Flood is one of a kind of disasters which harms human and animal life around the globe. Pakistan has been observing massive floods for many years because of daily and seasonal variation in the temperature levels. Whea...Flood is one of a kind of disasters which harms human and animal life around the globe. Pakistan has been observing massive floods for many years because of daily and seasonal variation in the temperature levels. Wheat, rice, sugarcane and cotton are major crops cultivated in Punjab region of Pakistan in which rice and sugarcane are mostly effected by floods. In this research paper, damage assessment of cultivated land in district Hafizabad along Chenab River has been calculated. Supervised Classification and Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI) methods are applied. Pre-flood 2014, post-flood 2014, and pre-flood 2015 Landsat 8 images have been used to calculate the extent of damages to cultivated lands. Water, sand, silt, bare soil and vegetation are classified to identify damage. Results show that vegetation cover has plummeted to 50% after the arrival of flood 2014 in the Chenab. Similarly, 6.7047% of sand and 15.7339% of bare soil deposits have surfaced which have not yet been removed from fertile lands in 2015. 18.4376% standing crop damage has been analyzed under this study. 14.0245% silt deposits have been calculated as post-flood effects. 46.4260% land has been cultivated in 2015 which is 15.5024% lower than 2014 cultivated land. Furthermore, field verification survey has given promising results and has a great correlation with satellite based recovery results.展开更多
This research study predominantly emphases on spatiotemporal extensions of urban area of Peshawar;its adverse impacts and contributions to climate and environment during 1931 to 2011. To probe these interventions, met...This research study predominantly emphases on spatiotemporal extensions of urban area of Peshawar;its adverse impacts and contributions to climate and environment during 1931 to 2011. To probe these interventions, meteorological data, Satellite’s temporal imagery of Landsat ETM+ and TM, anthropogenic and demographic secondary data were congregated. In relation to map out land cover changes, maximum likelihood classification algorithm and followed by change detection techniques were applied to study area. The outcome of this process was further subjected through Geographic Information System (GIS) overlay analysis which suggested a clear straggle in urban area. Auxiliary data (Population growth rate, transportation, electricity connections, etc.) also support the fact of urban area extension. This study proposes that severs contributions of massive heat energy and CO<sub>2</sub> have been added to local climate and environment ensuing substantial increment in temperature drawn out from the trends. Consequently, Remote Sensing, GIS and allied data were found to be effective to gauge such variations. To eliminate anomalies in sprawl and environment, few suggestions and recommendation are made in latter part of this study.展开更多
文摘Flood is one of a kind of disasters which harms human and animal life around the globe. Pakistan has been observing massive floods for many years because of daily and seasonal variation in the temperature levels. Wheat, rice, sugarcane and cotton are major crops cultivated in Punjab region of Pakistan in which rice and sugarcane are mostly effected by floods. In this research paper, damage assessment of cultivated land in district Hafizabad along Chenab River has been calculated. Supervised Classification and Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI) methods are applied. Pre-flood 2014, post-flood 2014, and pre-flood 2015 Landsat 8 images have been used to calculate the extent of damages to cultivated lands. Water, sand, silt, bare soil and vegetation are classified to identify damage. Results show that vegetation cover has plummeted to 50% after the arrival of flood 2014 in the Chenab. Similarly, 6.7047% of sand and 15.7339% of bare soil deposits have surfaced which have not yet been removed from fertile lands in 2015. 18.4376% standing crop damage has been analyzed under this study. 14.0245% silt deposits have been calculated as post-flood effects. 46.4260% land has been cultivated in 2015 which is 15.5024% lower than 2014 cultivated land. Furthermore, field verification survey has given promising results and has a great correlation with satellite based recovery results.
文摘This research study predominantly emphases on spatiotemporal extensions of urban area of Peshawar;its adverse impacts and contributions to climate and environment during 1931 to 2011. To probe these interventions, meteorological data, Satellite’s temporal imagery of Landsat ETM+ and TM, anthropogenic and demographic secondary data were congregated. In relation to map out land cover changes, maximum likelihood classification algorithm and followed by change detection techniques were applied to study area. The outcome of this process was further subjected through Geographic Information System (GIS) overlay analysis which suggested a clear straggle in urban area. Auxiliary data (Population growth rate, transportation, electricity connections, etc.) also support the fact of urban area extension. This study proposes that severs contributions of massive heat energy and CO<sub>2</sub> have been added to local climate and environment ensuing substantial increment in temperature drawn out from the trends. Consequently, Remote Sensing, GIS and allied data were found to be effective to gauge such variations. To eliminate anomalies in sprawl and environment, few suggestions and recommendation are made in latter part of this study.
