide to strive for eco-friendly and cost-effective solutions. Biochar has materia...In recent years, the world has faced rising global temperatures, accumulative pollution, and energy crises, stimulating scientists worldwide to strive for eco-friendly and cost-effective solutions. Biochar has materialized as a favorable tool for environmental remediation, indicating efficacy as an efficient sorbent substance for both inorganic and organic pollutants in environmental field. These unique properties exclude improved surface functionality, porous morphology, large specific surface area (SSA), cation exchange capacity (CEC), robust adsorption capabilities, environmental stability, and embedded micronutrients. Biochar exhibited potential characteristics for environmental oversight, greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction, and soil fertility improvement. This review explores the impact of fundamental factors such as retention time, pyrolysis temperature, gas flow rate, and reactor design on biochar yield and properties. Collected data revealed the various applications of biochar, ranging from waste management and construction materials to the adsorptive removal of hydrocarbon lubricants from aqueous media, contaminant immobilization, and carbon sequestration. It has played mostly a significant share in climate change mitigation and an important role in soil amendments. Biochar improves soil improvement by increasing water retention (10%–30%), carbon sequestration, soil surface functionality, and providing high surface area with chemical stability. The assessment also reports the prospects and contests associated with biochar application uses in various agriculture cropping ecosystems. Inclusive, this review highlights the multifaceted characteristics of biochar as an adjustable on top of a sustainable solution addressing greenhouse gas emission, carbon sequestration, and environmental stresses. However, further research is needed to understand its long-term impacts and optimal applications fully.展开更多
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome is a severe congenital defect involving underdeveloped left-sided cardiac structures,leading to significant mortality and morbidity.Prenatal diagnosis using fetal ultrasound and echocar...Hypoplastic left heart syndrome is a severe congenital defect involving underdeveloped left-sided cardiac structures,leading to significant mortality and morbidity.Prenatal diagnosis using fetal ultrasound and echocardiography enables early detection,family counseling,and improved clinical decision-making.Advanced prenatal interventions,such as fetal aortic valvuloplasty and atrial septostomy,show promise but require careful patient selection.A multidisciplinary approach involving obstetricians,neonatologists,and pediatric cardiologists is vital for effective management.Future directions include refining imaging techniques,such as three-dimensional ultrasound,cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging,and exploring bioengineering solutions,stem cell therapies,and genetic research.These advancements aim to improve therapeutic options and address current limitations,including transplant scarcity and postoperative complications.Although surgical innovations have improved survival rates,challenges remain,including neurological risks and long-term hemodynamic issues.Ongoing research and technological advancements are essential to enhance outcomes and quality of life for hypoplastic left heart syndrome patients.展开更多
The evolution of energy storage technology has seen remarkable progress,with a shift from pure metals to sophisticated,tailor-made active materials.The synthesis of nanostructures with exceptional properties is crucia...The evolution of energy storage technology has seen remarkable progress,with a shift from pure metals to sophisticated,tailor-made active materials.The synthesis of nanostructures with exceptional properties is crucial in the advancement of electrode materials.In this regard,our study highlights the fabrication of a novel,oriented heterostructure comprised of Zn-Mn-Co-telluride grown on a pre-oxidized copper mesh using a hydrothermal method followed by a solvothermal process.This innovative approach leads to the formation of the Zn-Mn-Cotelluride@CuO@Cu heterostructure,which demonstrates the unique oriented morphology.It outperforms both Zn-Mn-Co-telluride@Cu and CuO@Cu by exhibiting lower electrical resistivity,increased redox activity,higher specific capacity,and improved ion diffusion characteristics.The conductivity enhancements of the heterostructure are corroborated by density functional theory(DFT)calculations.When utilized in a hybrid supercapacitor(HSC)alongside activated carbon(AC)electrodes,the Zn-Mn-Co-telluride@CuO@Cu heterostructurebased HSC achieves an energy density of 75.7 Wh kg^(-1).Such findings underscore the potential of these novel electrode materials to significantly impact the design of next-generation supercapacitor devices.展开更多
Ammonia(NH_(3))is an irreplaceable chemical that has been widely demanded to keep the sustainable development of modern society.However,its industrial production consumes a huge amount of energy and releases extraordi...Ammonia(NH_(3))is an irreplaceable chemical that has been widely demanded to keep the sustainable development of modern society.However,its industrial production consumes a huge amount of energy and releases extraordinary greenhouse gases(GHGs),leading to various environmental issues.Achieving the green production of ammonia is a great challenge,which has been extensively pursued in the last decade.In this review,the most promising strategy,electrochemical nitrate reduction reaction(e-NO_(3)RR),is comprehensively investigated to give a complete understanding of its development and mechanism and provide guidance for future directions.However,owing to the complex reactions and limited selectivity,a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms is crucial to further development and commercialization.Moreover,NO_(3)^(-)RR is a promising strategy for simultaneous water treatment and NH_(3)production.A detailed overview of the recent progress in NO_(3)^(-)RR for NH_(3)production with nontransition and transition metal based electrocatalysts is summarized.In addition,critical advanced techniques,future challenges,and prospects are discussed to guide future research on transition metal-based catalysts for commercial NH_(3)synthesis by NO_(3)^(-)reduction.展开更多
MXene has garnered widespread recognition in the scientific com-munity due to its remarkable properties,including excellent thermal stability,high conductivity,good hydrophilicity and dispersibility,easy processabilit...MXene has garnered widespread recognition in the scientific com-munity due to its remarkable properties,including excellent thermal stability,high conductivity,good hydrophilicity and dispersibility,easy processability,tunable surface properties,and admirable flexibility.MXenes have been categorized into different families based on the number of M and X layers in M_(n+1)X_(n),such as M_(2)X,M_(3)X_(2),M_(4)X_(3),and,recently,M_(5)X_(4).Among these families,M_(2)X and M_(3)X_(2),par-ticularly Ti_(3)C_(2),have been greatly explored while limited studies have been given to M_(5)X_(4)MXene synthesis.Meanwhile,studies on the M_(4)X_(3)MXene family have developed recently,hence,demanding a compilation of evaluated studies.Herein,this review provides a systematic overview of the latest advancements in M_(4)X_(3)MXenes,focusing on their properties and applications in energy storage devices.The objective of this review is to provide guidance to researchers on fostering M_(4)X_(3)MXene-based nanomaterials,not only for energy storage devices but also for broader applications.展开更多
Sentiment analysis, the meta field of Natural Language Processing (NLP), attempts to analyze and identify thesentiments in the opinionated text data. People share their judgments, reactions, and feedback on the intern...Sentiment analysis, the meta field of Natural Language Processing (NLP), attempts to analyze and identify thesentiments in the opinionated text data. People share their judgments, reactions, and feedback on the internetusing various languages. Urdu is one of them, and it is frequently used worldwide. Urdu-speaking people prefer tocommunicate on social media in Roman Urdu (RU), an English scripting style with the Urdu language dialect.Researchers have developed versatile lexical resources for features-rich comprehensive languages, but limitedlinguistic resources are available to facilitate the sentiment classification of Roman Urdu. This effort encompassesextracting subjective expressions in Roman Urdu and determining the implied opinionated text polarity. Theprimary sources of the dataset are Daraz (an e-commerce platform), Google Maps, and the manual effort. Thecontributions of this study include a Bilingual Roman Urdu Language Detector (BRULD) and a Roman UrduSpelling Checker (RUSC). These integrated modules accept the user input, detect the text language, correct thespellings, categorize the sentiments, and return the input sentence’s orientation with a sentiment intensity score.The developed system gains strength with each input experience gradually. The results show that the languagedetector gives an accuracy of 97.1% on a close domain dataset, with an overall sentiment classification accuracy of94.3%.展开更多
Disjoint sampling is critical for rigorous and unbiased evaluation of state-of-the-art(SOTA)models e.g.,Attention Graph and Vision Transformer.When training,validation,and test sets overlap or share data,it introduces...Disjoint sampling is critical for rigorous and unbiased evaluation of state-of-the-art(SOTA)models e.g.,Attention Graph and Vision Transformer.When training,validation,and test sets overlap or share data,it introduces a bias that inflates performance metrics and prevents accurate assessment of a model’s true ability to generalize to new examples.This paper presents an innovative disjoint sampling approach for training SOTA models for the Hyperspectral Image Classification(HSIC).By separating training,validation,and test data without overlap,the proposed method facilitates a fairer evaluation of how well a model can classify pixels it was not exposed to during training or validation.Experiments demonstrate the approach significantly improves a model’s generalization compared to alternatives that include training and validation data in test data(A trivial approach involves testing the model on the entire Hyperspectral dataset to generate the ground truth maps.This approach produces higher accuracy but ultimately results in low generalization performance).Disjoint sampling eliminates data leakage between sets and provides reliable metrics for benchmarking progress in HSIC.Disjoint sampling is critical for advancing SOTA models and their real-world application to large-scale land mapping with Hyperspectral sensors.Overall,with the disjoint test set,the performance of the deep models achieves 96.36%accuracy on Indian Pines data,99.73%on Pavia University data,98.29%on University of Houston data,99.43%on Botswana data,and 99.88%on Salinas data.展开更多
For the last two decades,physicians and clinical experts have used a single imaging modality to identify the normal and abnormal structure of the human body.However,most of the time,medical experts are unable to accur...For the last two decades,physicians and clinical experts have used a single imaging modality to identify the normal and abnormal structure of the human body.However,most of the time,medical experts are unable to accurately analyze and examine the information from a single imaging modality due to the limited information.To overcome this problem,a multimodal approach is adopted to increase the qualitative and quantitative medical information which helps the doctors to easily diagnose diseases in their early stages.In the proposed method,a Multi-resolution Rigid Registration(MRR)technique is used for multimodal image registration while Discrete Wavelet Transform(DWT)along with Principal Component Averaging(PCAv)is utilized for image fusion.The proposed MRR method provides more accurate results as compared with Single Rigid Registration(SRR),while the proposed DWT-PCAv fusion process adds-on more constructive information with less computational time.The proposed method is tested on CT and MRI brain imaging modalities of the HARVARD dataset.The fusion results of the proposed method are compared with the existing fusion techniques.The quality assessment metrics such as Mutual Information(MI),Normalize Crosscorrelation(NCC)and Feature Mutual Information(FMI)are computed for statistical comparison of the proposed method.The proposed methodology provides more accurate results,better image quality and valuable information for medical diagnoses.展开更多
Human civilization has been relentlessly inspired by the nurturing lessons;nature is teaching us.From birds to airplanes and bullet trains,nature gave us a lot of perspective in aiding the progress and development of ...Human civilization has been relentlessly inspired by the nurturing lessons;nature is teaching us.From birds to airplanes and bullet trains,nature gave us a lot of perspective in aiding the progress and development of countless industries,inventions,transportation,and many more.Not only that nature inspired us in such technological advances but also,nature stimulated the advancement of micro-and nanostructures.Nature-inspired nanoarchitectures have been consid-ered a favorable structure in electrode materials for a wide range of applications.It offers various positive attributes,especially in energy storage applications,such as the formation of hierarchical two-dimen-sional and three-dimensional interconnected networked structures that benefit the electrodes in terms of high surface area,high porosity and rich surface textural features,and eventually,delivering high capacity and outstanding overall material stability.In this review,we compre-hensively assessed and compiled the recent advances in various nature-inspired based on animal-and human-inspired nanostructures used for supercapacitors.This comprehensive review will help researchers to accommodate nature-inspired nanostructures in industrializing energy storage and many other applications.展开更多
By considering the exceptional properties of supramolecular,noble metals(NM)and magnetic nanoparticles(NPs),we successfully synthesized a novel magnetic,metals and supramolecular composite.Briefly,the Fe_(3)O_(4)@SiO_...By considering the exceptional properties of supramolecular,noble metals(NM)and magnetic nanoparticles(NPs),we successfully synthesized a novel magnetic,metals and supramolecular composite.Briefly,the Fe_(3)O_(4)@SiO_(2)core-shell spheres were first modified with gold(Au)and palladium(Pd)NPs and then with mono-6-thio-β-cyclodextrin(SH-β-CD).The synthesized Fe_(3)O_(4)@SiO_(2)-Au-Pd@SH-β-CD nanocomposite shows a good magnetic response(42.3 emu/g).The nanocomposite showed good performance for the reductive degradation of rhodamine B(RhB)and 4-nitrophenol(4-NP).The calculated rate constant(k)values for the reduction of 4-NP and RhB were 0.062±0.02 s^(−1)and 0.027±0.01 s^(−1),respectively.The high catalytical performance was supposed to be due to the host-vip interaction ofβ-CD and also due to the NM synergic effect.The nanocomposite structural and chemical morphology was investigated by various spectroscopic techniques.Furthermore,the catalyst was recycled six times and it maintains morphology,chemical nature,and high magnetic behavior,as demonstrated by FTIR and TEM analysis of the recycled catalyst.These results demonstrate a very efficient,cost-effective,and recyclable catalyst in the field of catalysis technology development.展开更多
The doubly resolving sets are a natural tool to identify where diffusion occurs in a complicated network.Many realworld phenomena,such as rumour spreading on social networks,the spread of infectious diseases,and the s...The doubly resolving sets are a natural tool to identify where diffusion occurs in a complicated network.Many realworld phenomena,such as rumour spreading on social networks,the spread of infectious diseases,and the spread of the virus on the internet,may be modelled using information diffusion in networks.It is obviously impractical to monitor every node due to cost and overhead limits because there are too many nodes in the network,some of which may be unable or unwilling to send information about their state.As a result,the source localization problem is to find the number of nodes in the network that best explains the observed diffusion.This problem can be successfully solved by using its relationship with the well-studied related minimal doubly resolving set problem,which minimizes the number of observers required for accurate detection.This paper aims to investigate the minimal doubly resolving set for certain families of Toeplitz graph Tn(1,t),for t≥2 and n≥t+2.We come to the conclusion that for Tn(1,2),the metric and double metric dimensions are equal and for Tn(1,4),the double metric dimension is exactly one more than the metric dimension.Also,the double metric dimension for Tn(1,3)is equal to the metric dimension for n=5,6,7 and one greater than the metric dimension for n≥8.展开更多
Due to limited depth-of-field of digital single-lens reflex cameras,the scene content within a limited distance from the imaging plane remains in focus while other objects closer to or further away from the point of f...Due to limited depth-of-field of digital single-lens reflex cameras,the scene content within a limited distance from the imaging plane remains in focus while other objects closer to or further away from the point of focus appear as blurred(out-of-focus)in the image.Multi-Focus Image Fusion can be used to reconstruct a fully focused image from two or more partially focused images of the same scene.In this paper,a new Fuzzy Based Hybrid Focus Measure(FBHFM)for multi-focus image fusion has been proposed.Optimal block size is very critical step for multi-focus image fusion.Particle Swarm Optimization(PSO)algorithm has been used to find optimal size of the block of the images for extraction of focus measure features.After finding optimal blocks,three focus measures Sum of Modified Laplacian,Gray Level Variance and Contrast Visibility has been extracted and combined these focus measures by using intelligent fuzzy technique.Fuzzy based hybrid intelligent focus values were estimated using contrast visibility measure to generate focused image.Different sets of multi-focus images have been used in detailed experimentation and compared the results with state-of-the-art existing techniques such as Genetic Algorithm(GA),Principal Component Analysis(PCA),Laplacian Pyramid discrete wavelet transform(DWT),and aDWT for image fusion.It has been found that proposed method performs well as compare to existing methods.展开更多
Recently,deep learning has achieved considerable results in the hyperspectral image(HSI)classification.However,most available deep networks require ample and authentic samples to better train the models,which is expen...Recently,deep learning has achieved considerable results in the hyperspectral image(HSI)classification.However,most available deep networks require ample and authentic samples to better train the models,which is expensive and inefficient in practical tasks.Existing few‐shot learning(FSL)methods generally ignore the potential relationships between non‐local spatial samples that would better represent the underlying features of HSI.To solve the above issues,a novel deep transformer and few‐shot learning(DTFSL)classification framework is proposed,attempting to realize fine‐grained classification of HSI with only a few‐shot instances.Specifically,the spatial attention and spectral query modules are introduced to overcome the constraint of the convolution kernel and consider the information between long‐distance location(non‐local)samples to reduce the uncertainty of classes.Next,the network is trained with episodes and task‐based learning strategies to learn a metric space,which can continuously enhance its modelling capability.Furthermore,the developed approach combines the advantages of domain adaptation to reduce the variation in inter‐domain distribution and realize distribution alignment.On three publicly available HSI data,extensive experiments have indicated that the proposed DT‐FSL yields better results concerning state‐of‐the‐art algorithms.展开更多
Smartphones have ubiquitously integrated into our home and work environments,however,users normally rely on explicit but inefficient identification processes in a controlled environment.Therefore,when a device is stol...Smartphones have ubiquitously integrated into our home and work environments,however,users normally rely on explicit but inefficient identification processes in a controlled environment.Therefore,when a device is stolen,a thief can have access to the owner’s personal information and services against the stored passwords.As a result of this potential scenario,this work proposes an automatic legitimate user identification system based on gait biometrics extracted from user walking patterns captured by smartphone sensors.A set of preprocessing schemes are applied to calibrate noisy and invalid samples and augment the gait-induced time and frequency domain features,then further optimized using a non-linear unsupervised feature selection method.The selected features create an underlying gait biometric representation able to discriminate among individuals and identify them uniquely.Different classifiers are adopted to achieve accurate legitimate user identification.Extensive experiments on a group of 16 individuals in an indoor environment show the effectiveness of the proposed solution:with 5 to 70 samples per window,KNN and bagging classifiers achieve 87–99%accuracy,82–98%for ELM,and 81–94%for SVM.The proposed pipeline achieves a 100%true positive and 0%false-negative rate for almost all classifiers.展开更多
Peral millet being drought tolerant has substantial potential to contribute in food security ensuring the food, fodder and nutritional value in different Asian and African countries. Susceptibility to abiotic and biot...Peral millet being drought tolerant has substantial potential to contribute in food security ensuring the food, fodder and nutritional value in different Asian and African countries. Susceptibility to abiotic and biotic factors and low productivity are the main reasons for decreasing productivity and area of millets. In this context, evaluation of the effect of weed control practices and varying sowing dates on grain yield of kharif season grown pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum L.) was demonstrated at post graduate agriculture research station, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad during 2015. Forage pearl millet was sown at three different sowing dates i.e. mid-June, end of June and mid-July and four weed control practices viz. weedy check (no weeding), twice hoeing at 15 and 30 days after sowing (DAS), weed control using herbicides i.e. application of Atrazine (Awax 38 SC) @330 g a.i. ha-1 at 15 DAS, and twice foliar applications of 10% Sorghum water extract (Sorgaab) (at 15 and 30 DAS). The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) under split plot arrangement, comprising of three replications. The treatments with varying sowing dates were randomized in main plots and weed control practices were in subplots. Results showed that the highest plant height (279.51 cm), leaf area (2777.80 cm2), fresh weight of leaves per plant (155.57 g), maximum number of grains per head (3162.0) and grain yield (3419.7 kg·ha-1) were obtained in the treatment combination of 30th June sowing × twice weed hoeing (at 15 and 30 DAS) while, maximum 1000-grain weight (8.45 g) was observed in treatments where weeds were controlled by hoeing (at 15 and 30 DAS). Moreover, cultural weed control practices reduce significantly weed density, fresh and dry Wight of weeds. In sum, it is concluded that to reduce the weed-crop competition and to gain higher productivity of pearl millet, field should be weed free 20 - 45 days after sowing.展开更多
This study examined cells contained in needles used for the collection of breast fine needle aspirates for the detection of malignant cells trapped in the needles. Remnants of cells contained in 50 needles used for th...This study examined cells contained in needles used for the collection of breast fine needle aspirates for the detection of malignant cells trapped in the needles. Remnants of cells contained in 50 needles used for the collection of scanty breast fine needle aspirates were examined by the liquid based cytology technique and compared with the conventional cytological technique of specimens in the corresponding syringes. The breast specimens were collected with clean sterile needles attached to the syringes. Smears were made and stained by the conventional method. The needles were removed from the syringes and a fixative was withdrawn into the syringes and the syringes were recapped with the needles. The fixative containing the specimen was then completely discharged into a centrifuge tube through the needles and treated by the liquid based cytology technique. The study revealed that cells were found trapped in all the needles used for the collection of breast FNA. 6% of them were positive for malignancy, similar to results obtained in the conventional method. Needles used for the collection of breast FNA should be examined before malignancy is completely ruled out particularly in extremely scanty specimens with a clinical suspicion of malignancy.展开更多
Crop production is greatly influenced by water and nutrition stress in semi-arid areas. Nitrogen and water are two most important yield limiting factors which effect economic production of wheat. Drought initiates whe...Crop production is greatly influenced by water and nutrition stress in semi-arid areas. Nitrogen and water are two most important yield limiting factors which effect economic production of wheat. Drought initiates when large area of land suffers from absence of precipitation for temporary periods. Though, not only water scarceness but also low relative humidity and high temperature are other climate factors which induce drought condition. Whereas Effective nutrition (nitrogen) maintains crops metabolic activities and has the potential to lessen drought stress. According to study carried out to explore the influence of varying levels of potential soil moisture deficit (PSMD) and nitrogen, an experiment was planned at agronomy research area, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. It was laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with split plot arrangement, and replicated thrice. Two factors: potential soil moisture deficit levels (I1: irrigation at 50 mm PSMD, I2: irrigation at 75 mm PSMD and I3: irrigation at 100 mm PSMD) were randomized in main plots, while sub plot nitrogen levels {control (No nitrogen), 50, 100 and 150 kg N ha-1} were randomized. Adequate nitrogen application along with sufficient irrigation management gave highest yield. Under water deficit conditions adequate nitrogen application ameliorates the drought stress. Highest plant height (86.27 cm), number of productive tillers (320.0), grain·spike-1(49.73), test weight (50.55 g) and grain yield (6.72 t·ha-1) were observed with 75 mm PSMD and 150 kg·ha-1 application of nitrogen. While radiation use efficiency for dry matter accumulation of wheat ranged from 1.53 - 1.87 g·MJ-1 whereas, radiation use efficiency for grain yield ranged from 0.421 - 0.473 g·MJ-1. Results revealed that highest RUE obtained I3 (75 mm PSMD) and nitrogen application at 150 kg·ha-1. Judicial application of irrigation and fertilizer not only boosts the yield but also saves resource and increases former output.展开更多
基金The authors extend their gratitude to the Deanship of Scientific Research(DSR),King Faisal University,Saudi Arabia,for funding the publication of this work(Project number:KFU250560).
文摘A steady rise in the overall population is creating an overburden on crops due to their global demand.On the other hand,given the current climate change and population growth,agricultural practices established during the Green Revolution are no longer viable.Consequently,innovative practices are the prerequisite of the time struggle with the rising global food demand.The potential of nanotechnology to reduce the phytotoxic effects of these ecological restrictions has shown significant promise.Nanoparticles(NPs)typically enhance plant resilience to stressors by fortifying the physical barrier,optimizing photosynthesis,stimulating enzymatic activity for defense,elevating the concentration of stress-resistant compounds,and activating the expression of genes associated with defense mechanisms.In this review,we thoroughly cover the uptake and translocations of NPs crops and their potential valuable functions in enhancing plant growth and development at different growth stages.Additionally,we addressed how NPs improve plant resistance to biotic and abiotic stress.Generally,this review presents a thorough understanding of the significance of NPs in plants and their prospective value for plant antioxidant and crop development.
基金supported by the Project of National Key Research and Development Program‘Strategic Science and Technology Innovation Cooperation’Key Special Project(Grant No.2023YFE0206900)the 2115 Talent Development Program of China Agricultural University,the 111 project(B17043)the Project of Yazhouwan Scientific,Technological Administration of Sanya.
文摘Male sterile lines serve as a pivotal tool in plant breeding,offering an effective strategy for developing hybrid cultivars.In cucumber(Cucumis sativus L.),the creation of male sterile lines,most of which exhibit abnormal pollen development,is essential for harnessing heterosis.Accumulating evidence suggests that male sterility in plants is linked to the overaccumulation of Reactive Oxygen Species(ROS),which causes oxidative damage to biomolecules and cellular structures,ultimately leading to aberrant anther development(Li et al.,2004).
基金supported by the Hong Kong Research Grants Council(No.CityU 11201522).
文摘Metal-organic frameworks(MOFs)have been considered as great contender and promising electrode materials for supercapacitors.However,their low capacity,aggregation,and poor porosity have necessitated the exploration of new approaches to enhance the performance of these active materials.In this study,sphere-like MOF were in-situ grown and it subsequently burst,transformed into a desired metal oxide heterostructure comprising n-type ZnO and p-type NiO(ZnO/NiO-350).The resulting optimized flower-like structure,composed of interlaced nanoflakes derived from MOFs,greatly improved the active sites,porosity,and functionality of the electrode materials.The ZnO/NiO-350 electrode exhibited superior electrochemical activities for supercapacitors,compared to the parent MOF,bare n-type,and p-type counterparts.The specific capacitance can reach to 543 F g^(-1) at a current density of 1 A g^(-1).Theoretical modeling and simulations were employed to gain insights into the atomic-scale properties of the materials.Furthermore,an assembled hybrid device using active carbon and ZnO/NiO-350 as electrodes demonstrated excellent energy density of 44 Wh kg^(-1) at a power density of 1.6 Kw kg^(-1).After 5000 cycles at 10 A g^(-1),the cycling stability remained excellent 80%of the initial capacitance.Overall,such evaluation of unique electrode with superior properties may be useful for the next generation supercapacitor electrode.
基金Deanship of Scientific Research(DSR)at King Faisal University,Saudi Arabia,under project number KFU241939.
文摘In recent years, the world has faced rising global temperatures, accumulative pollution, and energy crises, stimulating scientists worldwide to strive for eco-friendly and cost-effective solutions. Biochar has materialized as a favorable tool for environmental remediation, indicating efficacy as an efficient sorbent substance for both inorganic and organic pollutants in environmental field. These unique properties exclude improved surface functionality, porous morphology, large specific surface area (SSA), cation exchange capacity (CEC), robust adsorption capabilities, environmental stability, and embedded micronutrients. Biochar exhibited potential characteristics for environmental oversight, greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction, and soil fertility improvement. This review explores the impact of fundamental factors such as retention time, pyrolysis temperature, gas flow rate, and reactor design on biochar yield and properties. Collected data revealed the various applications of biochar, ranging from waste management and construction materials to the adsorptive removal of hydrocarbon lubricants from aqueous media, contaminant immobilization, and carbon sequestration. It has played mostly a significant share in climate change mitigation and an important role in soil amendments. Biochar improves soil improvement by increasing water retention (10%–30%), carbon sequestration, soil surface functionality, and providing high surface area with chemical stability. The assessment also reports the prospects and contests associated with biochar application uses in various agriculture cropping ecosystems. Inclusive, this review highlights the multifaceted characteristics of biochar as an adjustable on top of a sustainable solution addressing greenhouse gas emission, carbon sequestration, and environmental stresses. However, further research is needed to understand its long-term impacts and optimal applications fully.
文摘Hypoplastic left heart syndrome is a severe congenital defect involving underdeveloped left-sided cardiac structures,leading to significant mortality and morbidity.Prenatal diagnosis using fetal ultrasound and echocardiography enables early detection,family counseling,and improved clinical decision-making.Advanced prenatal interventions,such as fetal aortic valvuloplasty and atrial septostomy,show promise but require careful patient selection.A multidisciplinary approach involving obstetricians,neonatologists,and pediatric cardiologists is vital for effective management.Future directions include refining imaging techniques,such as three-dimensional ultrasound,cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging,and exploring bioengineering solutions,stem cell therapies,and genetic research.These advancements aim to improve therapeutic options and address current limitations,including transplant scarcity and postoperative complications.Although surgical innovations have improved survival rates,challenges remain,including neurological risks and long-term hemodynamic issues.Ongoing research and technological advancements are essential to enhance outcomes and quality of life for hypoplastic left heart syndrome patients.
基金supported by the Hong Kong Research Grants Council(No.CityU 11201522).
文摘The evolution of energy storage technology has seen remarkable progress,with a shift from pure metals to sophisticated,tailor-made active materials.The synthesis of nanostructures with exceptional properties is crucial in the advancement of electrode materials.In this regard,our study highlights the fabrication of a novel,oriented heterostructure comprised of Zn-Mn-Co-telluride grown on a pre-oxidized copper mesh using a hydrothermal method followed by a solvothermal process.This innovative approach leads to the formation of the Zn-Mn-Cotelluride@CuO@Cu heterostructure,which demonstrates the unique oriented morphology.It outperforms both Zn-Mn-Co-telluride@Cu and CuO@Cu by exhibiting lower electrical resistivity,increased redox activity,higher specific capacity,and improved ion diffusion characteristics.The conductivity enhancements of the heterostructure are corroborated by density functional theory(DFT)calculations.When utilized in a hybrid supercapacitor(HSC)alongside activated carbon(AC)electrodes,the Zn-Mn-Co-telluride@CuO@Cu heterostructurebased HSC achieves an energy density of 75.7 Wh kg^(-1).Such findings underscore the potential of these novel electrode materials to significantly impact the design of next-generation supercapacitor devices.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.22050410268,22176131)Shenzhen Basic Research General Project(JCYJ20210324095205015,JCYJ20220818095601002)。
文摘Ammonia(NH_(3))is an irreplaceable chemical that has been widely demanded to keep the sustainable development of modern society.However,its industrial production consumes a huge amount of energy and releases extraordinary greenhouse gases(GHGs),leading to various environmental issues.Achieving the green production of ammonia is a great challenge,which has been extensively pursued in the last decade.In this review,the most promising strategy,electrochemical nitrate reduction reaction(e-NO_(3)RR),is comprehensively investigated to give a complete understanding of its development and mechanism and provide guidance for future directions.However,owing to the complex reactions and limited selectivity,a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms is crucial to further development and commercialization.Moreover,NO_(3)^(-)RR is a promising strategy for simultaneous water treatment and NH_(3)production.A detailed overview of the recent progress in NO_(3)^(-)RR for NH_(3)production with nontransition and transition metal based electrocatalysts is summarized.In addition,critical advanced techniques,future challenges,and prospects are discussed to guide future research on transition metal-based catalysts for commercial NH_(3)synthesis by NO_(3)^(-)reduction.
基金supported by the Hong Kong Research Grants Council(Project Number CityU 11218420)the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University Saudi Arabia for funding through research groups program under Grant Number R.G.P.2/593/44.
文摘MXene has garnered widespread recognition in the scientific com-munity due to its remarkable properties,including excellent thermal stability,high conductivity,good hydrophilicity and dispersibility,easy processability,tunable surface properties,and admirable flexibility.MXenes have been categorized into different families based on the number of M and X layers in M_(n+1)X_(n),such as M_(2)X,M_(3)X_(2),M_(4)X_(3),and,recently,M_(5)X_(4).Among these families,M_(2)X and M_(3)X_(2),par-ticularly Ti_(3)C_(2),have been greatly explored while limited studies have been given to M_(5)X_(4)MXene synthesis.Meanwhile,studies on the M_(4)X_(3)MXene family have developed recently,hence,demanding a compilation of evaluated studies.Herein,this review provides a systematic overview of the latest advancements in M_(4)X_(3)MXenes,focusing on their properties and applications in energy storage devices.The objective of this review is to provide guidance to researchers on fostering M_(4)X_(3)MXene-based nanomaterials,not only for energy storage devices but also for broader applications.
文摘Sentiment analysis, the meta field of Natural Language Processing (NLP), attempts to analyze and identify thesentiments in the opinionated text data. People share their judgments, reactions, and feedback on the internetusing various languages. Urdu is one of them, and it is frequently used worldwide. Urdu-speaking people prefer tocommunicate on social media in Roman Urdu (RU), an English scripting style with the Urdu language dialect.Researchers have developed versatile lexical resources for features-rich comprehensive languages, but limitedlinguistic resources are available to facilitate the sentiment classification of Roman Urdu. This effort encompassesextracting subjective expressions in Roman Urdu and determining the implied opinionated text polarity. Theprimary sources of the dataset are Daraz (an e-commerce platform), Google Maps, and the manual effort. Thecontributions of this study include a Bilingual Roman Urdu Language Detector (BRULD) and a Roman UrduSpelling Checker (RUSC). These integrated modules accept the user input, detect the text language, correct thespellings, categorize the sentiments, and return the input sentence’s orientation with a sentiment intensity score.The developed system gains strength with each input experience gradually. The results show that the languagedetector gives an accuracy of 97.1% on a close domain dataset, with an overall sentiment classification accuracy of94.3%.
基金the Researchers Supporting Project number(RSPD2024R848),King Saud University,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia.
文摘Disjoint sampling is critical for rigorous and unbiased evaluation of state-of-the-art(SOTA)models e.g.,Attention Graph and Vision Transformer.When training,validation,and test sets overlap or share data,it introduces a bias that inflates performance metrics and prevents accurate assessment of a model’s true ability to generalize to new examples.This paper presents an innovative disjoint sampling approach for training SOTA models for the Hyperspectral Image Classification(HSIC).By separating training,validation,and test data without overlap,the proposed method facilitates a fairer evaluation of how well a model can classify pixels it was not exposed to during training or validation.Experiments demonstrate the approach significantly improves a model’s generalization compared to alternatives that include training and validation data in test data(A trivial approach involves testing the model on the entire Hyperspectral dataset to generate the ground truth maps.This approach produces higher accuracy but ultimately results in low generalization performance).Disjoint sampling eliminates data leakage between sets and provides reliable metrics for benchmarking progress in HSIC.Disjoint sampling is critical for advancing SOTA models and their real-world application to large-scale land mapping with Hyperspectral sensors.Overall,with the disjoint test set,the performance of the deep models achieves 96.36%accuracy on Indian Pines data,99.73%on Pavia University data,98.29%on University of Houston data,99.43%on Botswana data,and 99.88%on Salinas data.
文摘For the last two decades,physicians and clinical experts have used a single imaging modality to identify the normal and abnormal structure of the human body.However,most of the time,medical experts are unable to accurately analyze and examine the information from a single imaging modality due to the limited information.To overcome this problem,a multimodal approach is adopted to increase the qualitative and quantitative medical information which helps the doctors to easily diagnose diseases in their early stages.In the proposed method,a Multi-resolution Rigid Registration(MRR)technique is used for multimodal image registration while Discrete Wavelet Transform(DWT)along with Principal Component Averaging(PCAv)is utilized for image fusion.The proposed MRR method provides more accurate results as compared with Single Rigid Registration(SRR),while the proposed DWT-PCAv fusion process adds-on more constructive information with less computational time.The proposed method is tested on CT and MRI brain imaging modalities of the HARVARD dataset.The fusion results of the proposed method are compared with the existing fusion techniques.The quality assessment metrics such as Mutual Information(MI),Normalize Crosscorrelation(NCC)and Feature Mutual Information(FMI)are computed for statistical comparison of the proposed method.The proposed methodology provides more accurate results,better image quality and valuable information for medical diagnoses.
基金This work was supported by the Donations for Research Projects_RMGS(project number 9229006)M.A.A.expresses appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University Saudi Arabia(R.G.P.2/40/43).
文摘Human civilization has been relentlessly inspired by the nurturing lessons;nature is teaching us.From birds to airplanes and bullet trains,nature gave us a lot of perspective in aiding the progress and development of countless industries,inventions,transportation,and many more.Not only that nature inspired us in such technological advances but also,nature stimulated the advancement of micro-and nanostructures.Nature-inspired nanoarchitectures have been consid-ered a favorable structure in electrode materials for a wide range of applications.It offers various positive attributes,especially in energy storage applications,such as the formation of hierarchical two-dimen-sional and three-dimensional interconnected networked structures that benefit the electrodes in terms of high surface area,high porosity and rich surface textural features,and eventually,delivering high capacity and outstanding overall material stability.In this review,we compre-hensively assessed and compiled the recent advances in various nature-inspired based on animal-and human-inspired nanostructures used for supercapacitors.This comprehensive review will help researchers to accommodate nature-inspired nanostructures in industrializing energy storage and many other applications.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 21971221, 21401162, 21773203)the Yangzhou University Interdisciplinary Research Foundation for Chemistry Discipline of Targeted Support (No. yzuxk202010)+2 种基金‘Qing Lan Project’ in Colleges and Universities of Jiangsu ProvinceHighLevel Entrepreneurial and Innovative Talents Program of Yangzhou Universitythe Lvyangjinfeng Talent Program of Yangzhou
文摘By considering the exceptional properties of supramolecular,noble metals(NM)and magnetic nanoparticles(NPs),we successfully synthesized a novel magnetic,metals and supramolecular composite.Briefly,the Fe_(3)O_(4)@SiO_(2)core-shell spheres were first modified with gold(Au)and palladium(Pd)NPs and then with mono-6-thio-β-cyclodextrin(SH-β-CD).The synthesized Fe_(3)O_(4)@SiO_(2)-Au-Pd@SH-β-CD nanocomposite shows a good magnetic response(42.3 emu/g).The nanocomposite showed good performance for the reductive degradation of rhodamine B(RhB)and 4-nitrophenol(4-NP).The calculated rate constant(k)values for the reduction of 4-NP and RhB were 0.062±0.02 s^(−1)and 0.027±0.01 s^(−1),respectively.The high catalytical performance was supposed to be due to the host-vip interaction ofβ-CD and also due to the NM synergic effect.The nanocomposite structural and chemical morphology was investigated by various spectroscopic techniques.Furthermore,the catalyst was recycled six times and it maintains morphology,chemical nature,and high magnetic behavior,as demonstrated by FTIR and TEM analysis of the recycled catalyst.These results demonstrate a very efficient,cost-effective,and recyclable catalyst in the field of catalysis technology development.
文摘The doubly resolving sets are a natural tool to identify where diffusion occurs in a complicated network.Many realworld phenomena,such as rumour spreading on social networks,the spread of infectious diseases,and the spread of the virus on the internet,may be modelled using information diffusion in networks.It is obviously impractical to monitor every node due to cost and overhead limits because there are too many nodes in the network,some of which may be unable or unwilling to send information about their state.As a result,the source localization problem is to find the number of nodes in the network that best explains the observed diffusion.This problem can be successfully solved by using its relationship with the well-studied related minimal doubly resolving set problem,which minimizes the number of observers required for accurate detection.This paper aims to investigate the minimal doubly resolving set for certain families of Toeplitz graph Tn(1,t),for t≥2 and n≥t+2.We come to the conclusion that for Tn(1,2),the metric and double metric dimensions are equal and for Tn(1,4),the double metric dimension is exactly one more than the metric dimension.Also,the double metric dimension for Tn(1,3)is equal to the metric dimension for n=5,6,7 and one greater than the metric dimension for n≥8.
文摘Due to limited depth-of-field of digital single-lens reflex cameras,the scene content within a limited distance from the imaging plane remains in focus while other objects closer to or further away from the point of focus appear as blurred(out-of-focus)in the image.Multi-Focus Image Fusion can be used to reconstruct a fully focused image from two or more partially focused images of the same scene.In this paper,a new Fuzzy Based Hybrid Focus Measure(FBHFM)for multi-focus image fusion has been proposed.Optimal block size is very critical step for multi-focus image fusion.Particle Swarm Optimization(PSO)algorithm has been used to find optimal size of the block of the images for extraction of focus measure features.After finding optimal blocks,three focus measures Sum of Modified Laplacian,Gray Level Variance and Contrast Visibility has been extracted and combined these focus measures by using intelligent fuzzy technique.Fuzzy based hybrid intelligent focus values were estimated using contrast visibility measure to generate focused image.Different sets of multi-focus images have been used in detailed experimentation and compared the results with state-of-the-art existing techniques such as Genetic Algorithm(GA),Principal Component Analysis(PCA),Laplacian Pyramid discrete wavelet transform(DWT),and aDWT for image fusion.It has been found that proposed method performs well as compare to existing methods.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 62161160336 and Grant 42030111.
文摘Recently,deep learning has achieved considerable results in the hyperspectral image(HSI)classification.However,most available deep networks require ample and authentic samples to better train the models,which is expensive and inefficient in practical tasks.Existing few‐shot learning(FSL)methods generally ignore the potential relationships between non‐local spatial samples that would better represent the underlying features of HSI.To solve the above issues,a novel deep transformer and few‐shot learning(DTFSL)classification framework is proposed,attempting to realize fine‐grained classification of HSI with only a few‐shot instances.Specifically,the spatial attention and spectral query modules are introduced to overcome the constraint of the convolution kernel and consider the information between long‐distance location(non‐local)samples to reduce the uncertainty of classes.Next,the network is trained with episodes and task‐based learning strategies to learn a metric space,which can continuously enhance its modelling capability.Furthermore,the developed approach combines the advantages of domain adaptation to reduce the variation in inter‐domain distribution and realize distribution alignment.On three publicly available HSI data,extensive experiments have indicated that the proposed DT‐FSL yields better results concerning state‐of‐the‐art algorithms.
文摘Smartphones have ubiquitously integrated into our home and work environments,however,users normally rely on explicit but inefficient identification processes in a controlled environment.Therefore,when a device is stolen,a thief can have access to the owner’s personal information and services against the stored passwords.As a result of this potential scenario,this work proposes an automatic legitimate user identification system based on gait biometrics extracted from user walking patterns captured by smartphone sensors.A set of preprocessing schemes are applied to calibrate noisy and invalid samples and augment the gait-induced time and frequency domain features,then further optimized using a non-linear unsupervised feature selection method.The selected features create an underlying gait biometric representation able to discriminate among individuals and identify them uniquely.Different classifiers are adopted to achieve accurate legitimate user identification.Extensive experiments on a group of 16 individuals in an indoor environment show the effectiveness of the proposed solution:with 5 to 70 samples per window,KNN and bagging classifiers achieve 87–99%accuracy,82–98%for ELM,and 81–94%for SVM.The proposed pipeline achieves a 100%true positive and 0%false-negative rate for almost all classifiers.
文摘Peral millet being drought tolerant has substantial potential to contribute in food security ensuring the food, fodder and nutritional value in different Asian and African countries. Susceptibility to abiotic and biotic factors and low productivity are the main reasons for decreasing productivity and area of millets. In this context, evaluation of the effect of weed control practices and varying sowing dates on grain yield of kharif season grown pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum L.) was demonstrated at post graduate agriculture research station, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad during 2015. Forage pearl millet was sown at three different sowing dates i.e. mid-June, end of June and mid-July and four weed control practices viz. weedy check (no weeding), twice hoeing at 15 and 30 days after sowing (DAS), weed control using herbicides i.e. application of Atrazine (Awax 38 SC) @330 g a.i. ha-1 at 15 DAS, and twice foliar applications of 10% Sorghum water extract (Sorgaab) (at 15 and 30 DAS). The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) under split plot arrangement, comprising of three replications. The treatments with varying sowing dates were randomized in main plots and weed control practices were in subplots. Results showed that the highest plant height (279.51 cm), leaf area (2777.80 cm2), fresh weight of leaves per plant (155.57 g), maximum number of grains per head (3162.0) and grain yield (3419.7 kg·ha-1) were obtained in the treatment combination of 30th June sowing × twice weed hoeing (at 15 and 30 DAS) while, maximum 1000-grain weight (8.45 g) was observed in treatments where weeds were controlled by hoeing (at 15 and 30 DAS). Moreover, cultural weed control practices reduce significantly weed density, fresh and dry Wight of weeds. In sum, it is concluded that to reduce the weed-crop competition and to gain higher productivity of pearl millet, field should be weed free 20 - 45 days after sowing.
文摘This study examined cells contained in needles used for the collection of breast fine needle aspirates for the detection of malignant cells trapped in the needles. Remnants of cells contained in 50 needles used for the collection of scanty breast fine needle aspirates were examined by the liquid based cytology technique and compared with the conventional cytological technique of specimens in the corresponding syringes. The breast specimens were collected with clean sterile needles attached to the syringes. Smears were made and stained by the conventional method. The needles were removed from the syringes and a fixative was withdrawn into the syringes and the syringes were recapped with the needles. The fixative containing the specimen was then completely discharged into a centrifuge tube through the needles and treated by the liquid based cytology technique. The study revealed that cells were found trapped in all the needles used for the collection of breast FNA. 6% of them were positive for malignancy, similar to results obtained in the conventional method. Needles used for the collection of breast FNA should be examined before malignancy is completely ruled out particularly in extremely scanty specimens with a clinical suspicion of malignancy.
文摘Crop production is greatly influenced by water and nutrition stress in semi-arid areas. Nitrogen and water are two most important yield limiting factors which effect economic production of wheat. Drought initiates when large area of land suffers from absence of precipitation for temporary periods. Though, not only water scarceness but also low relative humidity and high temperature are other climate factors which induce drought condition. Whereas Effective nutrition (nitrogen) maintains crops metabolic activities and has the potential to lessen drought stress. According to study carried out to explore the influence of varying levels of potential soil moisture deficit (PSMD) and nitrogen, an experiment was planned at agronomy research area, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. It was laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with split plot arrangement, and replicated thrice. Two factors: potential soil moisture deficit levels (I1: irrigation at 50 mm PSMD, I2: irrigation at 75 mm PSMD and I3: irrigation at 100 mm PSMD) were randomized in main plots, while sub plot nitrogen levels {control (No nitrogen), 50, 100 and 150 kg N ha-1} were randomized. Adequate nitrogen application along with sufficient irrigation management gave highest yield. Under water deficit conditions adequate nitrogen application ameliorates the drought stress. Highest plant height (86.27 cm), number of productive tillers (320.0), grain·spike-1(49.73), test weight (50.55 g) and grain yield (6.72 t·ha-1) were observed with 75 mm PSMD and 150 kg·ha-1 application of nitrogen. While radiation use efficiency for dry matter accumulation of wheat ranged from 1.53 - 1.87 g·MJ-1 whereas, radiation use efficiency for grain yield ranged from 0.421 - 0.473 g·MJ-1. Results revealed that highest RUE obtained I3 (75 mm PSMD) and nitrogen application at 150 kg·ha-1. Judicial application of irrigation and fertilizer not only boosts the yield but also saves resource and increases former output.
