Several toxic compounds are known to induce apoptosis in mammalian cell lines.The human neuroblastoma cells(SHSH-SY5Y)were exposed to the phosphatase inhibiting toxin okadaic acid(OA)or hydrogen peroxide(H2O2)to induc...Several toxic compounds are known to induce apoptosis in mammalian cell lines.The human neuroblastoma cells(SHSH-SY5Y)were exposed to the phosphatase inhibiting toxin okadaic acid(OA)or hydrogen peroxide(H2O2)to induce apoptosis as well as generate reactive oxygen species(ROS).Mitoxantrone(MXT)was used as a positive control for apoptosis.The SHSH-SY5Y cells were transfected with eukaryotic expression plasmid pHyPer-dMito encoding mitochondrial-targeted fluorescent or pHyPer-dCito encoding cytoplasmic-targeted fluorescent sensor for hydrogen peroxide(HyPer).The ERp57,also called GRP58(Glucose-regulated protein 58),is a stress protein induced in conditions like glucose starvation and viral infection.Recently ERp57 was shown to translocate from the endoplasmatic reticulum to the cell surface in anthracycline-induced apoptotic cells.ERp57 co-translocation together with calreticulin has been suggested to be crucial for recognizing tumor cells to induce immunogenic cell death.ERp57 translocation after exposure to okadaic acid was studied using immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy.These studies indicated that okadaic acid has induced the translocation of ERp57 to the cellular membrane.展开更多
Citrus viroids are small non-coding RNA pathogens that pose a significant threat to global citrus production by reducing fruit yield,quality,and tree longevity.Several viroids,including Citrus exocortis viroid(CEVd),H...Citrus viroids are small non-coding RNA pathogens that pose a significant threat to global citrus production by reducing fruit yield,quality,and tree longevity.Several viroids,including Citrus exocortis viroid(CEVd),Hop stunt viroid(HSVd),Citrus bent leaf viroid(CBLVd),and newly identified members such as Citrus Viroid VI(CVd-VI)and Citrus Viroid VII(CVd-VII)have been reported from diverse citrus-growing regions.These pathogens are transmitted mainly through vegetative propagation,contaminated tools,and occasionally via seed or pollen,making their management complex.This review synthesizes current knowledge on the biology,structural diversity,transmission,symptomatology,detection,and economic impact of citrus viroids.In addition to compiling existing findings,it emphasizes critical challenges such as understanding host–pathogen molecular interactions,the implications of viroid infections under climate change,and the limited availability of resistant rootstocks.Recent advances in diagnostic tools,including Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction(RT-PCR),Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction(qPCR),High-throughput sequencing(HTS),and in silico approaches,are evaluated alongside practical constraints in low-resource settings.Furthermore,the review highlights management strategies focused on certified planting material,sanitation,resistant genotypes,and integration into global citrus certification programs.By consolidating existing information while outlining key knowledge gaps and future directions,this work provides a foundation for developing sustainable strategies to mitigate the impact of viroids on the citrus industry.展开更多
文摘Several toxic compounds are known to induce apoptosis in mammalian cell lines.The human neuroblastoma cells(SHSH-SY5Y)were exposed to the phosphatase inhibiting toxin okadaic acid(OA)or hydrogen peroxide(H2O2)to induce apoptosis as well as generate reactive oxygen species(ROS).Mitoxantrone(MXT)was used as a positive control for apoptosis.The SHSH-SY5Y cells were transfected with eukaryotic expression plasmid pHyPer-dMito encoding mitochondrial-targeted fluorescent or pHyPer-dCito encoding cytoplasmic-targeted fluorescent sensor for hydrogen peroxide(HyPer).The ERp57,also called GRP58(Glucose-regulated protein 58),is a stress protein induced in conditions like glucose starvation and viral infection.Recently ERp57 was shown to translocate from the endoplasmatic reticulum to the cell surface in anthracycline-induced apoptotic cells.ERp57 co-translocation together with calreticulin has been suggested to be crucial for recognizing tumor cells to induce immunogenic cell death.ERp57 translocation after exposure to okadaic acid was studied using immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy.These studies indicated that okadaic acid has induced the translocation of ERp57 to the cellular membrane.
文摘Citrus viroids are small non-coding RNA pathogens that pose a significant threat to global citrus production by reducing fruit yield,quality,and tree longevity.Several viroids,including Citrus exocortis viroid(CEVd),Hop stunt viroid(HSVd),Citrus bent leaf viroid(CBLVd),and newly identified members such as Citrus Viroid VI(CVd-VI)and Citrus Viroid VII(CVd-VII)have been reported from diverse citrus-growing regions.These pathogens are transmitted mainly through vegetative propagation,contaminated tools,and occasionally via seed or pollen,making their management complex.This review synthesizes current knowledge on the biology,structural diversity,transmission,symptomatology,detection,and economic impact of citrus viroids.In addition to compiling existing findings,it emphasizes critical challenges such as understanding host–pathogen molecular interactions,the implications of viroid infections under climate change,and the limited availability of resistant rootstocks.Recent advances in diagnostic tools,including Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction(RT-PCR),Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction(qPCR),High-throughput sequencing(HTS),and in silico approaches,are evaluated alongside practical constraints in low-resource settings.Furthermore,the review highlights management strategies focused on certified planting material,sanitation,resistant genotypes,and integration into global citrus certification programs.By consolidating existing information while outlining key knowledge gaps and future directions,this work provides a foundation for developing sustainable strategies to mitigate the impact of viroids on the citrus industry.
