Transcranial temporal interference stimulation(tTIS)is a novel non-invasive neuromodulation technique with the potential to precisely target deep brain structures.This study explores the neural and behavioral effects ...Transcranial temporal interference stimulation(tTIS)is a novel non-invasive neuromodulation technique with the potential to precisely target deep brain structures.This study explores the neural and behavioral effects of tTIS on the superior colliculus(SC),a region involved in eye movement control,in mice.Computational modeling revealed that tTIS delivers more focused stimulation to the SC than traditional transcranial alternating current stimulation.In vivo experiments,including Ca^(2+)signal recordings and eye movement tracking,showed that tTIS effectively modulates SC neural activity and induces eye movements.A significant correlation was found between stimulation frequency and saccade frequency,suggesting direct tTIS-induced modulation of SC activity.These results demonstrate the precision of tTIS in targeting deep brain regions and regulating eye movements,highlighting its potential for neuroscientific research and therapeutic applications.展开更多
Accurate daily suspended sediment load(SSL)prediction is essential for sustainable water resource management,sediment control,and environmental planning.However,SSL prediction is highly complex due to its nonlinear an...Accurate daily suspended sediment load(SSL)prediction is essential for sustainable water resource management,sediment control,and environmental planning.However,SSL prediction is highly complex due to its nonlinear and dynamic nature,making traditional empirical models inadequate.This study proposes a novel hybrid approach,integrating the Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System(ANFIS)with the Gradient-Based Optimizer(GBO),to enhance SSL forecasting accuracy.The research compares the performance of ANFIS-GBO with three alternative models:standard ANFIS,ANFIS with Particle Swarm Optimization(ANFIS-PSO),and ANFIS with Grey Wolf Optimization(ANFIS-GWO).Historical SSL and streamflow data from the Bailong River Basin,China,are used to train and validate the models.The input selection process is optimized using the Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines(MARS)method.Model performance is evaluated using statistical metrics such as Root Mean Square Error(RMSE),Mean Absolute Error(MAE),Mean Absolute Percentage Error(MAPE),Nash Sutcliffe Efficiency(NSE),and Determination Coefficient(R^(2)).Additionally,visual assessments,including scatter plots,Taylor diagrams,and violin plots,provide further insights into model reliability.The results indicate that including historical SSL data improves predictive accuracy,with ANFIS-GBO outperforming the other models.ANFIS-GBO achieves the lowest RMSE and MAE and the highest NSE and R^(2),demonstrating its superior learning ability and adaptability.The findings highlight the effectiveness of nature-inspired optimization algorithms in enhancing sediment load forecasting and contribute to the advancement of AI-based hydrological modeling.Future research should explore the integration of additional environmental and climatic variables to enhance predictive capabilities further.展开更多
Light absorbing particles（LAP, e.g., black carbon, brown carbon, and dust） influence water and energy budgets of the atmosphere and snowpack in multiple ways. In addition to their effects associated with atmospheric...Light absorbing particles（LAP, e.g., black carbon, brown carbon, and dust） influence water and energy budgets of the atmosphere and snowpack in multiple ways. In addition to their effects associated with atmospheric heating by absorption of solar radiation and interactions with clouds, LAP in snow on land and ice can reduce the surface reflectance（a.k.a., surface darkening）, which is likely to accelerate the snow aging process and further reduces snow albedo and increases the speed of snowpack melt. LAP in snow and ice（LAPSI） has been identified as one of major forcings affecting climate change, e.g.in the fourth and fifth assessment reports of IPCC. However, the uncertainty level in quantifying this effect remains very high. In this review paper, we document various technical methods of measuring LAPSI and review the progress made in measuring the LAPSI in Arctic, Tibetan Plateau and other mid-latitude regions. We also report the progress in modeling the mass concentrations, albedo reduction, radiative forcing, and climatic and hydrological impact of LAPSI at global and regional scales. Finally we identify some research needs for reducing the uncertainties in the impact of LAPSI on global and regional climate and the hydrological cycle.展开更多
BACKGROUND Trehalose is a naturally occurring disaccharide,which has been identified as an autophagy inducer and ex-hibits protective effect in cardiovascular diseases such as myocardial infraction and atherosclerosis...BACKGROUND Trehalose is a naturally occurring disaccharide,which has been identified as an autophagy inducer and ex-hibits protective effect in cardiovascular diseases such as myocardial infraction and atherosclerosis.However,the functional role of trehalose in abdominal aortic aneurysm(AAA)remains undefined.METHODS To study the effect of trehalose in AAA,trehalose(1 g/kg per day)were given for 14 continuous days in a mouse model of elastase-induced abdominal aortic aneurysm.On day 14,ultrasound was performed to measure aortic diameter before the abdominal aortas were harvested and processed for further analysis.Verhoeff-Van Gieson staining and TUNEL staining were performed on paraffin sections to evaluate vascular histology and apoptosis,immunofluorescence staining and Western-blot were performed to evaluate expression of autophagy markers.RESULTS Echocardiography and in situ pictures demonstrated that trehalose attenuated infrarenal aorta dilation.Verhoeff-Van Gieson staining showed elastin degradation was improved in trehalose-treated group.Compared with vehicle-treated mice,trehalose treatment restored smooth muscle cell contractile phenotype with increasedα-SMA,Calponin and Myh11 expression.Furthermore,trehalose also attenuated cell apoptosis and leukocytes infiltration.Importantly,trehalose induced autophagy with decrease SQSTM1/p62 accumulation,increased lamp2 expression and LC3B conversion.CONCLUSION Trehalose attenuated AAA progression with decreased inflammation and restored SMC contractile phenotype by inducing autophagy.These results demonstrated the therapeutic potential of trehalose in AAA.展开更多
In view of the TIN_DDM buffer surface existing in the construction and application of special data type,algorithm efficiency and precision are not matching;the paper applied the rolling ball model in the process of TI...In view of the TIN_DDM buffer surface existing in the construction and application of special data type,algorithm efficiency and precision are not matching;the paper applied the rolling ball model in the process of TIN_DDM buffer surface construction.Based on the precision limitation analysis of rolling ball model,the overall precision control method of rolling ball model has been established.Considering the efficiency requirement of TIN_DDM buffer surface construction,the influence principle of key sampling points and rolling ball radius to TIN_DDM buffer surface construction efficiency has been elaborated,and the rule of identifying key sampling points has also been designed.Afterwards,by erecting the numerical relationship between key sampling points and rolling ball radius,a TIN_DDM buffer surface construction algorithm based on rolling ball acceleration optimization model has been brought forward.The time complexity of the algorithm is O(n).The experiments show that the algorithm could realize the TIN_DDM buffer surface construction with high efficiency,and the algorithm precision is controlled with in 2σ.展开更多
The conserved DNA damage repair complex,MMS21-SMC5/6(Methyl methane sulfonate 21-Structural maintenance of chromosomes 5/6),has been extensively studied in yeast,animals,and plants.However,its role in phytopathogenic ...The conserved DNA damage repair complex,MMS21-SMC5/6(Methyl methane sulfonate 21-Structural maintenance of chromosomes 5/6),has been extensively studied in yeast,animals,and plants.However,its role in phytopathogenic fungi,particularly in the highly destructive rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae,remains unknown.In this study,we functionally characterized the homologues of this complex,MoMMS21 and MoSMC5,in M.oryzae.We first demonstrated the importance of DNA damage repair in M.oryzae by showing that the DNA damage inducer phleomycin inhibited vegetative growth,infection-related development and pathogenicity in this fungus.Additionally,we discovered that MoMMS21 and MoSMC5 interacted in the nuclei,suggesting that they also function as a complex in M.oryzae.Gene deletion experiments revealed that both MoMMS21 and MoSMC5 are required for infection-related development and pathogenicity in M.oryzae,while only MoMMS21 deletion affected growth and sensitivity to phleomycin,indicating its specific involvement in DNA damage repair.Overall,our results provide insights into the roles of MoMMS21 and MoSMC5 in M.oryzae,highlighting their functions beyond DNA damage repair.展开更多
The Dianchi golden-line barbel,Sinocyclocheilus grahami(Regan,1904),is one of the“Four Famous Fishes”of Yunnan Province,China.Given its economic value,this species has been artificially bred successfully since 2007,...The Dianchi golden-line barbel,Sinocyclocheilus grahami(Regan,1904),is one of the“Four Famous Fishes”of Yunnan Province,China.Given its economic value,this species has been artificially bred successfully since 2007,with a nationally selected breed(“S.grahami,Bayou No.1”)certified in 2018.For the future utilization of this species,its growth rate,disease resistance,and wild adaptability need to be improved,which could be achieved with the help of molecular markerassisted selection(MAS).In the current study,we constructed the first chromosome-level genome of S.grahami,assembled 48 pseudo-chromosomes,and obtained a genome size of 1.49 Gb.We also performed QTL-seq analysis of S.grahami using the highest and lowest bulks(i.e.,largest and smallest size)in both a sibling and random population.We screened two quantitative trait loci(QTLs)(Chr3,14.9-39.1 Mb and Chr17,4.1-27.4 Mb)as major growth-related locations.Several candidate genes(e.g.,map2k5,stat1,phf21a,sox6,and smad6)were also identified,with functions related to growth,such as cell differentiation,neuronal development,skeletal muscle development,chondrogenesis,and immunity.These results built a solid foundation for in-depth MAS studies on the growth traits of S.grahami.展开更多
As the deterioration of the modern environmental problems, developed countries started to explore concrete ways of internalization of external effects produced by environmental problems. The theory of new institutiona...As the deterioration of the modern environmental problems, developed countries started to explore concrete ways of internalization of external effects produced by environmental problems. The theory of new institutional economics which produced the environmental property theory is widely used in the research of environmental management. On the premise of total amount control of pollution, the subjects of public power distribute or sell the rights is the basic paradigm of this method. Buyers take possession of the rights and utilize, profit from or dispose of them. The coordinated development of urban agglomeration is the main direction of China’s regional development strategy. As there are differences in environmental governance in different cities, the environment property trading system of urban agglomeration needs to be established urgently. Due to environmental property’s complexity and its attributes of public goods, the transaction of environmental property is restricted by amounts of factors. This research concludes that it is necessary to define the possessor of environmental property, strengthen the construction of trading platform, improving the public participation and supervision mechanism and control transaction cost by establishing and analyzing the emission trading model of the city-cluster along the Yangtze River in Anhui Province.展开更多
The research on the evaluation indicator system of innovation-oriented cities has a long history. It presents different characteristics in different countries or regions. In 2006, China proposed the national strategy ...The research on the evaluation indicator system of innovation-oriented cities has a long history. It presents different characteristics in different countries or regions. In 2006, China proposed the national strategy to build an innovation-oriented nation and subsequently approved more than 60 pilot cities in the country. The research on China’s innovation-oriented city assessment system is also increasing. On the basis of predecessors, this paper constructs innovation-oriented city evaluation indicator system with more links based on innovation link. It has three categories with 44 indicators in total according to input, intermediate output and final output. It creatively introduces in two-stage DEA model on sharing input and constructs the evaluation model based on the above evaluation indicator system. This paper makes an empirical analysis on the innovation-oriented cities in Yangtze River Delta including Hefei, arrives at innovation efficiency difference and puts forward some countermeasures and suggestions for the analysis results.展开更多
Constructed wetlands（CWs） have been successfully used for treating various wastewaters for decades and have been identified as a sustainable wastewater management option worldwide.However,the application of CW for w...Constructed wetlands（CWs） have been successfully used for treating various wastewaters for decades and have been identified as a sustainable wastewater management option worldwide.However,the application of CW for wastewater treatment in frigid climate presents special challenges.Wetland treatment of wastewater relies largely on biological processes,and reliable treatment is often a function of climate conditions.To date,the rate of adoption of wetland technology for wastewater treatment in cold regions has been slow and there are relatively few published reports on CW applications in cold climate.This paper therefore highlights the practice and applications of treatment wetlands in cold climate.A comprehensive review of the effectiveness of contaminant removal in different wetland systems including：（1） free water surface（FWS） CWs;（2） subsurface flow（SSF） CWs;and（3） hybrid wetland systems,is presented.The emphasis of this review is also placed on the influence of cold weather conditions on the removal efficacies of different contaminants.The strategies of wetland design and operation for performance intensification,such as the presence of plant,operational mode,effluent recirculation,artificial aeration and in-series design,which are crucial to achieve the sustainable treatment performance in cold climate,are also discussed.This study is conducive to further research for the understanding of CW design and treatment performance in cold climate.展开更多
Ferredoxins(Fds)in plastids are the most upstream stromal electron receptors shuttling electrons to downstream metabolic systems and function in various physiological processes of dicots,but their roles in monocots’r...Ferredoxins(Fds)in plastids are the most upstream stromal electron receptors shuttling electrons to downstream metabolic systems and function in various physiological processes of dicots,but their roles in monocots’response to stresses are still unclear.In this study,the functions of OsFd4,the major non-photosynthetic type Fd in rice,were characterized under oxidative stress and Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae(Xoo)infection.OsFd4-knockout mutants displayed no defects in key agronomic traits and blast resistance,but were more sensitive to hydrogen peroxide(H2O2)treatment than the wild type.Transient expression of OsFd4 alleviated H2O2-induced rice cell death,suggesting that OsFd4 contributes to rice tolerance to exogenous oxidative stress.Deletion of OsFd4 enhanced rice immune responses against Xoo.OsFd4 formed a complex in vivo with itself and OsFd1,the major photosynthetic Fd in rice,and OsFd1 transcripts were increased in leaf and root tissues of the OsFd4-knockout mutants.These results indicate that OsFd4 is involved in regulating rice defense against stresses and interplays with OsFd1.展开更多
DEAR EDITOR,A new loach species(Cypriniformes: Nemacheilidae:Yunnanilini), Yunnanilus chuanheensis sp. nov., was caught from Chuanhe in the upper reaches of the Lixianjiang River, a tributary of the Red River in Nanji...DEAR EDITOR,A new loach species(Cypriniformes: Nemacheilidae:Yunnanilini), Yunnanilus chuanheensis sp. nov., was caught from Chuanhe in the upper reaches of the Lixianjiang River, a tributary of the Red River in Nanjian County, Yunnan Province, China. This species is a member of the traditional Y.pleurotaenia species group based on the presence of a lateral line and cephalic lateral-line canals.展开更多
Phosphine(PH3)is an important factor driving the outbreak of cyanobacterial blooms that produce toxic microcystin threating human health.To clarify the physiological and biochemical responses of cyanobacteria to PH3 u...Phosphine(PH3)is an important factor driving the outbreak of cyanobacterial blooms that produce toxic microcystin threating human health.To clarify the physiological and biochemical responses of cyanobacteria to PH3 under elevated CO2 concentration,Microcystis aeruginosa was used in the coupling treatment of 1000 ppmv CO2 and PH3 at different concentrations respectively.The chlorophyll a(Chl-a),carotenoid,net photosynthetic rate and total protein of M.aeruginosa exhibited evidently increasing tendency under the coupling treatment of 1000 ppmv CO2 and PH 3 at different concentrations(7.51×10^−3,2.48×10^−2,7.51×10^−2 mg/L).The coupling treatments resulted in the higher concentrations of Chl-a and carotenoid of M.aeruginosa,compared to those in the control and the treatment with CO2 alone,and their enhancement increased with the increase in PH 3 concentrations.The total antioxidant capacity(T-AOC)in the coupling treatment with CO2 and PH3 of 2.48×10^−2 mg/L and 7.51×10^−3 mg/L showed increasing tendency,compared to the treatment with PH 3 alone.Additionally,the coupling treatment with 1000 ppmv CO2 and PH3 also altered the pH and DO level in the culture medium.In this regard,the coupling treatment with CO2 and PH3 at an appropriate concentration can enhance the resistance of M.aeruginosa to PH3 toxicity and is beneficial to the reproduction of M.aeruginosa,presumably resulting in potential for the outbreak of cyanobacteria bloom.Given the concern about global warming and the increase in atmospheric CO2 level,our research laid a foundation for the scientific understanding of the correlation between PH3 and cyanobacteria blooms.展开更多
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease closely linked to immune dysregulation.The immune microenvironment within atherosclerotic lesions is highly complex,involving diverse innate and adaptive immune cells ...Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease closely linked to immune dysregulation.The immune microenvironment within atherosclerotic lesions is highly complex,involving diverse innate and adaptive immune cells and their intricate crosstalk.These immune interactions collectively contribute to plaque formation,progression,and destabilization.This review comprehensively examines the roles of key immune cell populations—including macrophages,dendritic cells(DCs),neutrophils,mast cells,natural killer(NK)cells,T cells,and B cells—in regulating inflammation,foam cell formation,and lesion stability.Special attention is given to intercellular regulatory circuits such as the Th1–M1 feedback loop,the OX40L–Th17 axis,and DC–T–NK amplification loops.Furthermore,the review highlights the influence of immunometabolic reprogramming on immune cell function and plaque phenotype,illustrating how metabolic states shape inflammatory outcomes.It also discusses the contribution of key signaling pathways—including Toll-like receptors(TLRs),the NOD-like receptor protein 3(NLRP3)inflammasome,and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9(PCSK9)—to atherosclerotic inflammation and plaque vulnerability.Advances in immunotherapy are also reviewed,including anti-inflammatory agents such as colchicine and canakinumab,as well as emerging vaccine strategies targeting lipid metabolism and vascular inflammation.A deeper understanding of immune cell interplay and signaling dynamics in atherosclerosis will provide a foundation for developing more effective,multi-targeted immunotherapeutic interventions.Future research should aim to refine these strategies to maximize efficacy and safety,with the goal of reducing the global burden of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.展开更多
The invasive, insecticide-resistant, Q whitefly biotype, has gradually spread to other countries including the US via human-mediated movement of plant materials. We assessed the utility of the VspI-based mtCOI （mitoc...The invasive, insecticide-resistant, Q whitefly biotype, has gradually spread to other countries including the US via human-mediated movement of plant materials. We assessed the utility of the VspI-based mtCOI （mitochondrion cytochrome oxidase I） polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism （PCR-RFLP） technique as a rapid, cost-effective, and reliable alternative for differentiating the Q from the dominant B biotype in Arizona. Using the standard mtCOI gene sequencing and mtCOI PCR-RFLP techniques, we biotyped eight whitefly strains of five individuals each collected from poinsettia and cotton at different locations in Arizona. Complete concordance was observed between the two methods, with three strains being identified as the Q biotype and five samples as the B biotype. We also scanned the mtCOI gene sequences for VspI polymorphisms in the B and Q biotype whiteflies currently available in the GenBank database. This global screening revealed the existence of three and four VspI polymorphic types for the Q and B biotypes, respectively. Nevertheless, all three VspI polymorphic Q biotype whiteflies shared a common and unique VspI site that can be used to differentiate Q biotype from the four VspI polymorphic B biotype whiteflies identified. These results demonstrate that the VspI-based mtCOI gene PCR-RFLP provides a reliable diagnostic tool for differentiating the Q and B biotype whiteflies in the US and elsewhere.展开更多
Background Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis(AAV)is a type of necrotizing vasculitis with poor prognosis,which is more severe in children.Classifying AAV patients may be helpful for diagnosis ...Background Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis(AAV)is a type of necrotizing vasculitis with poor prognosis,which is more severe in children.Classifying AAV patients may be helpful for diagnosis and management.However,present classification criteria for pediatric AAV are developed mainly based on adults,which have limitations in clinical practice.In this study,we introduced an updated algorithm based on the European Medicines Agency(EMA)algorithm in conjunction with the American College of Rheumatology(ACR)/European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology(EULAR)criteria.This new approach aims to resolve the issue of duplicate classification present in the 2022 ACR/EULAR criteria and to refine the existing EMA algorithm.Methods This study included 179 pediatric patients diagnosed with AAV across 17 centers in China.Patients were classified using the EMA algorithm,the ACR/EULAR criteria,and the EMA-ACR/EULAR algorithm.The Kappa value and Net Reclassification Index(NRI)were used to evaluate the classification performance of these criteria.Results According to the EMA algorithm,136(76.0%)patients were classified with microscopic polyangiitis(MPA)and 14(7.8%)with granulomatosis with polyangiitis(GPA),while 29(16.2%)remained unclassifiable.According to the ACR/EULAR criteria,145(81.0%)patients were classified with MPA,14(7.8%)with GPA,2(1.1%)with eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis(EGPA),and 4(2.2%)with both MPA and GPA,while 14(7.8%)remained unclassifiable.The EMA-ACR/EULAR algorithm classified 124 patients(69.3%)as MPA,26(14.5%)as GPA,and 2(1.1%)as EGPA,while 27(15.1%)were unclassified.The Kappa values between the EMA algorithm and ACR/EULAR criteria for GPA and MPA were 0.225[95%confidence interval(CI)0.000-0.456,P=0.003]and 0.357(95%CI 0.196-0.518,P<0.001).Compared to these two criteria,the EMA-ACR/EULAR algorithm demonstrated positive NRIs in the classification of both GPA(0.702,95%CI 0.258-1.146,P=0.002;0.54795%CI 0.150-0.944,P=0.007)and MPA(0.425,95%CI 0.209-0.642,P<0.001;0.519,95%CI 0.305-0.733,P<0.001).Conclusions The EMA-ACR/EULAR algorithm addresses the limitations of the 1990 ACR criteria within the EMA framework and resolves the issue of duplicate classification in the 2022 ACR/EULAR criteria.However,further research is necessary to validate the superiority of the EMA-ACR/EULAR algorithm in the clinical classification of pediatric AAV patients.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(T2394533,32222036,82030038,and 62472206)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFA0701400)the Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Committee(2022410129,KJZD20230923115221044,and KCXFZ20201221173400001).
文摘Transcranial temporal interference stimulation(tTIS)is a novel non-invasive neuromodulation technique with the potential to precisely target deep brain structures.This study explores the neural and behavioral effects of tTIS on the superior colliculus(SC),a region involved in eye movement control,in mice.Computational modeling revealed that tTIS delivers more focused stimulation to the SC than traditional transcranial alternating current stimulation.In vivo experiments,including Ca^(2+)signal recordings and eye movement tracking,showed that tTIS effectively modulates SC neural activity and induces eye movements.A significant correlation was found between stimulation frequency and saccade frequency,suggesting direct tTIS-induced modulation of SC activity.These results demonstrate the precision of tTIS in targeting deep brain regions and regulating eye movements,highlighting its potential for neuroscientific research and therapeutic applications.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52350410465)the General Projects of Guangdong Natural Science Research Projects(2023A1515011520).
文摘Accurate daily suspended sediment load(SSL)prediction is essential for sustainable water resource management,sediment control,and environmental planning.However,SSL prediction is highly complex due to its nonlinear and dynamic nature,making traditional empirical models inadequate.This study proposes a novel hybrid approach,integrating the Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System(ANFIS)with the Gradient-Based Optimizer(GBO),to enhance SSL forecasting accuracy.The research compares the performance of ANFIS-GBO with three alternative models:standard ANFIS,ANFIS with Particle Swarm Optimization(ANFIS-PSO),and ANFIS with Grey Wolf Optimization(ANFIS-GWO).Historical SSL and streamflow data from the Bailong River Basin,China,are used to train and validate the models.The input selection process is optimized using the Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines(MARS)method.Model performance is evaluated using statistical metrics such as Root Mean Square Error(RMSE),Mean Absolute Error(MAE),Mean Absolute Percentage Error(MAPE),Nash Sutcliffe Efficiency(NSE),and Determination Coefficient(R^(2)).Additionally,visual assessments,including scatter plots,Taylor diagrams,and violin plots,provide further insights into model reliability.The results indicate that including historical SSL data improves predictive accuracy,with ANFIS-GBO outperforming the other models.ANFIS-GBO achieves the lowest RMSE and MAE and the highest NSE and R^(2),demonstrating its superior learning ability and adaptability.The findings highlight the effectiveness of nature-inspired optimization algorithms in enhancing sediment load forecasting and contribute to the advancement of AI-based hydrological modeling.Future research should explore the integration of additional environmental and climatic variables to enhance predictive capabilities further.
基金supported by the U.S.Department of Energy, Office of Science, Biological and Environmental Research, as part of the Earth System Modeling ProgramThe NASA Modeling, Analysis, and Prediction (MAP) Program by the Science Mission Directorate at NASA Headquarters supported the work contributed by Teppei J.YASUNARI and William K.M.LAU+2 种基金The NASA GEOS-5 simulation was implemented in the system for NASA Center for Climate Simulation (NCCS).M.G.Flanner was partially supported by NSF 1253154support from the China Scholarship FundThe Pacific Northwest National Laboratory is operated for DOE by Battelle Memorial Institute under contract DE-AC06-76RLO1830
文摘Light absorbing particles（LAP, e.g., black carbon, brown carbon, and dust） influence water and energy budgets of the atmosphere and snowpack in multiple ways. In addition to their effects associated with atmospheric heating by absorption of solar radiation and interactions with clouds, LAP in snow on land and ice can reduce the surface reflectance（a.k.a., surface darkening）, which is likely to accelerate the snow aging process and further reduces snow albedo and increases the speed of snowpack melt. LAP in snow and ice（LAPSI） has been identified as one of major forcings affecting climate change, e.g.in the fourth and fifth assessment reports of IPCC. However, the uncertainty level in quantifying this effect remains very high. In this review paper, we document various technical methods of measuring LAPSI and review the progress made in measuring the LAPSI in Arctic, Tibetan Plateau and other mid-latitude regions. We also report the progress in modeling the mass concentrations, albedo reduction, radiative forcing, and climatic and hydrological impact of LAPSI at global and regional scales. Finally we identify some research needs for reducing the uncertainties in the impact of LAPSI on global and regional climate and the hydrological cycle.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant no.81974049).
文摘BACKGROUND Trehalose is a naturally occurring disaccharide,which has been identified as an autophagy inducer and ex-hibits protective effect in cardiovascular diseases such as myocardial infraction and atherosclerosis.However,the functional role of trehalose in abdominal aortic aneurysm(AAA)remains undefined.METHODS To study the effect of trehalose in AAA,trehalose(1 g/kg per day)were given for 14 continuous days in a mouse model of elastase-induced abdominal aortic aneurysm.On day 14,ultrasound was performed to measure aortic diameter before the abdominal aortas were harvested and processed for further analysis.Verhoeff-Van Gieson staining and TUNEL staining were performed on paraffin sections to evaluate vascular histology and apoptosis,immunofluorescence staining and Western-blot were performed to evaluate expression of autophagy markers.RESULTS Echocardiography and in situ pictures demonstrated that trehalose attenuated infrarenal aorta dilation.Verhoeff-Van Gieson staining showed elastin degradation was improved in trehalose-treated group.Compared with vehicle-treated mice,trehalose treatment restored smooth muscle cell contractile phenotype with increasedα-SMA,Calponin and Myh11 expression.Furthermore,trehalose also attenuated cell apoptosis and leukocytes infiltration.Importantly,trehalose induced autophagy with decrease SQSTM1/p62 accumulation,increased lamp2 expression and LC3B conversion.CONCLUSION Trehalose attenuated AAA progression with decreased inflammation and restored SMC contractile phenotype by inducing autophagy.These results demonstrated the therapeutic potential of trehalose in AAA.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.41601498,41471380)National Key R&D Program of China(No.2017YFC1405505)。
文摘In view of the TIN_DDM buffer surface existing in the construction and application of special data type,algorithm efficiency and precision are not matching;the paper applied the rolling ball model in the process of TIN_DDM buffer surface construction.Based on the precision limitation analysis of rolling ball model,the overall precision control method of rolling ball model has been established.Considering the efficiency requirement of TIN_DDM buffer surface construction,the influence principle of key sampling points and rolling ball radius to TIN_DDM buffer surface construction efficiency has been elaborated,and the rule of identifying key sampling points has also been designed.Afterwards,by erecting the numerical relationship between key sampling points and rolling ball radius,a TIN_DDM buffer surface construction algorithm based on rolling ball acceleration optimization model has been brought forward.The time complexity of the algorithm is O(n).The experiments show that the algorithm could realize the TIN_DDM buffer surface construction with high efficiency,and the algorithm precision is controlled with in 2σ.
基金Research and Development Program of China(2023YFD1400200)the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province,China(2022J01125)+2 种基金the Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests,China(MIMCP-202301)the Fujian Provincial Science and Technology Key Project,China(2022NZ030014)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC31871914).
文摘The conserved DNA damage repair complex,MMS21-SMC5/6(Methyl methane sulfonate 21-Structural maintenance of chromosomes 5/6),has been extensively studied in yeast,animals,and plants.However,its role in phytopathogenic fungi,particularly in the highly destructive rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae,remains unknown.In this study,we functionally characterized the homologues of this complex,MoMMS21 and MoSMC5,in M.oryzae.We first demonstrated the importance of DNA damage repair in M.oryzae by showing that the DNA damage inducer phleomycin inhibited vegetative growth,infection-related development and pathogenicity in this fungus.Additionally,we discovered that MoMMS21 and MoSMC5 interacted in the nuclei,suggesting that they also function as a complex in M.oryzae.Gene deletion experiments revealed that both MoMMS21 and MoSMC5 are required for infection-related development and pathogenicity in M.oryzae,while only MoMMS21 deletion affected growth and sensitivity to phleomycin,indicating its specific involvement in DNA damage repair.Overall,our results provide insights into the roles of MoMMS21 and MoSMC5 in M.oryzae,highlighting their functions beyond DNA damage repair.
基金This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31672282,U1702233,U1902202)Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA24030505,XDA23080500,KFJ-STS-QYZD-101)Program of Yunnan Provincial Science and Technology Department(202003AD150017,2018FY001-007)。
文摘The Dianchi golden-line barbel,Sinocyclocheilus grahami(Regan,1904),is one of the“Four Famous Fishes”of Yunnan Province,China.Given its economic value,this species has been artificially bred successfully since 2007,with a nationally selected breed(“S.grahami,Bayou No.1”)certified in 2018.For the future utilization of this species,its growth rate,disease resistance,and wild adaptability need to be improved,which could be achieved with the help of molecular markerassisted selection(MAS).In the current study,we constructed the first chromosome-level genome of S.grahami,assembled 48 pseudo-chromosomes,and obtained a genome size of 1.49 Gb.We also performed QTL-seq analysis of S.grahami using the highest and lowest bulks(i.e.,largest and smallest size)in both a sibling and random population.We screened two quantitative trait loci(QTLs)(Chr3,14.9-39.1 Mb and Chr17,4.1-27.4 Mb)as major growth-related locations.Several candidate genes(e.g.,map2k5,stat1,phf21a,sox6,and smad6)were also identified,with functions related to growth,such as cell differentiation,neuronal development,skeletal muscle development,chondrogenesis,and immunity.These results built a solid foundation for in-depth MAS studies on the growth traits of S.grahami.
文摘As the deterioration of the modern environmental problems, developed countries started to explore concrete ways of internalization of external effects produced by environmental problems. The theory of new institutional economics which produced the environmental property theory is widely used in the research of environmental management. On the premise of total amount control of pollution, the subjects of public power distribute or sell the rights is the basic paradigm of this method. Buyers take possession of the rights and utilize, profit from or dispose of them. The coordinated development of urban agglomeration is the main direction of China’s regional development strategy. As there are differences in environmental governance in different cities, the environment property trading system of urban agglomeration needs to be established urgently. Due to environmental property’s complexity and its attributes of public goods, the transaction of environmental property is restricted by amounts of factors. This research concludes that it is necessary to define the possessor of environmental property, strengthen the construction of trading platform, improving the public participation and supervision mechanism and control transaction cost by establishing and analyzing the emission trading model of the city-cluster along the Yangtze River in Anhui Province.
文摘The research on the evaluation indicator system of innovation-oriented cities has a long history. It presents different characteristics in different countries or regions. In 2006, China proposed the national strategy to build an innovation-oriented nation and subsequently approved more than 60 pilot cities in the country. The research on China’s innovation-oriented city assessment system is also increasing. On the basis of predecessors, this paper constructs innovation-oriented city evaluation indicator system with more links based on innovation link. It has three categories with 44 indicators in total according to input, intermediate output and final output. It creatively introduces in two-stage DEA model on sharing input and constructs the evaluation model based on the above evaluation indicator system. This paper makes an empirical analysis on the innovation-oriented cities in Yangtze River Delta including Hefei, arrives at innovation efficiency difference and puts forward some countermeasures and suggestions for the analysis results.
文摘Constructed wetlands（CWs） have been successfully used for treating various wastewaters for decades and have been identified as a sustainable wastewater management option worldwide.However,the application of CW for wastewater treatment in frigid climate presents special challenges.Wetland treatment of wastewater relies largely on biological processes,and reliable treatment is often a function of climate conditions.To date,the rate of adoption of wetland technology for wastewater treatment in cold regions has been slow and there are relatively few published reports on CW applications in cold climate.This paper therefore highlights the practice and applications of treatment wetlands in cold climate.A comprehensive review of the effectiveness of contaminant removal in different wetland systems including：（1） free water surface（FWS） CWs;（2） subsurface flow（SSF） CWs;and（3） hybrid wetland systems,is presented.The emphasis of this review is also placed on the influence of cold weather conditions on the removal efficacies of different contaminants.The strategies of wetland design and operation for performance intensification,such as the presence of plant,operational mode,effluent recirculation,artificial aeration and in-series design,which are crucial to achieve the sustainable treatment performance in cold climate,are also discussed.This study is conducive to further research for the understanding of CW design and treatment performance in cold climate.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31701777)the National Natural Science Foundation for International Exchanges(NSFC-RS)(31911530181)+1 种基金the Fujian Provincial Science and Technology Key Project(2022NZ030014)Key Plant Protection Disciplinary Development Project(Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University,103-722022001)to Mo Wang.
文摘Ferredoxins(Fds)in plastids are the most upstream stromal electron receptors shuttling electrons to downstream metabolic systems and function in various physiological processes of dicots,but their roles in monocots’response to stresses are still unclear.In this study,the functions of OsFd4,the major non-photosynthetic type Fd in rice,were characterized under oxidative stress and Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae(Xoo)infection.OsFd4-knockout mutants displayed no defects in key agronomic traits and blast resistance,but were more sensitive to hydrogen peroxide(H2O2)treatment than the wild type.Transient expression of OsFd4 alleviated H2O2-induced rice cell death,suggesting that OsFd4 contributes to rice tolerance to exogenous oxidative stress.Deletion of OsFd4 enhanced rice immune responses against Xoo.OsFd4 formed a complex in vivo with itself and OsFd1,the major photosynthetic Fd in rice,and OsFd1 transcripts were increased in leaf and root tissues of the OsFd4-knockout mutants.These results indicate that OsFd4 is involved in regulating rice defense against stresses and interplays with OsFd1.
基金supported by the Talent Project of Hunan Provincial Science and Technology Department(2020RC3057)National Natural Science Foundation of China(32060128)+1 种基金Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDA24030505)Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rare and Endangered Animal Ecology,Guangxi Normal University(19A0104)。
文摘DEAR EDITOR,A new loach species(Cypriniformes: Nemacheilidae:Yunnanilini), Yunnanilus chuanheensis sp. nov., was caught from Chuanhe in the upper reaches of the Lixianjiang River, a tributary of the Red River in Nanjian County, Yunnan Province, China. This species is a member of the traditional Y.pleurotaenia species group based on the presence of a lateral line and cephalic lateral-line canals.
基金This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(No.2017A030313239)Research Project of Sino-Singapore International Joint Research Institute(No.202-A018001)+4 种基金the Jiangsu Natural Science Foundation(Nos.BK20180109,BK)the State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment,Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology,Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.2016SKL011)the Ministry of Science and Technology of China for State Key Research and Development Project(No.2016YFC04007082)the Student Research Project of South China University of Technology(No.7387)and the State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse(No.PCRRF14006,PCRRF17018).
文摘Phosphine(PH3)is an important factor driving the outbreak of cyanobacterial blooms that produce toxic microcystin threating human health.To clarify the physiological and biochemical responses of cyanobacteria to PH3 under elevated CO2 concentration,Microcystis aeruginosa was used in the coupling treatment of 1000 ppmv CO2 and PH3 at different concentrations respectively.The chlorophyll a(Chl-a),carotenoid,net photosynthetic rate and total protein of M.aeruginosa exhibited evidently increasing tendency under the coupling treatment of 1000 ppmv CO2 and PH 3 at different concentrations(7.51×10^−3,2.48×10^−2,7.51×10^−2 mg/L).The coupling treatments resulted in the higher concentrations of Chl-a and carotenoid of M.aeruginosa,compared to those in the control and the treatment with CO2 alone,and their enhancement increased with the increase in PH 3 concentrations.The total antioxidant capacity(T-AOC)in the coupling treatment with CO2 and PH3 of 2.48×10^−2 mg/L and 7.51×10^−3 mg/L showed increasing tendency,compared to the treatment with PH 3 alone.Additionally,the coupling treatment with 1000 ppmv CO2 and PH3 also altered the pH and DO level in the culture medium.In this regard,the coupling treatment with CO2 and PH3 at an appropriate concentration can enhance the resistance of M.aeruginosa to PH3 toxicity and is beneficial to the reproduction of M.aeruginosa,presumably resulting in potential for the outbreak of cyanobacteria bloom.Given the concern about global warming and the increase in atmospheric CO2 level,our research laid a foundation for the scientific understanding of the correlation between PH3 and cyanobacteria blooms.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82372616,82172350,82303082)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2024ZD18)the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine(GZY-KJS-SD-2023-068).
文摘Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease closely linked to immune dysregulation.The immune microenvironment within atherosclerotic lesions is highly complex,involving diverse innate and adaptive immune cells and their intricate crosstalk.These immune interactions collectively contribute to plaque formation,progression,and destabilization.This review comprehensively examines the roles of key immune cell populations—including macrophages,dendritic cells(DCs),neutrophils,mast cells,natural killer(NK)cells,T cells,and B cells—in regulating inflammation,foam cell formation,and lesion stability.Special attention is given to intercellular regulatory circuits such as the Th1–M1 feedback loop,the OX40L–Th17 axis,and DC–T–NK amplification loops.Furthermore,the review highlights the influence of immunometabolic reprogramming on immune cell function and plaque phenotype,illustrating how metabolic states shape inflammatory outcomes.It also discusses the contribution of key signaling pathways—including Toll-like receptors(TLRs),the NOD-like receptor protein 3(NLRP3)inflammasome,and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9(PCSK9)—to atherosclerotic inflammation and plaque vulnerability.Advances in immunotherapy are also reviewed,including anti-inflammatory agents such as colchicine and canakinumab,as well as emerging vaccine strategies targeting lipid metabolism and vascular inflammation.A deeper understanding of immune cell interplay and signaling dynamics in atherosclerosis will provide a foundation for developing more effective,multi-targeted immunotherapeutic interventions.Future research should aim to refine these strategies to maximize efficacy and safety,with the goal of reducing the global burden of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
文摘The invasive, insecticide-resistant, Q whitefly biotype, has gradually spread to other countries including the US via human-mediated movement of plant materials. We assessed the utility of the VspI-based mtCOI （mitochondrion cytochrome oxidase I） polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism （PCR-RFLP） technique as a rapid, cost-effective, and reliable alternative for differentiating the Q from the dominant B biotype in Arizona. Using the standard mtCOI gene sequencing and mtCOI PCR-RFLP techniques, we biotyped eight whitefly strains of five individuals each collected from poinsettia and cotton at different locations in Arizona. Complete concordance was observed between the two methods, with three strains being identified as the Q biotype and five samples as the B biotype. We also scanned the mtCOI gene sequences for VspI polymorphisms in the B and Q biotype whiteflies currently available in the GenBank database. This global screening revealed the existence of three and four VspI polymorphic types for the Q and B biotypes, respectively. Nevertheless, all three VspI polymorphic Q biotype whiteflies shared a common and unique VspI site that can be used to differentiate Q biotype from the four VspI polymorphic B biotype whiteflies identified. These results demonstrate that the VspI-based mtCOI gene PCR-RFLP provides a reliable diagnostic tool for differentiating the Q and B biotype whiteflies in the US and elsewhere.
基金sponsored by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2021YFC2702002).
文摘Background Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis(AAV)is a type of necrotizing vasculitis with poor prognosis,which is more severe in children.Classifying AAV patients may be helpful for diagnosis and management.However,present classification criteria for pediatric AAV are developed mainly based on adults,which have limitations in clinical practice.In this study,we introduced an updated algorithm based on the European Medicines Agency(EMA)algorithm in conjunction with the American College of Rheumatology(ACR)/European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology(EULAR)criteria.This new approach aims to resolve the issue of duplicate classification present in the 2022 ACR/EULAR criteria and to refine the existing EMA algorithm.Methods This study included 179 pediatric patients diagnosed with AAV across 17 centers in China.Patients were classified using the EMA algorithm,the ACR/EULAR criteria,and the EMA-ACR/EULAR algorithm.The Kappa value and Net Reclassification Index(NRI)were used to evaluate the classification performance of these criteria.Results According to the EMA algorithm,136(76.0%)patients were classified with microscopic polyangiitis(MPA)and 14(7.8%)with granulomatosis with polyangiitis(GPA),while 29(16.2%)remained unclassifiable.According to the ACR/EULAR criteria,145(81.0%)patients were classified with MPA,14(7.8%)with GPA,2(1.1%)with eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis(EGPA),and 4(2.2%)with both MPA and GPA,while 14(7.8%)remained unclassifiable.The EMA-ACR/EULAR algorithm classified 124 patients(69.3%)as MPA,26(14.5%)as GPA,and 2(1.1%)as EGPA,while 27(15.1%)were unclassified.The Kappa values between the EMA algorithm and ACR/EULAR criteria for GPA and MPA were 0.225[95%confidence interval(CI)0.000-0.456,P=0.003]and 0.357(95%CI 0.196-0.518,P<0.001).Compared to these two criteria,the EMA-ACR/EULAR algorithm demonstrated positive NRIs in the classification of both GPA(0.702,95%CI 0.258-1.146,P=0.002;0.54795%CI 0.150-0.944,P=0.007)and MPA(0.425,95%CI 0.209-0.642,P<0.001;0.519,95%CI 0.305-0.733,P<0.001).Conclusions The EMA-ACR/EULAR algorithm addresses the limitations of the 1990 ACR criteria within the EMA framework and resolves the issue of duplicate classification in the 2022 ACR/EULAR criteria.However,further research is necessary to validate the superiority of the EMA-ACR/EULAR algorithm in the clinical classification of pediatric AAV patients.
