Soil heavy metal pollution, influenced by both natural and anthropogenic factors, significantly reduces environmental quality. In this study, Cr, Ni, Cu, As, Cd, and Pb in eight different land-use soils from Patuakhal...Soil heavy metal pollution, influenced by both natural and anthropogenic factors, significantly reduces environmental quality. In this study, Cr, Ni, Cu, As, Cd, and Pb in eight different land-use soils from Patuakhali District in Bangladesh were assessed. Concentrations of Cr, Ni, Cu, As, Cd, and Pb in soils were 1-87, 5-271, 4-181, 0-80, 0.2-24.0, and 5-276 mg kg-1, respectively, measured using an inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer. The enrichment factor, pollution load index (PLI), and contamination factor (CJ) of metal i were used to assess the ecological risk posed by metals in soils. The PLI ranged from 0.78 to 2.66, indicating baseline levels to progressive deterioration of soil due to metal contamination. However, C;of Cd ranged from 1.8 to 12.0, which showed that the studied soils were strongly impacted by Cd. Considering the severity of the potential ecological risk of a single metal, the descending order was Cd > As > Pb > Cu > Ni > Cr. Soils under all land uses showed moderate to very high potential ecological risk.展开更多
A vehicle engine cooling system is of utmost importance to ensure that the engine operates in a safe temperature range.In most radiators that are used to cool an engine,water serves as a cooling fluid.The performance ...A vehicle engine cooling system is of utmost importance to ensure that the engine operates in a safe temperature range.In most radiators that are used to cool an engine,water serves as a cooling fluid.The performance of a radiator in terms of heat transmission is significantly influenced by the incorporation of nanoparticles into the cooling water.Concentration and uniformity of nanoparticle distribution are the two major factors for the practical use of nanofluids.The shape and size of nanoparticles also have a great impact on the performance of heat transfer.Many researchers are investigating the impact of nanoparticles on heat transfer.This study aims to develop an artificial neural network(ANN)model for predicting the thermal conductivity of an ethylene glycol(EG)/waterbased crystalline nanocellulose(CNC)nanofluid for cooling internal combustion engine.The implementation of an artificial neural network considering different activation functions in the hidden layer is made to find the bestmodel for the cooling of an engine using the nanofluid.Accuracies of the model with different activation functions in artificial neural networks are analyzed for different nanofluid concentrations and temperatures.In artificial neural networks,Levenberg–Marquardt is an optimization approach used with activation functions,including Tansig and Logsig functions in the training phase.The findings of each training,testing,and validation phase are presented to demonstrate the network that provides the highest level of accuracy.The best result was obtained with Tansig,which has a correlation of 0.99903 and an error of 3.7959×10^(–8).It has also been noticed that the Logsig function can also be a good model due to its correlation of 0.99890 and an error of 4.9218×10^(–8).Thus ourANNwith Tansig and Logsig functions demonstrates a high correlation between the actual output and the predicted output.展开更多
Competition among countries has evolved from just on Earth but into space as space technology and space power is a key attribute in the world today.Today space technology has spread,due to the enormous develop-ment,in...Competition among countries has evolved from just on Earth but into space as space technology and space power is a key attribute in the world today.Today space technology has spread,due to the enormous develop-ment,into every sector of life in the Earth for the beneft of mankind.Every country has the ambition to be a part of the space itiative.Asia Pacific Space Cooperation Organization(APSCO)is an organization that tries to promote space acivities through cooperation in the Asia Pacific region.This paper attempts to explore the nature and categories of potential conflict that may arise under the APSCO framework program.Furthermore,it also endeavors to establish an effective and better dispute settlement mechanism under the overal APSCO framework.Finally,this paper introduces the institutional framework and working procedures of the arbitration body for future smooth cooperation and space exploration by APSCO.展开更多
基金Prof. Dr. Mohammad Shams-Ud-Din (Vice Chancellor, PSTU), for his valuable suggestions, cooperation, and provision of funding to conduct this research
文摘Soil heavy metal pollution, influenced by both natural and anthropogenic factors, significantly reduces environmental quality. In this study, Cr, Ni, Cu, As, Cd, and Pb in eight different land-use soils from Patuakhali District in Bangladesh were assessed. Concentrations of Cr, Ni, Cu, As, Cd, and Pb in soils were 1-87, 5-271, 4-181, 0-80, 0.2-24.0, and 5-276 mg kg-1, respectively, measured using an inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer. The enrichment factor, pollution load index (PLI), and contamination factor (CJ) of metal i were used to assess the ecological risk posed by metals in soils. The PLI ranged from 0.78 to 2.66, indicating baseline levels to progressive deterioration of soil due to metal contamination. However, C;of Cd ranged from 1.8 to 12.0, which showed that the studied soils were strongly impacted by Cd. Considering the severity of the potential ecological risk of a single metal, the descending order was Cd > As > Pb > Cu > Ni > Cr. Soils under all land uses showed moderate to very high potential ecological risk.
基金supported by the International Publication Research Grant No.RDU223301.
文摘A vehicle engine cooling system is of utmost importance to ensure that the engine operates in a safe temperature range.In most radiators that are used to cool an engine,water serves as a cooling fluid.The performance of a radiator in terms of heat transmission is significantly influenced by the incorporation of nanoparticles into the cooling water.Concentration and uniformity of nanoparticle distribution are the two major factors for the practical use of nanofluids.The shape and size of nanoparticles also have a great impact on the performance of heat transfer.Many researchers are investigating the impact of nanoparticles on heat transfer.This study aims to develop an artificial neural network(ANN)model for predicting the thermal conductivity of an ethylene glycol(EG)/waterbased crystalline nanocellulose(CNC)nanofluid for cooling internal combustion engine.The implementation of an artificial neural network considering different activation functions in the hidden layer is made to find the bestmodel for the cooling of an engine using the nanofluid.Accuracies of the model with different activation functions in artificial neural networks are analyzed for different nanofluid concentrations and temperatures.In artificial neural networks,Levenberg–Marquardt is an optimization approach used with activation functions,including Tansig and Logsig functions in the training phase.The findings of each training,testing,and validation phase are presented to demonstrate the network that provides the highest level of accuracy.The best result was obtained with Tansig,which has a correlation of 0.99903 and an error of 3.7959×10^(–8).It has also been noticed that the Logsig function can also be a good model due to its correlation of 0.99890 and an error of 4.9218×10^(–8).Thus ourANNwith Tansig and Logsig functions demonstrates a high correlation between the actual output and the predicted output.
文摘Competition among countries has evolved from just on Earth but into space as space technology and space power is a key attribute in the world today.Today space technology has spread,due to the enormous develop-ment,into every sector of life in the Earth for the beneft of mankind.Every country has the ambition to be a part of the space itiative.Asia Pacific Space Cooperation Organization(APSCO)is an organization that tries to promote space acivities through cooperation in the Asia Pacific region.This paper attempts to explore the nature and categories of potential conflict that may arise under the APSCO framework program.Furthermore,it also endeavors to establish an effective and better dispute settlement mechanism under the overal APSCO framework.Finally,this paper introduces the institutional framework and working procedures of the arbitration body for future smooth cooperation and space exploration by APSCO.
