Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a distinct public health issue that calls for the quick development of novel treatments and viral detection. Due to their high specificity and reliabilit...Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a distinct public health issue that calls for the quick development of novel treatments and viral detection. Due to their high specificity and reliability, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have emerged as useful diagnostic and therapeutic tools for a variety of diseases. As a result, several scientists have jumped right into developing Ab-based assays for the identification of SARS-CoV-2 and Ab drugs for use as COVID-19 therapy agents. Since the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is essential for viral infection and has a known precise structure, it has become a key target for the creation of therapeutic antibodies. The use of Ab cocktails is anticipated to be a key component of an efficient COVID-19 treatment plan since SARS-CoV-2 is an RNA virus with a high mutation rate, particularly when subjected to the selection pressure of aggressively applied preventive vaccinations and neutralizing Abs. Furthermore, SARS-CoV-2 infection could provoke an overzealous immune response, leading to a cytokine storm that accelerates the onset of a severe disease. Abs to counteract cytokine storms are also actively being researched as COVID-19 therapies. Abs are now used in SARS-CoV-2 detection assays, including immunoglobulin and antigen tests, in addition to their use as medicines. In order to stop the spread of COVID-19, such Ab-based detection tests are essential surveillance tools. In this article, we’ll go over several important ideas related to mAb-based COVID-19 pandemic detection tests and treatments. Objective: To understand the role of hybridoma technology in therapeutic implications. 1) To study the basic concepts and options in hybridoma technology;2) To study the applications of hybridoma technology;3) To explore how hybridoma technology is applied in diagnostic histopathology. Method: For this method generally there is use of mouse or mammals are transfect with the Ags to find out the formation of antibody afterwards isolate the antibody which has been formed after injecting the antigens for a number of weeks. Following are the steps for mAbs: Step 1: In this step immunization of mouse is done;Step 2: Spleen is used for the isolation of B cells;Step 3: Cultivation of cancerous cells;Step 4: Merging of B cells with Myeloma cells;Step 5: This step cell lines are separated;Step 6: in the next step screening the suitable cell lines;Step 7: observation of multiplication in vitro as well as in vivo;Step 8: Harvesting. Discussion: Now a day there are many diseases which has been cured easily at the mean time it’s very difficult to diagnose and get the treatment. Due to advancement of monoclonal antibodies are used in the diagnosis and treatments such as COVID-19, SARS and SARS COV-2. Therefore important part of the monoclonal antibodies are its used in the diagnosis as well as in the treatment tools.展开更多
Background: Several related accidents occur in the laboratories due to insufficient regulation, inappropriate implementation of safety measures or unawareness attitude and practice toward safety precaution. Biosafety ...Background: Several related accidents occur in the laboratories due to insufficient regulation, inappropriate implementation of safety measures or unawareness attitude and practice toward safety precaution. Biosafety is a tool through which we are managing safety and security related to any kinds of hazards that may be either to the human, animals, plants and environment as well. We can implement good laboratory practice to minimize the risk while performing any kind of test procedures, either handling to the samples like blood and other body fluids which is playing important role for infections and transmissible diseases. If we will provide facilities and training to the lab personnel, then we can protect public, agriculture, and the environment from which is leading cause of infections as well as hazards such as biological, chemical, electrical and glassware. For achieving effective and necessary biosafety and security, it should make sure that any unauthorized person is not able to handle, process, transport to minimize loss and misuse of the any kind of hazards especially biohazards. Therefore, it’s highly recommended to make an international system to avoid any kind of biosafety related issues. Objective: Because biosafety is an important element in quality management system (QMS) and it is a fundamental tool for compliance with accreditation and certification standards, the aim of this study was to assess the practices of lab personnel towards biosafety measures in their laboratories. Method: The study was cross-sectional study that conducted among 70 laboratories by use of structured questionnaire. Data analysis was done by using statistical package for social science (SPSS). Result: Among 70 laboratories, 2 (3%) were appointing a biosafety officer, 16 (23%) have fire detection system and fire alarm system, and 20 (29%) of all laboratories were provided by fire extinguisher. Among provision of personnel protection, 56 (80%) always wearied lab coat and gloves, 35 (79%) wearied masks (surgical mask) with low availability of safety goggles and eye shield. Vaccination for hepatitis B virus identified in 40 (57%) of the laboratories. In 41 (59%) of laboratories, the cleaning personnel were not aware about optimal handlers of biohazard in the laboratory. 20 (29%) of all laboratories have exit door and 43 (61%) were used biological safety cabinet. Availability of sharp container and color-coded biohazard bags were found in about 60% (86%), 55 (79%);safe disposal policies were found in 49 (70%) of laboratories. Discussion: Biosafety measures and practices in Sudan need to be restructured if we target to achieve good laboratory practices as well as safe environmental testing for clinical human samples. Recommendation: There are a great need to establish and implement biosafety precaution program included in government and private clinical laboratory in Sudan.展开更多
文摘Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a distinct public health issue that calls for the quick development of novel treatments and viral detection. Due to their high specificity and reliability, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have emerged as useful diagnostic and therapeutic tools for a variety of diseases. As a result, several scientists have jumped right into developing Ab-based assays for the identification of SARS-CoV-2 and Ab drugs for use as COVID-19 therapy agents. Since the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is essential for viral infection and has a known precise structure, it has become a key target for the creation of therapeutic antibodies. The use of Ab cocktails is anticipated to be a key component of an efficient COVID-19 treatment plan since SARS-CoV-2 is an RNA virus with a high mutation rate, particularly when subjected to the selection pressure of aggressively applied preventive vaccinations and neutralizing Abs. Furthermore, SARS-CoV-2 infection could provoke an overzealous immune response, leading to a cytokine storm that accelerates the onset of a severe disease. Abs to counteract cytokine storms are also actively being researched as COVID-19 therapies. Abs are now used in SARS-CoV-2 detection assays, including immunoglobulin and antigen tests, in addition to their use as medicines. In order to stop the spread of COVID-19, such Ab-based detection tests are essential surveillance tools. In this article, we’ll go over several important ideas related to mAb-based COVID-19 pandemic detection tests and treatments. Objective: To understand the role of hybridoma technology in therapeutic implications. 1) To study the basic concepts and options in hybridoma technology;2) To study the applications of hybridoma technology;3) To explore how hybridoma technology is applied in diagnostic histopathology. Method: For this method generally there is use of mouse or mammals are transfect with the Ags to find out the formation of antibody afterwards isolate the antibody which has been formed after injecting the antigens for a number of weeks. Following are the steps for mAbs: Step 1: In this step immunization of mouse is done;Step 2: Spleen is used for the isolation of B cells;Step 3: Cultivation of cancerous cells;Step 4: Merging of B cells with Myeloma cells;Step 5: This step cell lines are separated;Step 6: in the next step screening the suitable cell lines;Step 7: observation of multiplication in vitro as well as in vivo;Step 8: Harvesting. Discussion: Now a day there are many diseases which has been cured easily at the mean time it’s very difficult to diagnose and get the treatment. Due to advancement of monoclonal antibodies are used in the diagnosis and treatments such as COVID-19, SARS and SARS COV-2. Therefore important part of the monoclonal antibodies are its used in the diagnosis as well as in the treatment tools.
文摘Background: Several related accidents occur in the laboratories due to insufficient regulation, inappropriate implementation of safety measures or unawareness attitude and practice toward safety precaution. Biosafety is a tool through which we are managing safety and security related to any kinds of hazards that may be either to the human, animals, plants and environment as well. We can implement good laboratory practice to minimize the risk while performing any kind of test procedures, either handling to the samples like blood and other body fluids which is playing important role for infections and transmissible diseases. If we will provide facilities and training to the lab personnel, then we can protect public, agriculture, and the environment from which is leading cause of infections as well as hazards such as biological, chemical, electrical and glassware. For achieving effective and necessary biosafety and security, it should make sure that any unauthorized person is not able to handle, process, transport to minimize loss and misuse of the any kind of hazards especially biohazards. Therefore, it’s highly recommended to make an international system to avoid any kind of biosafety related issues. Objective: Because biosafety is an important element in quality management system (QMS) and it is a fundamental tool for compliance with accreditation and certification standards, the aim of this study was to assess the practices of lab personnel towards biosafety measures in their laboratories. Method: The study was cross-sectional study that conducted among 70 laboratories by use of structured questionnaire. Data analysis was done by using statistical package for social science (SPSS). Result: Among 70 laboratories, 2 (3%) were appointing a biosafety officer, 16 (23%) have fire detection system and fire alarm system, and 20 (29%) of all laboratories were provided by fire extinguisher. Among provision of personnel protection, 56 (80%) always wearied lab coat and gloves, 35 (79%) wearied masks (surgical mask) with low availability of safety goggles and eye shield. Vaccination for hepatitis B virus identified in 40 (57%) of the laboratories. In 41 (59%) of laboratories, the cleaning personnel were not aware about optimal handlers of biohazard in the laboratory. 20 (29%) of all laboratories have exit door and 43 (61%) were used biological safety cabinet. Availability of sharp container and color-coded biohazard bags were found in about 60% (86%), 55 (79%);safe disposal policies were found in 49 (70%) of laboratories. Discussion: Biosafety measures and practices in Sudan need to be restructured if we target to achieve good laboratory practices as well as safe environmental testing for clinical human samples. Recommendation: There are a great need to establish and implement biosafety precaution program included in government and private clinical laboratory in Sudan.
