Lithium metal is considered as the ultimate anode material for the next generation of high-energy density batteries.However,non-uniform lithium dendrite growth,serious electrolyte consumption,and significant volume ch...Lithium metal is considered as the ultimate anode material for the next generation of high-energy density batteries.However,non-uniform lithium dendrite growth,serious electrolyte consumption,and significant volume changes during lithium deposition/stripping processes lead to sustained accumulation of inactive lithium and poor cycling reversibility.Quantifying the formation and evolution of inactive lithium under different conditions and fully evaluating the complex failure modes are the key issues in this challenging field.This article comprehensively reviews recent research progress on the quantification of formation and evolution of inactive lithium detected by different quantitative techniques in rechargeable lithium metal batteries.The key research challenges such as failure mechanism,modification strategies and operando characterization of lithium metal anodes are systematically summarized and prospected.This review provides a new angle of view to understand failure mechanism of lithium metal anodes and inspiration and guidance for the future development of rechargeable lithium metal batteries.展开更多
Nitrate (NO-3) and nitrite (NO2-) leaching threatens groundwater quality.Soil C:N ratio,i.e.,the ratio of soil organic carbon to total nitrogen,affects mineralization,nitrification,and denitrification;however,its mech...Nitrate (NO-3) and nitrite (NO2-) leaching threatens groundwater quality.Soil C:N ratio,i.e.,the ratio of soil organic carbon to total nitrogen,affects mineralization,nitrification,and denitrification;however,its mechanism for driving soil NO-3and NO-2accumulation and leaching remains unclear.Here,a field investigation in a fluvo-aquic soil and a soil column experiment were performed to explore the relationships between soil C:N ratio and soil NO-3and NO-2leaching in three soil layers (0–20,20–40,and 40–60 cm) under heavy rainfall (rainfall rate>25 mm d-1).The field investigation results showed that both soil NO-3-N and NO-2-N contents decreased exponentially (P<0.001) with increasing soil C:N ratio in each soil layer.Furthermore,negative exponential relationships (P<0.001) were found between soil C:N ratio and both NO-3-N and NO-2-N concentrations in soil solution in each soil layer under heavy rainfall.The soil column divided into three layers was leached with simulated heavy rainfall;the results confirmed negative exponential relationships (P<0.05) between soil C:N ratio and both NO-3-N and NO-2-N concentrations in the leachate from each soil layer.A total of 18 soil samples obtained from three depths at six field sites during the rainy season were used to elucidate the microbial mechanisms induced by soil C:N ratio using high-throughput sequencing and real-time polymerase chain reaction.High abundances of ammonifying bacteria (Flavobacterium,Bacillu,and Pseudomonas),ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (Nitrosospira),and nirS/K gene were observed when soil C:N was low,concomitant with low abundances of NO-2-oxidizing bacteria (Nitrospira) and narG gene.Partial least squares path modeling showed that the high NO-3and NO-2levels at low soil C:N ratio might be attributed to the inhibition of NO-3reduction (i.e.,low narG gene) and NO-2oxidation (i.e.,low Nitrospira) and thus the accumulation of soil NO-3and NO-2,respectively.Therefore,the leaching of NO-2and NO-3in low C:N soils requires more attention during the rainy season.展开更多
Operando monitoring of internal and local electrochemical processes within lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)is crucial,necessitating a range of non-invasive,real-time imaging characterization techniques including nuclear ma...Operando monitoring of internal and local electrochemical processes within lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)is crucial,necessitating a range of non-invasive,real-time imaging characterization techniques including nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)techniques.This review provides a comprehensive overview of the recent applications and advancements of non-invasive magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)techniques in LIBs.It initially introduces the principles and hardware of MRI,followed by a detailed summary and comparison of MRI techniques used for characterizing liquid/solid electrolytes,electrodes and commercial batteries.This encompasses the determination of electrolytes'transport properties,acquisition of ion distribution profile,and diagnosis of battery defects.By focusing on experimental parameters and optimization strategies,our goal is to explore MRI methods suitable to a variety of research subjects,aiming to enhance imaging quality across diverse scenarios and offer critical physical/chemical insights into the ongoing operation processes of LIBs.展开更多
基金financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China, Grant No. 2021YFB2401800
文摘Lithium metal is considered as the ultimate anode material for the next generation of high-energy density batteries.However,non-uniform lithium dendrite growth,serious electrolyte consumption,and significant volume changes during lithium deposition/stripping processes lead to sustained accumulation of inactive lithium and poor cycling reversibility.Quantifying the formation and evolution of inactive lithium under different conditions and fully evaluating the complex failure modes are the key issues in this challenging field.This article comprehensively reviews recent research progress on the quantification of formation and evolution of inactive lithium detected by different quantitative techniques in rechargeable lithium metal batteries.The key research challenges such as failure mechanism,modification strategies and operando characterization of lithium metal anodes are systematically summarized and prospected.This review provides a new angle of view to understand failure mechanism of lithium metal anodes and inspiration and guidance for the future development of rechargeable lithium metal batteries.
基金funded by the National Key Research and Development Project of China (No. 2016YFD0800100-04)。
文摘Nitrate (NO-3) and nitrite (NO2-) leaching threatens groundwater quality.Soil C:N ratio,i.e.,the ratio of soil organic carbon to total nitrogen,affects mineralization,nitrification,and denitrification;however,its mechanism for driving soil NO-3and NO-2accumulation and leaching remains unclear.Here,a field investigation in a fluvo-aquic soil and a soil column experiment were performed to explore the relationships between soil C:N ratio and soil NO-3and NO-2leaching in three soil layers (0–20,20–40,and 40–60 cm) under heavy rainfall (rainfall rate>25 mm d-1).The field investigation results showed that both soil NO-3-N and NO-2-N contents decreased exponentially (P<0.001) with increasing soil C:N ratio in each soil layer.Furthermore,negative exponential relationships (P<0.001) were found between soil C:N ratio and both NO-3-N and NO-2-N concentrations in soil solution in each soil layer under heavy rainfall.The soil column divided into three layers was leached with simulated heavy rainfall;the results confirmed negative exponential relationships (P<0.05) between soil C:N ratio and both NO-3-N and NO-2-N concentrations in the leachate from each soil layer.A total of 18 soil samples obtained from three depths at six field sites during the rainy season were used to elucidate the microbial mechanisms induced by soil C:N ratio using high-throughput sequencing and real-time polymerase chain reaction.High abundances of ammonifying bacteria (Flavobacterium,Bacillu,and Pseudomonas),ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (Nitrosospira),and nirS/K gene were observed when soil C:N was low,concomitant with low abundances of NO-2-oxidizing bacteria (Nitrospira) and narG gene.Partial least squares path modeling showed that the high NO-3and NO-2levels at low soil C:N ratio might be attributed to the inhibition of NO-3reduction (i.e.,low narG gene) and NO-2oxidation (i.e.,low Nitrospira) and thus the accumulation of soil NO-3and NO-2,respectively.Therefore,the leaching of NO-2and NO-3in low C:N soils requires more attention during the rainy season.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China,Grant No.2021YFB2401800。
文摘Operando monitoring of internal and local electrochemical processes within lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)is crucial,necessitating a range of non-invasive,real-time imaging characterization techniques including nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)techniques.This review provides a comprehensive overview of the recent applications and advancements of non-invasive magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)techniques in LIBs.It initially introduces the principles and hardware of MRI,followed by a detailed summary and comparison of MRI techniques used for characterizing liquid/solid electrolytes,electrodes and commercial batteries.This encompasses the determination of electrolytes'transport properties,acquisition of ion distribution profile,and diagnosis of battery defects.By focusing on experimental parameters and optimization strategies,our goal is to explore MRI methods suitable to a variety of research subjects,aiming to enhance imaging quality across diverse scenarios and offer critical physical/chemical insights into the ongoing operation processes of LIBs.
