Objective:To explore demographic and metabolic factors associated with increased alanine aminotransferase(ALT)activity in non-diabetic non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)patients.Methods:Overall 372 patients who ...Objective:To explore demographic and metabolic factors associated with increased alanine aminotransferase(ALT)activity in non-diabetic non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)patients.Methods:Overall 372 patients who consecutively attended to Gastroenterology Clinic of Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences,Tehran,Iran awere diagnosed as NAFLD entered into analysis.Exclusion criteria were having diabetes mellitus and fasting blood glucose over126 mg/dL,active hepatitis B virus infection,having hepatitis C virus positive serology,and to be under corticosteroid therapy.ALT levels were considered pathologically high when it was over30 IU/L for men and over 19 IU/L for women.Results:Bivariate analyses using t test and chisquare test showed that patients with pathologically augmented ALT levels had significantly higher NAFLD grades in their ultrasonographic evaluations(P=0.003).Moreover,these patients represented significantly higher homeostatic model assessment levels(P=0.003),levels of serum insulin(P=0.002),fasting blood glucose(P<0.001),and uric acid(P=0.02).The prevalence of insulin resistance was also higher in patients with increased serum ALT concentrations.Multifactorial logistic regression models showed that ultrasonographic grading of NAFLD(P=0.027)and insulin resistance(P=0.013)were the only variables significantly associated with abnormal ALT levels.Conclusions:This study shows that the associations of increased ALT serum levels in NAFLD patients are different from what are supposed before.By excluding diabetic patients from our population,we find that increased ALT levels are not associated with dyslipidemias but are independently associated with insulin resistance and NAFLD grading on ultrasonographic evaluations.Further studies are needed to confirm our results.展开更多
A new HPLC method has been developed for determining donepezil in human plasma. To find the optimum conditions, a derivatization reaction was performed in different media, and the reaction product was identified by NM...A new HPLC method has been developed for determining donepezil in human plasma. To find the optimum conditions, a derivatization reaction was performed in different media, and the reaction product was identified by NMR and GC-MS after a semi-preparative HPLC separation. Under optimized conditions, donepezil was derivatized by 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate in chloroform and carbonate buffer at pH 9.5 in the presence of NaI after solid-phase extraction from a plasma sample. The reaction product was quantified on a reversed-phase TRACER EXCEL ODS-A, 5 μm column using a mixture of acetonitrile–10 mM acetate buffer(pH 6.0)–THF(60:35:5, v/v/v) as the mobile phase with fluorescence detection at 264 nm(ex) and 313 nm(em). Fluoxetine was used as the internal standard. The total run-time of the analysis was about 10 min, and a clean chromatogram was obtained. The developed method was linear over the range of 1–100 ng/mL in 500 μL of plasma samples(r2>0.998). The intra-day and inter-day precision values were in the range of 2.6%–11.6%. The limit of quantification was 1 ng/mL.展开更多
Chewable gels represent an excellent alternative to oral dosage forms,such as tablets and capsules,owing to their appealing appearance,easy swallowing,and attractive colors.Given the inherent instability of vitamin C,...Chewable gels represent an excellent alternative to oral dosage forms,such as tablets and capsules,owing to their appealing appearance,easy swallowing,and attractive colors.Given the inherent instability of vitamin C,particularly within chewable gels,it is imperative to enhance its stability and mitigate its degradation during processing and storage.Oleogel,systems prepared through an environmentally friendly and pollution-free method,exhibit a three-dimensional network structure that eliminates oxygen,alleviates oxidation,and enhances vitamin C stability.This study focused on optimizing vitamin C-fortified oleogel-based chewable gels using Plackett-Burman and D-Optimal design methodologies to maximize vitamin C stability while maintaining favorable mechanical properties.The optimal formulation,Opt-C,was achieved by crystallizing the gel at-18℃,incorporating 2.5 g of distilled monoglyceride(DMG),and maintaining an oleogel-to-chewable gel ratio of 10%.Opt-C was comprehensively characterized using differential scanning calorimetry(DSC)and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR),and its stability was rigorously assessed.Furthermore,a nondestructive assay method for vitamin C determination in chewable gels was developed employing near-infrared spectroscopy(NIR)and chemometric techniques.Storage studies demonstrated that Opt-C retained 85%of its vitamin C content during accelerated tests over ten weeks,surpassing the 69%retention observed in the control chewable gel.Opt-C exhibited a slower release of vitamin C in simulated digestive fluids;however,this release profile did not adversely impact the overall availability of vitamin C.Ultimately,the developed multivariate model successfully predicts vitamin C concentration:root mean square error of calibration(RMSEC):0.284,R_(cal)^(2):0.9906;RMSE cross-validation(RMSECV):0.501,R_(val)^(2):0.9722;RMSE prediction(RMSEP):0.670,R_(pred)^(2):0.9154.This innovative approach enhances the stability of water-soluble vitamins in chewable gels.展开更多
基金financially supported by Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences
文摘Objective:To explore demographic and metabolic factors associated with increased alanine aminotransferase(ALT)activity in non-diabetic non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)patients.Methods:Overall 372 patients who consecutively attended to Gastroenterology Clinic of Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences,Tehran,Iran awere diagnosed as NAFLD entered into analysis.Exclusion criteria were having diabetes mellitus and fasting blood glucose over126 mg/dL,active hepatitis B virus infection,having hepatitis C virus positive serology,and to be under corticosteroid therapy.ALT levels were considered pathologically high when it was over30 IU/L for men and over 19 IU/L for women.Results:Bivariate analyses using t test and chisquare test showed that patients with pathologically augmented ALT levels had significantly higher NAFLD grades in their ultrasonographic evaluations(P=0.003).Moreover,these patients represented significantly higher homeostatic model assessment levels(P=0.003),levels of serum insulin(P=0.002),fasting blood glucose(P<0.001),and uric acid(P=0.02).The prevalence of insulin resistance was also higher in patients with increased serum ALT concentrations.Multifactorial logistic regression models showed that ultrasonographic grading of NAFLD(P=0.027)and insulin resistance(P=0.013)were the only variables significantly associated with abnormal ALT levels.Conclusions:This study shows that the associations of increased ALT serum levels in NAFLD patients are different from what are supposed before.By excluding diabetic patients from our population,we find that increased ALT levels are not associated with dyslipidemias but are independently associated with insulin resistance and NAFLD grading on ultrasonographic evaluations.Further studies are needed to confirm our results.
文摘A new HPLC method has been developed for determining donepezil in human plasma. To find the optimum conditions, a derivatization reaction was performed in different media, and the reaction product was identified by NMR and GC-MS after a semi-preparative HPLC separation. Under optimized conditions, donepezil was derivatized by 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate in chloroform and carbonate buffer at pH 9.5 in the presence of NaI after solid-phase extraction from a plasma sample. The reaction product was quantified on a reversed-phase TRACER EXCEL ODS-A, 5 μm column using a mixture of acetonitrile–10 mM acetate buffer(pH 6.0)–THF(60:35:5, v/v/v) as the mobile phase with fluorescence detection at 264 nm(ex) and 313 nm(em). Fluoxetine was used as the internal standard. The total run-time of the analysis was about 10 min, and a clean chromatogram was obtained. The developed method was linear over the range of 1–100 ng/mL in 500 μL of plasma samples(r2>0.998). The intra-day and inter-day precision values were in the range of 2.6%–11.6%. The limit of quantification was 1 ng/mL.
基金supported by the Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance Research Center(grant number 1400-3-263-55934)the Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences(TIPS),Tehran University of Medical Sciences,Tehran,Iran.
文摘Chewable gels represent an excellent alternative to oral dosage forms,such as tablets and capsules,owing to their appealing appearance,easy swallowing,and attractive colors.Given the inherent instability of vitamin C,particularly within chewable gels,it is imperative to enhance its stability and mitigate its degradation during processing and storage.Oleogel,systems prepared through an environmentally friendly and pollution-free method,exhibit a three-dimensional network structure that eliminates oxygen,alleviates oxidation,and enhances vitamin C stability.This study focused on optimizing vitamin C-fortified oleogel-based chewable gels using Plackett-Burman and D-Optimal design methodologies to maximize vitamin C stability while maintaining favorable mechanical properties.The optimal formulation,Opt-C,was achieved by crystallizing the gel at-18℃,incorporating 2.5 g of distilled monoglyceride(DMG),and maintaining an oleogel-to-chewable gel ratio of 10%.Opt-C was comprehensively characterized using differential scanning calorimetry(DSC)and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR),and its stability was rigorously assessed.Furthermore,a nondestructive assay method for vitamin C determination in chewable gels was developed employing near-infrared spectroscopy(NIR)and chemometric techniques.Storage studies demonstrated that Opt-C retained 85%of its vitamin C content during accelerated tests over ten weeks,surpassing the 69%retention observed in the control chewable gel.Opt-C exhibited a slower release of vitamin C in simulated digestive fluids;however,this release profile did not adversely impact the overall availability of vitamin C.Ultimately,the developed multivariate model successfully predicts vitamin C concentration:root mean square error of calibration(RMSEC):0.284,R_(cal)^(2):0.9906;RMSE cross-validation(RMSECV):0.501,R_(val)^(2):0.9722;RMSE prediction(RMSEP):0.670,R_(pred)^(2):0.9154.This innovative approach enhances the stability of water-soluble vitamins in chewable gels.
