In this paper,an adaptive control strategy is proposed to investigate the issue of uncertain dead-zone input for nonlinear triangular systems with unknown nonlinearities.The considered system has no precise priori kno...In this paper,an adaptive control strategy is proposed to investigate the issue of uncertain dead-zone input for nonlinear triangular systems with unknown nonlinearities.The considered system has no precise priori knowledge about the dead-zone feature and growth rate of nonlinearity.Firstly,a dynamic gain is introduced to deal with the unknown growth rate,and the dead-zone characteristic is processed by the adaptive estimation approach without constructing the dead-zone inverse.Then,by virtue of hyperbolic functions and sign functions,a new adaptive state feedback controller is proposed to guarantee the global boundedness of all signals in the closed-loop system.Moreover,the uncertain dead-zone input problem for nonlinear upper-triangular systems is solved by the similar control strategy.Finally,two simulation examples are given to verify the effectiveness of the control scheme.展开更多
Dissolution of lithium cobalt oxide(LCO)is the key step for the recovery of valuable metals(e.g.,Co and Li)from spent LCO-based lithium-ion batteries(LIBs).However,the dissolution process of LCO either needs toxic sol...Dissolution of lithium cobalt oxide(LCO)is the key step for the recovery of valuable metals(e.g.,Co and Li)from spent LCO-based lithium-ion batteries(LIBs).However,the dissolution process of LCO either needs toxic solvents,and high temperature,or shows low efficiency.Deep eutectic solvents(DESs)are potential green solvents to dissolve LCO.Here,DESs with polyethylene glycol(PEG)as hydrogen bond acceptor and ascorbic acid(AA)as hydrogen bond donor are found to dissolve LCO with 84.2%Co leaching efficiency at 80℃ and 72 h,which is higher than that from the reported references by common DESs.Furthermore,both DESs components(i.e.,PEG and AA)are cheap,biodegradable,and biocompatible.AA could be easily and abundantly extracted from natural fruits or vegetables.It provides a new guide for the green,mild,and efficient dissolution of LCO aiming at sustainable recovery of spent LIBs.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.61973189,62073190)the Research Fund for the Taishan Scholar Project of Shandong Province of China(No.ts20190905)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province of China(No.ZR2020ZD25).
文摘In this paper,an adaptive control strategy is proposed to investigate the issue of uncertain dead-zone input for nonlinear triangular systems with unknown nonlinearities.The considered system has no precise priori knowledge about the dead-zone feature and growth rate of nonlinearity.Firstly,a dynamic gain is introduced to deal with the unknown growth rate,and the dead-zone characteristic is processed by the adaptive estimation approach without constructing the dead-zone inverse.Then,by virtue of hyperbolic functions and sign functions,a new adaptive state feedback controller is proposed to guarantee the global boundedness of all signals in the closed-loop system.Moreover,the uncertain dead-zone input problem for nonlinear upper-triangular systems is solved by the similar control strategy.Finally,two simulation examples are given to verify the effectiveness of the control scheme.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22103030)Open Fund of Hebei Biomass Carbon Materials and Application Technology Innovation Center(SG2021003)Special Project for the Cultivation of Scientific and Technological Innovation Ability of College and Middle School Students in Hebei Province(22E50480D).
文摘Dissolution of lithium cobalt oxide(LCO)is the key step for the recovery of valuable metals(e.g.,Co and Li)from spent LCO-based lithium-ion batteries(LIBs).However,the dissolution process of LCO either needs toxic solvents,and high temperature,or shows low efficiency.Deep eutectic solvents(DESs)are potential green solvents to dissolve LCO.Here,DESs with polyethylene glycol(PEG)as hydrogen bond acceptor and ascorbic acid(AA)as hydrogen bond donor are found to dissolve LCO with 84.2%Co leaching efficiency at 80℃ and 72 h,which is higher than that from the reported references by common DESs.Furthermore,both DESs components(i.e.,PEG and AA)are cheap,biodegradable,and biocompatible.AA could be easily and abundantly extracted from natural fruits or vegetables.It provides a new guide for the green,mild,and efficient dissolution of LCO aiming at sustainable recovery of spent LIBs.
