Marek’s disease (MD) is a lymphoproliferative disease of domestic chickens caused by Marek’s disease virus (MDV), an oncogenic and highly contagious α-herpesvirus. MD has been controlled by vaccination but sporadic...Marek’s disease (MD) is a lymphoproliferative disease of domestic chickens caused by Marek’s disease virus (MDV), an oncogenic and highly contagious α-herpesvirus. MD has been controlled by vaccination but sporadic outbreaks of MD still occur in some parts of the world. Efforts to improve vaccine efficacy have continued in both research communities and vaccine industries. We reported the host genetic variation affecting Marek’s disease vaccine-induced immunity in chickens earlier. In this study, we evaluated chicken lines, vaccines, and line by vaccine interaction on the protective efficacy of vaccination against MD. Specific pathogen free chickens from the relatively resistant line 63 and the highly susceptible line 72 were primarily used to evaluate the protection by three kinds of vaccines (rMd5ΔMeq, CVI988/Rispens, and HVT) upon challenge with a very virulent plus strain of MDV, vv+648A. Our data confirmed that both the chicken line and the vaccine significantly affected the protective efficacy of vaccination and showed that a chicken line by vaccine interaction, in most of the trials, also altered vaccine protective efficacy. More interestingly, although the protective index of all vaccine strains was higher in resistant than in susceptible line of chickens, the difference for HVT protection was striking and warrants further study. The findings may have important implications for vaccine development as well as for selective use of particular vaccines in specific lines of chickens to achieve maximum protection at minimized costs.展开更多
Carbon nanotubes-based materials have been identified as promising sorbents for efficient CO_(2)capture in fluidized beds,suffering from insufficient contact with CO_(2)for the high-level CO_(2)capture capacity.This s...Carbon nanotubes-based materials have been identified as promising sorbents for efficient CO_(2)capture in fluidized beds,suffering from insufficient contact with CO_(2)for the high-level CO_(2)capture capacity.This study focuses on promoting the fluidizability of hard-to-fluidize pure and synthesized silica-coated amine-functionalized carbon nanotubes.The novel synthesized sorbent presents a superior sorption capacity of about 25 times higher than pure carbon nanotubes during 5 consecutive adsorption/regeneration cycles.The low-cost fluidizable-SiO_(2)nanoparticles are used as assistant material to improve the fluidity of carbon nanotubes-based sorbents.Results reveal that a minimum amount of 7.5 and 5 wt%SiO_(2)nanoparticles are required to achieve an agglomerate particulate fluidization behavior for pure and synthesized carbon nanotubes,respectively.Pure carbon nanotubes+7.5 wt%SiO_(2)and synthesized carbon nanotubes+5 wt%SiO_(2)indicates an agglomerate particulate fluidization characteristic,including the high-level bed expansion ratio,low minimum fluidization velocity(1.5 and 1.6 cm·s^(–1)),high Richardson−Zaki n index(5.2 and 5.3>5),and lowΠvalue(83.2 and 84.8<100,respectively).Chemical modification of carbon nanotubes causes not only enhanced CO_(2)uptake capacity but also decreases the required amount of silica additive to reach a homogeneous fluidization behavior for synthesized carbon nanotubes sorbent.展开更多
文摘Marek’s disease (MD) is a lymphoproliferative disease of domestic chickens caused by Marek’s disease virus (MDV), an oncogenic and highly contagious α-herpesvirus. MD has been controlled by vaccination but sporadic outbreaks of MD still occur in some parts of the world. Efforts to improve vaccine efficacy have continued in both research communities and vaccine industries. We reported the host genetic variation affecting Marek’s disease vaccine-induced immunity in chickens earlier. In this study, we evaluated chicken lines, vaccines, and line by vaccine interaction on the protective efficacy of vaccination against MD. Specific pathogen free chickens from the relatively resistant line 63 and the highly susceptible line 72 were primarily used to evaluate the protection by three kinds of vaccines (rMd5ΔMeq, CVI988/Rispens, and HVT) upon challenge with a very virulent plus strain of MDV, vv+648A. Our data confirmed that both the chicken line and the vaccine significantly affected the protective efficacy of vaccination and showed that a chicken line by vaccine interaction, in most of the trials, also altered vaccine protective efficacy. More interestingly, although the protective index of all vaccine strains was higher in resistant than in susceptible line of chickens, the difference for HVT protection was striking and warrants further study. The findings may have important implications for vaccine development as well as for selective use of particular vaccines in specific lines of chickens to achieve maximum protection at minimized costs.
文摘Carbon nanotubes-based materials have been identified as promising sorbents for efficient CO_(2)capture in fluidized beds,suffering from insufficient contact with CO_(2)for the high-level CO_(2)capture capacity.This study focuses on promoting the fluidizability of hard-to-fluidize pure and synthesized silica-coated amine-functionalized carbon nanotubes.The novel synthesized sorbent presents a superior sorption capacity of about 25 times higher than pure carbon nanotubes during 5 consecutive adsorption/regeneration cycles.The low-cost fluidizable-SiO_(2)nanoparticles are used as assistant material to improve the fluidity of carbon nanotubes-based sorbents.Results reveal that a minimum amount of 7.5 and 5 wt%SiO_(2)nanoparticles are required to achieve an agglomerate particulate fluidization behavior for pure and synthesized carbon nanotubes,respectively.Pure carbon nanotubes+7.5 wt%SiO_(2)and synthesized carbon nanotubes+5 wt%SiO_(2)indicates an agglomerate particulate fluidization characteristic,including the high-level bed expansion ratio,low minimum fluidization velocity(1.5 and 1.6 cm·s^(–1)),high Richardson−Zaki n index(5.2 and 5.3>5),and lowΠvalue(83.2 and 84.8<100,respectively).Chemical modification of carbon nanotubes causes not only enhanced CO_(2)uptake capacity but also decreases the required amount of silica additive to reach a homogeneous fluidization behavior for synthesized carbon nanotubes sorbent.
