Indiscriminate and rapid urbanization without sufficient infrastructure to manage huge domestic sewage(urban rejected water)generated by urban centers posing serious threats to different ecosystems in many places acro...Indiscriminate and rapid urbanization without sufficient infrastructure to manage huge domestic sewage(urban rejected water)generated by urban centers posing serious threats to different ecosystems in many places across the world.On the other hand,the downstream of urban centers facing an acute shortage of water for irrigation.In recent years reuse of urban waste water is being increased in many countries including India irrespective of adverse impacts on other ecosystems.The present study has provided a synoptic review on urban rejected water reuse for irrigation in the major cities of India with a special focus on banks of the Musi river basin in South India where huge wastewater irrigation is being practiced in the world in comparison with global waste water irrigation practices.In all the cases major contaminants namely fecal coliform,nitrates,Biological Oxygen Demand(BOD),Chemical Oxygen Demand(COD)and Dissolved Oxygen(DO)are found in water and with increased soil and groundwater salinity on long term use.The review indicated that there a large scope to intensify the irrigation with proper treatment of wastewater.The study also suggested to understand the impacts of rejected water reuse impact on soil-water-food chain and also emphasizes the need for the establishment of sufficient ETPs to minimize the adverse impacts and also to protect hydro-agro ecosystems.展开更多
Transdermal drug delivery offers the benefits of first-pass metabolism avoidance,high bioavailability,a low dose,and high patient compliance.Ethosomes are lipid-based vesicles containing phospholipids,ethanol,and wate...Transdermal drug delivery offers the benefits of first-pass metabolism avoidance,high bioavailability,a low dose,and high patient compliance.Ethosomes are lipid-based vesicles containing phospholipids,ethanol,and water that enhance drug penetration by overcoming the barrier of the skin.Ethosomes can encapsulate lipophilic as well as hydrophilic drugs to increase their efficacy.Zingerone(ZNE)is a major component found in gingerroot and has potent antidiabetic,antioxidant,and antispasmodic activities.ZNE has low solubility in aqueous media,which leads to low oral bioavailability.ZNE-loaded ethosomes were prepared via the cold method.The ethosomes were optimized by a 3-level and 2-factor full factorial design.The independent variables selected were ethanol(%)and soy lecithin(%).The dependent variables selected were flux(μg/cm^(2)/h)and entrapment efficiency(%).The optimized formulation was evaluated for size,polydispersity index,zeta potential,entrapment efficiency,in vitro drug release,and ex vivo skin drug permeation.The optimized formulation had an average vesicle size of 77.12±1.89 nm,a polydispersity index of 0.350±0.013,a zeta potential of -56.9±1.25 mV,an entrapment efficiency of 75.83%±1.53%,in vitro drug release of 85.97%±1.92%(after 24 h),and ex vivo skin drug permeation of 78.52%±1.62%.The optimized formulation was converted to a gel formulation and characterized for in vitro parameters.The percent permeation of ZNE through rat skin(ex vivo)from the ethosomal gel was greater(73.12%±1.76%)than that from the conventional gel(38.17%±1.82%).This study reveals the substantial potential of ZNE-loaded ethosomes for transdermal delivery and for use in the management of systemic diseases.展开更多
文摘Indiscriminate and rapid urbanization without sufficient infrastructure to manage huge domestic sewage(urban rejected water)generated by urban centers posing serious threats to different ecosystems in many places across the world.On the other hand,the downstream of urban centers facing an acute shortage of water for irrigation.In recent years reuse of urban waste water is being increased in many countries including India irrespective of adverse impacts on other ecosystems.The present study has provided a synoptic review on urban rejected water reuse for irrigation in the major cities of India with a special focus on banks of the Musi river basin in South India where huge wastewater irrigation is being practiced in the world in comparison with global waste water irrigation practices.In all the cases major contaminants namely fecal coliform,nitrates,Biological Oxygen Demand(BOD),Chemical Oxygen Demand(COD)and Dissolved Oxygen(DO)are found in water and with increased soil and groundwater salinity on long term use.The review indicated that there a large scope to intensify the irrigation with proper treatment of wastewater.The study also suggested to understand the impacts of rejected water reuse impact on soil-water-food chain and also emphasizes the need for the establishment of sufficient ETPs to minimize the adverse impacts and also to protect hydro-agro ecosystems.
文摘Transdermal drug delivery offers the benefits of first-pass metabolism avoidance,high bioavailability,a low dose,and high patient compliance.Ethosomes are lipid-based vesicles containing phospholipids,ethanol,and water that enhance drug penetration by overcoming the barrier of the skin.Ethosomes can encapsulate lipophilic as well as hydrophilic drugs to increase their efficacy.Zingerone(ZNE)is a major component found in gingerroot and has potent antidiabetic,antioxidant,and antispasmodic activities.ZNE has low solubility in aqueous media,which leads to low oral bioavailability.ZNE-loaded ethosomes were prepared via the cold method.The ethosomes were optimized by a 3-level and 2-factor full factorial design.The independent variables selected were ethanol(%)and soy lecithin(%).The dependent variables selected were flux(μg/cm^(2)/h)and entrapment efficiency(%).The optimized formulation was evaluated for size,polydispersity index,zeta potential,entrapment efficiency,in vitro drug release,and ex vivo skin drug permeation.The optimized formulation had an average vesicle size of 77.12±1.89 nm,a polydispersity index of 0.350±0.013,a zeta potential of -56.9±1.25 mV,an entrapment efficiency of 75.83%±1.53%,in vitro drug release of 85.97%±1.92%(after 24 h),and ex vivo skin drug permeation of 78.52%±1.62%.The optimized formulation was converted to a gel formulation and characterized for in vitro parameters.The percent permeation of ZNE through rat skin(ex vivo)from the ethosomal gel was greater(73.12%±1.76%)than that from the conventional gel(38.17%±1.82%).This study reveals the substantial potential of ZNE-loaded ethosomes for transdermal delivery and for use in the management of systemic diseases.
