Organic phosphorus(OP)constitutes an important fraction of total phosphorus in lake sediments,with its mobility being influenced by mineralization and transformation of organic carbon(OC).OP and OC co-exist in various...Organic phosphorus(OP)constitutes an important fraction of total phosphorus in lake sediments,with its mobility being influenced by mineralization and transformation of organic carbon(OC).OP and OC co-exist in various forms in the environment,thus a thorough investigation on the impact of OC fractions on the release of OP in sediments should be comprehensively carried out.This study determined the chemical forms of OP and OC in the sediments over four seasons in Lake Taihu and found temporal and spatial variations in their concentrations.The concentration of total OP and total OC ranged from 133 to 348 mg/kg and 4.77 to 21.19 mg/kg,respectively.Correlation between chemical fractions of OP and OC also revealed that Na OH-extracted OP,and fulvic acid-bound and humic acid-bound OP were positively correlated with humic-OC and hot hydrolysis-OC.These results suggest that the algal-derived OC degradation and mineralization may enhance OP mineralization,converting stable or moderately active OP into active forms or inorganic phosphorus under cyanobacterial bloom.This study provides insight and guiding support for investigating the impact of organic matter components on the transformation of OP after cyanobacterial degradation in eutrophic lakes.展开更多
Objective To investigate the effects of electroacupuncture(EA)on the expression and phosphorylation of insulin signal transduction-related proteins in the hypothalamus of insulin resistance(IR)rats.Methods There were ...Objective To investigate the effects of electroacupuncture(EA)on the expression and phosphorylation of insulin signal transduction-related proteins in the hypothalamus of insulin resistance(IR)rats.Methods There were totally seventy-five Wistar rats.Ten rats were randomly assigned to the Normal group(N).The remaining 65 rats were fed a high-fat diet,fifty successfully modeled rats were randomly divided into the Model(M),EA,Sham EA(S+EA),l-leucine(L),and l-leucine+EA(L+EA)groups,with 10 rats in each group.EA was applied at acupoints“Guanyuan(CV 4)”,“Zhongwan(CV 12)”,“Zusanli(ST 36)”,and“Fenglong(ST 40)”,with each session lasting 10 min,three times per week for 8 weeks.The S+EA group received needle insertion to a depth of≤2 mm without electrical stimulation,with the same treatment duration and same acupoint selection.Body weight,fasting blood glucose(FBG),and insulin sensitivity(glucose infusion rate,GIR)were measured.Western blot analysis was used to assess insulin receptor substrate-1(IRS-1),(Protein kinase B)Akt,glycogen synthase kinase-3β(GSK-3β),mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1(mTORC1),and Ribosomal S6 kinase 1(S6K1),along with their phosphorylated forms.PCR was used to evaluate mRNA expression of IRS-1,Akt,and GSK-3β.Immunofluorescence was used to detect hypothalamic Akt localization.Results(1)Compared to the N group,the M group exhibited increased body weight,FBG,and phosphorylation of GSK-3β,mTORC1,and S6K1,with decreased GIR,IRS-1,Akt phosphorylation,and mRNA expression(P<0.05,P<0.01).(2)Compared to the M group,the EA and S+EA groups showed reduced body weight,FBG,GSK-3β,mTORC1,and S6K1 phosphorylation,with increased GIR,IRS-1,Akt phosphorylation,and mRNA expression(P<0.05,P<0.01).(3)Compared to the EA group,the S+EA group had higher body weight,GSK-3βphosphorylation,and mRNA expression,with reduced p-IRS-1 and p-Akt expression(P<0.05);the L and L+EA groups showed increased GSK-3β,mTORC1,and S6K1 phosphorylation,with decreased GIR,IRS-1,and Akt mRNA expression(P<0.05).(4)Compared to the L+EA group,the L group exhibited higher GSK-3β,mTORC1,and S6K1 phosphorylation,with lower GIR,Akt mRNA,and p-Akt expression(P<0.05,P<0.01).Conclusion EA positively influences body weight,glucose-lipid metabolism,and insulin sensitivity in IR rats,with regulatory effects on central insulin signal transduction-related proteins,potentially linked to its suppression of hypothalamic mTORC1/S6K1 pathway activity.展开更多
Grinding is a crucial process in machining workpieces because it plays a vital role in achieving the desired precision and surface quality.However,a significant technical challenge in grinding is the potential increas...Grinding is a crucial process in machining workpieces because it plays a vital role in achieving the desired precision and surface quality.However,a significant technical challenge in grinding is the potential increase in temperature due to high specific energy,which can lead to surface thermal damage.Therefore,ensuring control over the surface integrity of workpieces during grinding becomes a critical concern.This necessitates the development of temperature field models that consider various parameters,such as workpiece materials,grinding wheels,grinding parameters,cooling methods,and media,to guide industrial production.This study thoroughly analyzes and summarizes grinding temperature field models.First,the theory of the grinding temperature field is investigated,classifying it into traditional models based on a continuous belt heat source and those based on a discrete heat source,depending on whether the heat source is uniform and continuous.Through this examination,a more accurate grinding temperature model that closely aligns with practical grinding conditions is derived.Subsequently,various grinding thermal models are summarized,including models for the heat source distribution,energy distribution proportional coefficient,and convective heat transfer coefficient.Through comprehensive research,the most widely recognized,utilized,and accurate model for each category is identified.The application of these grinding thermal models is reviewed,shedding light on the governing laws that dictate the influence of the heat source distribution,heat distribution,and convective heat transfer in the grinding arc zone on the grinding temperature field.Finally,considering the current issues in the field of grinding temperature,potential future research directions are proposed.The aim of this study is to provide theoretical guidance and technical support for predicting workpiece temperature and improving surface integrity.展开更多
In vehicular fog computing(VFC),the resource transactions in the Internet of Vehicles(IoV)have become a novel resource management scheme that can improve system resource utilization and the quality of vehicle services...In vehicular fog computing(VFC),the resource transactions in the Internet of Vehicles(IoV)have become a novel resource management scheme that can improve system resource utilization and the quality of vehicle services.In this paper,in order to improve the security and fairness of resource transactions,we design a blockchain-based resource management scheme for VFC.First,we propose the concept of resource coin(RC)and develop a blockchain-based secure computing reource trading mechanism in terms of RC.As a node of the blockchain network,the roadside unit(RSU)participates in verifying the legitimacy of transactions and the creation of new blocks.Next,we propose a resource management scheme based on contract theory,encouraging parked vehicles to contribute computing resource so that RSU could complete proof of work(PoW)quickly,improve the success probability of block creation and get RC rewards.We use the gradient descent method to solve the computing resource utilization that can maximize the RC revenue of RSUs and vehicles during the block creation.Finally,the performance of this model is validated in simulation result and analysis.展开更多
Infectious keratitis is the most common condition of corneal diseases in which a pathogen grows in the cornea leading to inflammation and destruction of the corneal tissues.Infectious keratitis is a medical emergency ...Infectious keratitis is the most common condition of corneal diseases in which a pathogen grows in the cornea leading to inflammation and destruction of the corneal tissues.Infectious keratitis is a medical emergency for which a rapid and accurate diagnosis is needed to ensure prompt and precise treatment to halt the disease progression and to limit the extent of corneal damage;otherwise,it may develop a sight-threatening and even eye-globe-threatening condition.In this paper,we propose a sequentiallevel deep model to effectively discriminate infectious corneal disease via the classification of clinical images.In this approach,we devise an appropriate mechanism to preserve the spatial structures of clinical images and disentangle the informative features for clinical image classification of infectious keratitis.In a comparison,the performance of the proposed sequential-level deep model achieved 80%diagnostic accuracy,far better than the 49.27%±11.5%diagnostic accuracy achieved by 421 ophthalmologists over 120 test images.展开更多
Modification of metallurgical coke,biomass char and semi-coke was carried out using a microwave device with power of 450-850 W and irradiation time of 6-12 min.The desulfurization rates of three carbon materials befor...Modification of metallurgical coke,biomass char and semi-coke was carried out using a microwave device with power of 450-850 W and irradiation time of 6-12 min.The desulfurization rates of three carbon materials before and after modification were tested.The effects of microwave power and irradiation time on the pore texture and surface chemical characteristics of the three carbon materials were examined by SEM,BET and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy（FTIR）.The results showed that the specific surface area,total pore volume and pore diameter of biomass char and semi-coke after irradiation decreased slightly.Noteworthily,the pore diameter turned small and the acidic functional groups on their surface decomposed,thereby the basicity of carbon surface increased by microwave modification.The optimal promotion of desulfurization rate of three carbon materials was semi-coke irradiated at 850 W for 9 min and the sulfur dioxide adsorption rate was up to 45%.展开更多
Transdermal drug delivery offers a promising alternative to traditional cancer therapies by providing a non-invasive,controlled,and targeted delivery of therapeutic agents.This paper explores the advancements,benefits...Transdermal drug delivery offers a promising alternative to traditional cancer therapies by providing a non-invasive,controlled,and targeted delivery of therapeutic agents.This paper explores the advancements,benefits,and challenges associated with transdermal drug delivery systems(TDDS)in cancer treatment.It highlights the mechanisms of action,key technologies,and the potential impact on patient outcomes.By examining recent studies and clinical trials,this paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the efficacy,safety,and prospects of transdermal drug delivery in oncology.展开更多
The construction of the new-type power system has a significant influence on the achievement of“Dual Carbon”goals in both the power system and the whole society.Currently,China is at a pivotal juncture in the accele...The construction of the new-type power system has a significant influence on the achievement of“Dual Carbon”goals in both the power system and the whole society.Currently,China is at a pivotal juncture in the accelerated construction of the newtype power system.It is urgent to deconstruct the fundamental issues of new-type power system in China,based on which to optimize the choice of developing pathways according to different phases during the“Dual Carbon”process.Firstly,aiming to address the“two scientific issues+one economic problem”that have emerged in construction of new-type power system in China,this paper divides the development process into a carbon peaking phase and a carbon neutral phase,according to their interim and reconstitution forms,respectively.Then,based on the development bound of the power system,this paper analyzes the connotations of fundamental issues and the development route of the power system during the carbon peaking phase,comparing the carbon peaking situation in domestic and foreign contexts.Finally,based on various technological progress scenarios,this paper analyzes the possible development pathways of the newtype power system during the carbon-neutral phase.It provides the principles of comprehensive pathway optimization.展开更多
To address the challenge of accurately identifying the geometric parameters causing refractive power deviations when a lens fails refractive power inspection,the interaction between geometric parameters and refractive...To address the challenge of accurately identifying the geometric parameters causing refractive power deviations when a lens fails refractive power inspection,the interaction between geometric parameters and refractive power is investigated in this study to evaluate lens performance.First,based on theory of lens diopter,a geometric conversion model for diopter is derived by considering the infuence of center thickness and the radius of curvature of the front and back surfaces,and by applying the ray transfer matrix method and introducing a correction factor.Next,a simulated point cloud model is generated,and a geometric parameter model is constructed through model slicing.The radius of curvature of the front and back surfaces,as well as the center thickness of the lens,are obtained using RANSAC circle ftting and polynomial ftting.Then,refractive power is derived using the refractive power–geometric parameter transformation model.The accuracy of the parameter calculation method is confrmed through simulations,and experimental validation is performed using a coordinate measuring machine.Comparison with measurements from a focimeter shows an absolute refractive power error of no more than 0.01 D.The research results demonstrate an accurate conversion relationship between geometric parameters and refractive power and provide a theoretical foundation for the industry’s digital transformation in lens geometric parameter optimization and manufacturing quality control.展开更多
Large time delay is one of the inherent features of a modular multilevel converter(MMC)-based high voltage direct current(HVDC)system and is the main factor leading to the unfavorable’negative resistance and inducta...Large time delay is one of the inherent features of a modular multilevel converter(MMC)-based high voltage direct current(HVDC)system and is the main factor leading to the unfavorable’negative resistance and inductance’characteristic of MMC impedance.Research indicates that this characteristic interacting with the capacitive characteristics of an AC system is the cause of high frequency resonance(HFR)in the Yu-E HVDC project.As the current controller is one of the main factors that affects the MMC impedance,a compensation control to imitate the paralleled impedance at the point of common coupling(PCC)is proposed.Therefore,the structure and parameter design of the compensation controller are core to realizing HFR suppression.There are two potentially risky frequency ranges of HFRs(around 700 Hz and 1.8 kHz)in the studied AC system within 2.0 kHz.The core concept of HFR suppression is to make the phase angle of MMC impedance smaller than 90◦in the two risky frequency ranges according to impedance stability theory.Hence,the design parameters aim to coordinate the phase angle of MMC impedance in the two risky frequency ranges.In this paper,three types of compensation controller are studied to suppress HFRs,namely,first-order low pass filter(LPF),second-order LPF,and third-order band pass filter.The results of parameter design show that the first-order LPF cannot suppress both HFRs simultaneously.The second-order LPF can suppress both HFRs,however,it introduces a DC component into the current control loop.Therefore,a high pass filter is added to form the recommended third-order controller.All parameter ranges of the compensation controller are derived using analytical expressions.Finally,the correctness of the parameter design is proofed using time-domain simulations.展开更多
Background and Aims:Acute-on-chronic liver failure(ACLF)is acute decompensation of liver function in the setting of chronic liver disease,and characterized by high short-term mortality.In this study,we sought to inves...Background and Aims:Acute-on-chronic liver failure(ACLF)is acute decompensation of liver function in the setting of chronic liver disease,and characterized by high short-term mortality.In this study,we sought to investigate the clinical course of patients at specific time points,and to propose dynamic prognostic criteria.Methods:We assessed the clinical course of 453 patients with ACLF during a 12-week follow-up period in this retrospective multicenter study.The clinical course of patients was defined as disease recovery,improvement,worsening or steady patterns based on the variation tendency in prothrombin activity(PTA)and total bilirubin(TB)at different time points.Results:Resolution of PTA was observed in 231 patients(51%)at 12 weeks after the diagnosis of ACLF.Among the remaining patients,66(14.6%)showed improvement and 156(34.4%)showed a steady or worsening course.In patients with resolved PTA,the clinical course of TB exhibited resolved pattern in 95.2%,improved in 3.9%,and steady or worse in 0.8%.Correspondingly,in patients with improved PTA,these values for TB were 28.8%,27.3%,and 43.9%,respectively.In patients with steady or worsening PTA,these values for TB were 5.7%,32.3%,and 65.6%,respectively.Dynamic prognostic criteria were developed by combining the clinical course of PTA/TB and the clinical outcomes at 4 and 12 weeks after diagnosis in ACLF patients.Conclusions:We propose the following dynamic prognostic criteria:rapid progression,slow progression,rapid recovery,slow recovery,and slow persistence,which lay the foundation for precise prediction of prognosis and the improvement of ACLF therapy.展开更多
The maturation of dendritic cells(DCs)and infiltration effector T cells in tumor-draining lymph node(tdLN)and tumor tissue are crucial for immunotherapy.Despite constructive progresses have been made with anti-program...The maturation of dendritic cells(DCs)and infiltration effector T cells in tumor-draining lymph node(tdLN)and tumor tissue are crucial for immunotherapy.Despite constructive progresses have been made with anti-programmed death-1(anti-PD1)checkpoint blockade for immunotherapy,the efficacy of PD1/PD-L1 therapy deserves to be improved.Here,we constructed a novel transfersomes based nanovaccine complexed microneedles to enhance anti-PD1 immunotherapy via transdermal immunization for skin tumor therapy.Transfersomes were functionalized with DCs targeting moietyαCD40,co-encapsulated with antigens and adjuvant poly I:C.Moreover,transdermal administration promoted accumulation in tumor-draining lymph nodes(tdLN),which could facilitate cellular uptake,activate DCs maturation and enhance Th1 immune responses.Using a mouse melanoma model,combined therapy of such nanovaccine complexed microneedles with pembrolizumab(αPD1)was able to enhance cytotoxic T lymphocytes activation,promote infiltration and reduce regulatory T cells frequency in tdLN and tumor tissues,which achieved reversion of the immunosuppressive microenvironment into immune activation.This study highlighted the potential of transfersomes based nanovaccines complexed microneedles as an attractive platform for tumor immunotherapy.展开更多
Present study aims at synthesizing a thermosensitive hydrogel for controlled release of insulin. According to a modified method, hydroxybutyl chitosan （HBC） hydrogel possessed thermal sensitivity is prepared which c...Present study aims at synthesizing a thermosensitive hydrogel for controlled release of insulin. According to a modified method, hydroxybutyl chitosan （HBC） hydrogel possessed thermal sensitivity is prepared which can form hydrogel at over 25℃. The HBC hydrogel is non-cytotoxic to mice fibroblasts cells （L929）. Insulin is 100% entrapped in the hydrogel, 38% of which is released in vitro from the concentration of 5% hydrogel after 48 h, whereas by enzymolysis with lysozyme, 80% of the total insulin is released after 48h. This study suggests that HBC hydrogel could be utilized for controlled release of insulin in a non-invasive manner.展开更多
The objective of this study was to isolate fucoxanthin from Sargassum thunbergii and develop microcapsules with palm stearin as the solid lipid core for stability and efficient oral delivery of fucoxanthin. The microc...The objective of this study was to isolate fucoxanthin from Sargassum thunbergii and develop microcapsules with palm stearin as the solid lipid core for stability and efficient oral delivery of fucoxanthin. The microcapsules had smooth surfaces with the volume weighted mean diameter （d4.3） of 19.19 μm. Encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity of microcapsules with fucoxanthin were 98.3% and 0.04%, respectively. Moreover, the fucoxanthin in microcapsules presented higher stability than free fucoxanthin against light, humidity and temperature. Especially, the retention rates of fucoxanthin encapsulated in microcapsules reached 97.20% at 4℃, 92.60% at 25℃, 92.32% with the relative humidity of 33% and 92.60% in the dark. The cumulative amount of fucoxanthin released from microcapsules was 22.92% in simulated gastric fluid （SGF） and 56.55% in simulated intestinal fluid （SIF）.展开更多
Traditional diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD)in children is primarily through a questionnaire filled out by parents/teachers and clinical observations by doctors.It is inefficient and heavily...Traditional diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD)in children is primarily through a questionnaire filled out by parents/teachers and clinical observations by doctors.It is inefficient and heavily depends on the doctor’s level of experience.In this paper,we integrate artificial intelligence(AI)technology into a software-hardware coordinated system to make ADHD diagnosis more efficient.Together with the intelligent analysis module,the camera group will collect the eye focus,facial expression,3D body posture,and other children’s information during the completion of the functional test.Then,a multi-modal deep learning model is proposed to classify abnormal behavior fragments of children from the captured videos.In combination with other system modules,standardized diagnostic reports can be automatically generated,including test results,abnormal behavior analysis,diagnostic aid conclusions,and treatment recommendations.This system has participated in clinical diagnosis in Department of Psychology,The Children’s Hospital,Zhejiang University School of Medicine,and has been accepted and praised by doctors and patients.展开更多
Background and Aims:Acute-on-chronic liver failure(ACLF)tends to progress rapidly with high short-term mortality.We aimed to create a widely applicable,simple prognostic(WASP)score for ACLF patients.Methods:A retrospe...Background and Aims:Acute-on-chronic liver failure(ACLF)tends to progress rapidly with high short-term mortality.We aimed to create a widely applicable,simple prognostic(WASP)score for ACLF patients.Methods:A retrospective cohort of ACLF cases recruited from three centers in China were divided into training and validation sets to develop the new score.A prospective longitudinal cohort was recruited for further validation.Results:A total of 541 cases were included in the training set,and seven independent ACLF prognostic factors were screened to construct a new quantitative WASP-ACLF table.In the validation set of 671 cases,WASP-ACLF showed better predictive ability for 28-day and 90-day mortality than the currently used prognostic scores at baseline,day 3,week 1,and week 2.The predictive efficacy and clinical validity of the model improved over time.Patients were assigned to low-,intermediate-,and high-risk groups by their WASP-ACLF scores.Compared with the other two groups,intermediate-risk patients had a more uncertain prognosis,with a 90-day mortality of 44.4–50.6%.Sequential assessments at weeks 1 and 2 found the 90-day mortality of intermediate-risk groups was<20%forpatients with a≥2 point decrease in WASP-ACLF and was up to 56%for patients with a≥2 points increase.Similar results were observed in prospective data.Conclusions:The new ACLF prognostic score was simple,widely applicable,and had good predictive efficacy.Continuous assessments and trend of change in WASP-ACLF need to be considered,especially for intermediate-risk patients.展开更多
Eczema is a common chronic dermatological disease.Conventional treatments exhibit limited efficacy due to fast drug release resulting in short-term relief.Development of a new treatment strategy that enables sustained...Eczema is a common chronic dermatological disease.Conventional treatments exhibit limited efficacy due to fast drug release resulting in short-term relief.Development of a new treatment strategy that enables sustained drug release and longterm maintenance on the skin surface is necessary.A self-adhesive swelling microneedle patch(SDSMNs)was designed and constructed using a two-step casting method.The adhesive substrate was prepared by blending gelatin and dopamine via oxidation of NaIO4,so it could adhere onto the skin surface as well as withstand repeated bending movement without detachment.The swelling needles were fabricated using polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)and polyvinylpyrrolidone(PVP),which could swell by absorbing interstitial fluid and release the drug in a controlled manner.SDSMNs also showed desirable antibacterial activities toward E.coli and S.aureus.The adhesive microneedles loaded with matrine(MAT-SDSMNs),an antiinflammatory Chinese medicine,dramatically relieved eczema symptoms through IL-17 mediated inflammation responses.The use of MAT-SDSMNs significantly decreased the infiltration of inflammation cells and level of inflammatory cytokines,reduced the skin thickness,and increased collagen deposition fraction compared with conventional ointment or subcutaneous injection.The results suggested that MAT-SDSMNs can improve eczema treatment by regulating the local inflammatory microenvironment,providing a simple,self-administered sustainable strategy for eczema treatment.展开更多
To enhance the liquor absorptivity of chitosan fibers （CS-Fs）, N-succinyl surface-modified chitosan fibers （NSCS-Fs） were developed and evaluated for wound healing, The NSCS-Fs exhibited cracks on the surface and ...To enhance the liquor absorptivity of chitosan fibers （CS-Fs）, N-succinyl surface-modified chitosan fibers （NSCS-Fs） were developed and evaluated for wound healing, The NSCS-Fs exhibited cracks on the surface and high liquor absorbing capacity with absorbing-dissolvable equilibrium state in phosphate buffer solution （PBS）. The bacteriostasis ratios of NSCS-Fs against E. coli, S. aureus and C. albicans were higher than 80%. No cytotoxicity has been found for mouse embryo fibroblasts （MEFs） treated with NSCS-Fs leach liquor, Acute oral toxicity and skin irritation experiment were taken to evaluate the safety of NSCS-Fs in vitro. Muscle implant study showed that NSCS-Fs were biodegradable and non-toxic in vivo. These results suggested that the surface modified NSCS-Fs had favorable biological properties and improved liquor absorptivity, indicating that they could be used as promising dressing materials for wound care.展开更多
The high-voltage direct current(HVDC)grid has been recognized as an effective solution for renewable energy integration.Currently,two main development trends for HVDC grids are being studied:a DC breaker based HVDC gr...The high-voltage direct current(HVDC)grid has been recognized as an effective solution for renewable energy integration.Currently,two main development trends for HVDC grids are being studied:a DC breaker based HVDC grid and fault-blocking converter based HVDC grid.Although the former has a perfect performance for fault clearance,its development is still highly constrained by the cost and maturity of DC breakers.The latter can extinguish DC faults by the fault-blocking converters.Without using DC breakers,there is no bottleneck in its technical feasibility.Nevertheless,in fault scenarios,such types of HVDC grids will be blocked at length for air-deionization,which is its main drawback.The aim of this paper is to minimize its power interruption time,by optimizing protection coordination strategies.To cover the most complex cases,the overhead line applications,in which the reclosure actions are required to be implemented,are considered.In this paper,the protection requirements of HVDC grids are first discussed,then the benefits of fault-blocking modular multilevel converters(MMCs)and their fault features are analyzed.Based on this,a control function is designed to reduce the air-deionization time.To minimize the influence of the DC faults,a separation methodology for restarting the system is proposed.The effectiveness of the proposed protection coordination schemes is validated by PSCAD/EMTDC simulations.展开更多
基金supported by the Project of Ecological and Environmental Protection Integration Research Institute in Yangtze River Delta(No.ZX2023SZY118)the Special Basic Research Service for the Central Level Public Welfare Research Institute(No.GYZX230409)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42407557)the Belt and Road Special Foundation of the National Key Laboratory of Water Disaster Prevention,China(No.2023491611)。
文摘Organic phosphorus(OP)constitutes an important fraction of total phosphorus in lake sediments,with its mobility being influenced by mineralization and transformation of organic carbon(OC).OP and OC co-exist in various forms in the environment,thus a thorough investigation on the impact of OC fractions on the release of OP in sediments should be comprehensively carried out.This study determined the chemical forms of OP and OC in the sediments over four seasons in Lake Taihu and found temporal and spatial variations in their concentrations.The concentration of total OP and total OC ranged from 133 to 348 mg/kg and 4.77 to 21.19 mg/kg,respectively.Correlation between chemical fractions of OP and OC also revealed that Na OH-extracted OP,and fulvic acid-bound and humic acid-bound OP were positively correlated with humic-OC and hot hydrolysis-OC.These results suggest that the algal-derived OC degradation and mineralization may enhance OP mineralization,converting stable or moderately active OP into active forms or inorganic phosphorus under cyanobacterial bloom.This study provides insight and guiding support for investigating the impact of organic matter components on the transformation of OP after cyanobacterial degradation in eutrophic lakes.
基金Supported by the Hubei Natural Science Foundation Joint Fund Project:2023AFD139,2023AFD140the "Shizhen Young Talent" Training Program of the College of Acupuncture and Orthopedics,Hubei University of Chinese Medicinethe National Famous Traditional Chinese Medicine Expert Inheritance Studio Construction Project。
文摘Objective To investigate the effects of electroacupuncture(EA)on the expression and phosphorylation of insulin signal transduction-related proteins in the hypothalamus of insulin resistance(IR)rats.Methods There were totally seventy-five Wistar rats.Ten rats were randomly assigned to the Normal group(N).The remaining 65 rats were fed a high-fat diet,fifty successfully modeled rats were randomly divided into the Model(M),EA,Sham EA(S+EA),l-leucine(L),and l-leucine+EA(L+EA)groups,with 10 rats in each group.EA was applied at acupoints“Guanyuan(CV 4)”,“Zhongwan(CV 12)”,“Zusanli(ST 36)”,and“Fenglong(ST 40)”,with each session lasting 10 min,three times per week for 8 weeks.The S+EA group received needle insertion to a depth of≤2 mm without electrical stimulation,with the same treatment duration and same acupoint selection.Body weight,fasting blood glucose(FBG),and insulin sensitivity(glucose infusion rate,GIR)were measured.Western blot analysis was used to assess insulin receptor substrate-1(IRS-1),(Protein kinase B)Akt,glycogen synthase kinase-3β(GSK-3β),mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1(mTORC1),and Ribosomal S6 kinase 1(S6K1),along with their phosphorylated forms.PCR was used to evaluate mRNA expression of IRS-1,Akt,and GSK-3β.Immunofluorescence was used to detect hypothalamic Akt localization.Results(1)Compared to the N group,the M group exhibited increased body weight,FBG,and phosphorylation of GSK-3β,mTORC1,and S6K1,with decreased GIR,IRS-1,Akt phosphorylation,and mRNA expression(P<0.05,P<0.01).(2)Compared to the M group,the EA and S+EA groups showed reduced body weight,FBG,GSK-3β,mTORC1,and S6K1 phosphorylation,with increased GIR,IRS-1,Akt phosphorylation,and mRNA expression(P<0.05,P<0.01).(3)Compared to the EA group,the S+EA group had higher body weight,GSK-3βphosphorylation,and mRNA expression,with reduced p-IRS-1 and p-Akt expression(P<0.05);the L and L+EA groups showed increased GSK-3β,mTORC1,and S6K1 phosphorylation,with decreased GIR,IRS-1,and Akt mRNA expression(P<0.05).(4)Compared to the L+EA group,the L group exhibited higher GSK-3β,mTORC1,and S6K1 phosphorylation,with lower GIR,Akt mRNA,and p-Akt expression(P<0.05,P<0.01).Conclusion EA positively influences body weight,glucose-lipid metabolism,and insulin sensitivity in IR rats,with regulatory effects on central insulin signal transduction-related proteins,potentially linked to its suppression of hypothalamic mTORC1/S6K1 pathway activity.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52205481,51975305 and 52105457)Shandong Natural Science Foundation(Grant Nos.ZR2020ME158,ZR2023QE057,ZR2022QE028,ZR2021QE116,ZR2020KE027,and ZR2022QE159)+1 种基金Qingdao Science and Technology Planning Park Cultivation Plan(23-1-5-yqpy-17-qy)China Postdoctral Science Foundation(2021M701810).
文摘Grinding is a crucial process in machining workpieces because it plays a vital role in achieving the desired precision and surface quality.However,a significant technical challenge in grinding is the potential increase in temperature due to high specific energy,which can lead to surface thermal damage.Therefore,ensuring control over the surface integrity of workpieces during grinding becomes a critical concern.This necessitates the development of temperature field models that consider various parameters,such as workpiece materials,grinding wheels,grinding parameters,cooling methods,and media,to guide industrial production.This study thoroughly analyzes and summarizes grinding temperature field models.First,the theory of the grinding temperature field is investigated,classifying it into traditional models based on a continuous belt heat source and those based on a discrete heat source,depending on whether the heat source is uniform and continuous.Through this examination,a more accurate grinding temperature model that closely aligns with practical grinding conditions is derived.Subsequently,various grinding thermal models are summarized,including models for the heat source distribution,energy distribution proportional coefficient,and convective heat transfer coefficient.Through comprehensive research,the most widely recognized,utilized,and accurate model for each category is identified.The application of these grinding thermal models is reviewed,shedding light on the governing laws that dictate the influence of the heat source distribution,heat distribution,and convective heat transfer in the grinding arc zone on the grinding temperature field.Finally,considering the current issues in the field of grinding temperature,potential future research directions are proposed.The aim of this study is to provide theoretical guidance and technical support for predicting workpiece temperature and improving surface integrity.
基金This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U2001213,61971191 and 61661021)in part by the Beijing Natural Science Foundation under Grant L182018 and L201011,in part by National Key Research and Development Project(2020YFB1807204)+1 种基金in part by the open project of Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology(20190910)in part by the Key project of Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province(20202ACBL202006).
文摘In vehicular fog computing(VFC),the resource transactions in the Internet of Vehicles(IoV)have become a novel resource management scheme that can improve system resource utilization and the quality of vehicle services.In this paper,in order to improve the security and fairness of resource transactions,we design a blockchain-based resource management scheme for VFC.First,we propose the concept of resource coin(RC)and develop a blockchain-based secure computing reource trading mechanism in terms of RC.As a node of the blockchain network,the roadside unit(RSU)participates in verifying the legitimacy of transactions and the creation of new blocks.Next,we propose a resource management scheme based on contract theory,encouraging parked vehicles to contribute computing resource so that RSU could complete proof of work(PoW)quickly,improve the success probability of block creation and get RC rewards.We use the gradient descent method to solve the computing resource utilization that can maximize the RC revenue of RSUs and vehicles during the block creation.Finally,the performance of this model is validated in simulation result and analysis.
基金supported by the Health Commission of Zhejiang Province(WKJ-ZJ-1905 and 2018ZD007)the Key Research and Development Projects of Zhejiang Province(2018C03082)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61625107)。
文摘Infectious keratitis is the most common condition of corneal diseases in which a pathogen grows in the cornea leading to inflammation and destruction of the corneal tissues.Infectious keratitis is a medical emergency for which a rapid and accurate diagnosis is needed to ensure prompt and precise treatment to halt the disease progression and to limit the extent of corneal damage;otherwise,it may develop a sight-threatening and even eye-globe-threatening condition.In this paper,we propose a sequentiallevel deep model to effectively discriminate infectious corneal disease via the classification of clinical images.In this approach,we devise an appropriate mechanism to preserve the spatial structures of clinical images and disentangle the informative features for clinical image classification of infectious keratitis.In a comparison,the performance of the proposed sequential-level deep model achieved 80%diagnostic accuracy,far better than the 49.27%±11.5%diagnostic accuracy achieved by 421 ophthalmologists over 120 test images.
基金financial support from the Tencent AI Lab Rhino-Bird Gift Fund(9229073)the Project by Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Laboratory(P22KS00111)the Starry Night Science Fund of Zhejiang University Shanghai Institute for Advanced Study。
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51604048)Fund of Chongqing Science and Technology(Nos.cstc2015shmszx20016 and cstc2016shmszx20015)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2016M590862)
文摘Modification of metallurgical coke,biomass char and semi-coke was carried out using a microwave device with power of 450-850 W and irradiation time of 6-12 min.The desulfurization rates of three carbon materials before and after modification were tested.The effects of microwave power and irradiation time on the pore texture and surface chemical characteristics of the three carbon materials were examined by SEM,BET and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy（FTIR）.The results showed that the specific surface area,total pore volume and pore diameter of biomass char and semi-coke after irradiation decreased slightly.Noteworthily,the pore diameter turned small and the acidic functional groups on their surface decomposed,thereby the basicity of carbon surface increased by microwave modification.The optimal promotion of desulfurization rate of three carbon materials was semi-coke irradiated at 850 W for 9 min and the sulfur dioxide adsorption rate was up to 45%.
文摘Transdermal drug delivery offers a promising alternative to traditional cancer therapies by providing a non-invasive,controlled,and targeted delivery of therapeutic agents.This paper explores the advancements,benefits,and challenges associated with transdermal drug delivery systems(TDDS)in cancer treatment.It highlights the mechanisms of action,key technologies,and the potential impact on patient outcomes.By examining recent studies and clinical trials,this paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the efficacy,safety,and prospects of transdermal drug delivery in oncology.
文摘The construction of the new-type power system has a significant influence on the achievement of“Dual Carbon”goals in both the power system and the whole society.Currently,China is at a pivotal juncture in the accelerated construction of the newtype power system.It is urgent to deconstruct the fundamental issues of new-type power system in China,based on which to optimize the choice of developing pathways according to different phases during the“Dual Carbon”process.Firstly,aiming to address the“two scientific issues+one economic problem”that have emerged in construction of new-type power system in China,this paper divides the development process into a carbon peaking phase and a carbon neutral phase,according to their interim and reconstitution forms,respectively.Then,based on the development bound of the power system,this paper analyzes the connotations of fundamental issues and the development route of the power system during the carbon peaking phase,comparing the carbon peaking situation in domestic and foreign contexts.Finally,based on various technological progress scenarios,this paper analyzes the possible development pathways of the newtype power system during the carbon-neutral phase.It provides the principles of comprehensive pathway optimization.
基金the National Key Research and Development Program(2024YFF0619900)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(524705563)+1 种基金the Shanghai Natural Science Foundation(24ZR1492200)the Open Project of Shanghai Key Laboratory of Online Detection and Control Technology,Shanghai Institute of Measurement and Testing Technology(ZX2024101)to provide fnancial support to this research.
文摘To address the challenge of accurately identifying the geometric parameters causing refractive power deviations when a lens fails refractive power inspection,the interaction between geometric parameters and refractive power is investigated in this study to evaluate lens performance.First,based on theory of lens diopter,a geometric conversion model for diopter is derived by considering the infuence of center thickness and the radius of curvature of the front and back surfaces,and by applying the ray transfer matrix method and introducing a correction factor.Next,a simulated point cloud model is generated,and a geometric parameter model is constructed through model slicing.The radius of curvature of the front and back surfaces,as well as the center thickness of the lens,are obtained using RANSAC circle ftting and polynomial ftting.Then,refractive power is derived using the refractive power–geometric parameter transformation model.The accuracy of the parameter calculation method is confrmed through simulations,and experimental validation is performed using a coordinate measuring machine.Comparison with measurements from a focimeter shows an absolute refractive power error of no more than 0.01 D.The research results demonstrate an accurate conversion relationship between geometric parameters and refractive power and provide a theoretical foundation for the industry’s digital transformation in lens geometric parameter optimization and manufacturing quality control.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.U1866210).
文摘Large time delay is one of the inherent features of a modular multilevel converter(MMC)-based high voltage direct current(HVDC)system and is the main factor leading to the unfavorable’negative resistance and inductance’characteristic of MMC impedance.Research indicates that this characteristic interacting with the capacitive characteristics of an AC system is the cause of high frequency resonance(HFR)in the Yu-E HVDC project.As the current controller is one of the main factors that affects the MMC impedance,a compensation control to imitate the paralleled impedance at the point of common coupling(PCC)is proposed.Therefore,the structure and parameter design of the compensation controller are core to realizing HFR suppression.There are two potentially risky frequency ranges of HFRs(around 700 Hz and 1.8 kHz)in the studied AC system within 2.0 kHz.The core concept of HFR suppression is to make the phase angle of MMC impedance smaller than 90◦in the two risky frequency ranges according to impedance stability theory.Hence,the design parameters aim to coordinate the phase angle of MMC impedance in the two risky frequency ranges.In this paper,three types of compensation controller are studied to suppress HFRs,namely,first-order low pass filter(LPF),second-order LPF,and third-order band pass filter.The results of parameter design show that the first-order LPF cannot suppress both HFRs simultaneously.The second-order LPF can suppress both HFRs,however,it introduces a DC component into the current control loop.Therefore,a high pass filter is added to form the recommended third-order controller.All parameter ranges of the compensation controller are derived using analytical expressions.Finally,the correctness of the parameter design is proofed using time-domain simulations.
基金This study was supported by the National 13th 5-Year Plan for Hepatitis Research(Grant No.2017ZX10203201-005,2017ZX10203201-007)National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2017YFA0103000)+2 种基金Beijing Municipal Administration of Hospitals Clinical Medicine Development of Special Funding Support(Grant No.ZYLX201806)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.81870429)Capital Clinic Characteristic Application Research(Grant No.Z181100001718143).
文摘Background and Aims:Acute-on-chronic liver failure(ACLF)is acute decompensation of liver function in the setting of chronic liver disease,and characterized by high short-term mortality.In this study,we sought to investigate the clinical course of patients at specific time points,and to propose dynamic prognostic criteria.Methods:We assessed the clinical course of 453 patients with ACLF during a 12-week follow-up period in this retrospective multicenter study.The clinical course of patients was defined as disease recovery,improvement,worsening or steady patterns based on the variation tendency in prothrombin activity(PTA)and total bilirubin(TB)at different time points.Results:Resolution of PTA was observed in 231 patients(51%)at 12 weeks after the diagnosis of ACLF.Among the remaining patients,66(14.6%)showed improvement and 156(34.4%)showed a steady or worsening course.In patients with resolved PTA,the clinical course of TB exhibited resolved pattern in 95.2%,improved in 3.9%,and steady or worse in 0.8%.Correspondingly,in patients with improved PTA,these values for TB were 28.8%,27.3%,and 43.9%,respectively.In patients with steady or worsening PTA,these values for TB were 5.7%,32.3%,and 65.6%,respectively.Dynamic prognostic criteria were developed by combining the clinical course of PTA/TB and the clinical outcomes at 4 and 12 weeks after diagnosis in ACLF patients.Conclusions:We propose the following dynamic prognostic criteria:rapid progression,slow progression,rapid recovery,slow recovery,and slow persistence,which lay the foundation for precise prediction of prognosis and the improvement of ACLF therapy.
基金work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31670972)the Taishan Scholar Program,China.
文摘The maturation of dendritic cells(DCs)and infiltration effector T cells in tumor-draining lymph node(tdLN)and tumor tissue are crucial for immunotherapy.Despite constructive progresses have been made with anti-programmed death-1(anti-PD1)checkpoint blockade for immunotherapy,the efficacy of PD1/PD-L1 therapy deserves to be improved.Here,we constructed a novel transfersomes based nanovaccine complexed microneedles to enhance anti-PD1 immunotherapy via transdermal immunization for skin tumor therapy.Transfersomes were functionalized with DCs targeting moietyαCD40,co-encapsulated with antigens and adjuvant poly I:C.Moreover,transdermal administration promoted accumulation in tumor-draining lymph nodes(tdLN),which could facilitate cellular uptake,activate DCs maturation and enhance Th1 immune responses.Using a mouse melanoma model,combined therapy of such nanovaccine complexed microneedles with pembrolizumab(αPD1)was able to enhance cytotoxic T lymphocytes activation,promote infiltration and reduce regulatory T cells frequency in tdLN and tumor tissues,which achieved reversion of the immunosuppressive microenvironment into immune activation.This study highlighted the potential of transfersomes based nanovaccines complexed microneedles as an attractive platform for tumor immunotherapy.
基金Acknowledgements This work was supported by a grant from International S＆T Cooperation Program of China （Grant No. 2013DFG32880）, the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant No. 31000423）, and the Doctoral Fund of Ministry of Education of China （Grant No. 20120132110012）
文摘Present study aims at synthesizing a thermosensitive hydrogel for controlled release of insulin. According to a modified method, hydroxybutyl chitosan （HBC） hydrogel possessed thermal sensitivity is prepared which can form hydrogel at over 25℃. The HBC hydrogel is non-cytotoxic to mice fibroblasts cells （L929）. Insulin is 100% entrapped in the hydrogel, 38% of which is released in vitro from the concentration of 5% hydrogel after 48 h, whereas by enzymolysis with lysozyme, 80% of the total insulin is released after 48h. This study suggests that HBC hydrogel could be utilized for controlled release of insulin in a non-invasive manner.
基金This work was supported by Public Science and Technology Research Funds Projects of Ocean （Grant No. 201505022）, the National Natural Science Foundation of China NSFC-Shandong Joint Fund （U1406402-5）, the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant No. 81671828）, and the Taishan Scholar Program of China.
文摘The objective of this study was to isolate fucoxanthin from Sargassum thunbergii and develop microcapsules with palm stearin as the solid lipid core for stability and efficient oral delivery of fucoxanthin. The microcapsules had smooth surfaces with the volume weighted mean diameter （d4.3） of 19.19 μm. Encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity of microcapsules with fucoxanthin were 98.3% and 0.04%, respectively. Moreover, the fucoxanthin in microcapsules presented higher stability than free fucoxanthin against light, humidity and temperature. Especially, the retention rates of fucoxanthin encapsulated in microcapsules reached 97.20% at 4℃, 92.60% at 25℃, 92.32% with the relative humidity of 33% and 92.60% in the dark. The cumulative amount of fucoxanthin released from microcapsules was 22.92% in simulated gastric fluid （SGF） and 56.55% in simulated intestinal fluid （SIF）.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61625107)。
文摘Traditional diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD)in children is primarily through a questionnaire filled out by parents/teachers and clinical observations by doctors.It is inefficient and heavily depends on the doctor’s level of experience.In this paper,we integrate artificial intelligence(AI)technology into a software-hardware coordinated system to make ADHD diagnosis more efficient.Together with the intelligent analysis module,the camera group will collect the eye focus,facial expression,3D body posture,and other children’s information during the completion of the functional test.Then,a multi-modal deep learning model is proposed to classify abnormal behavior fragments of children from the captured videos.In combination with other system modules,standardized diagnostic reports can be automatically generated,including test results,abnormal behavior analysis,diagnostic aid conclusions,and treatment recommendations.This system has participated in clinical diagnosis in Department of Psychology,The Children’s Hospital,Zhejiang University School of Medicine,and has been accepted and praised by doctors and patients.
基金supported primarily by research grants from the National 13th 5-Year Plan for Hepatitis Research(No.2017ZX10203201-007)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81870429,82170630)the Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin(No.19JCZDJC36700).
文摘Background and Aims:Acute-on-chronic liver failure(ACLF)tends to progress rapidly with high short-term mortality.We aimed to create a widely applicable,simple prognostic(WASP)score for ACLF patients.Methods:A retrospective cohort of ACLF cases recruited from three centers in China were divided into training and validation sets to develop the new score.A prospective longitudinal cohort was recruited for further validation.Results:A total of 541 cases were included in the training set,and seven independent ACLF prognostic factors were screened to construct a new quantitative WASP-ACLF table.In the validation set of 671 cases,WASP-ACLF showed better predictive ability for 28-day and 90-day mortality than the currently used prognostic scores at baseline,day 3,week 1,and week 2.The predictive efficacy and clinical validity of the model improved over time.Patients were assigned to low-,intermediate-,and high-risk groups by their WASP-ACLF scores.Compared with the other two groups,intermediate-risk patients had a more uncertain prognosis,with a 90-day mortality of 44.4–50.6%.Sequential assessments at weeks 1 and 2 found the 90-day mortality of intermediate-risk groups was<20%forpatients with a≥2 point decrease in WASP-ACLF and was up to 56%for patients with a≥2 points increase.Similar results were observed in prospective data.Conclusions:The new ACLF prognostic score was simple,widely applicable,and had good predictive efficacy.Continuous assessments and trend of change in WASP-ACLF need to be considered,especially for intermediate-risk patients.
基金funded by Natural Science Founda-tion of Shandong Province(ZR2022MC033)Qingdao Science&Technology Benefiting People Project(24-1-8-smjk-11-nsh).
文摘Eczema is a common chronic dermatological disease.Conventional treatments exhibit limited efficacy due to fast drug release resulting in short-term relief.Development of a new treatment strategy that enables sustained drug release and longterm maintenance on the skin surface is necessary.A self-adhesive swelling microneedle patch(SDSMNs)was designed and constructed using a two-step casting method.The adhesive substrate was prepared by blending gelatin and dopamine via oxidation of NaIO4,so it could adhere onto the skin surface as well as withstand repeated bending movement without detachment.The swelling needles were fabricated using polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)and polyvinylpyrrolidone(PVP),which could swell by absorbing interstitial fluid and release the drug in a controlled manner.SDSMNs also showed desirable antibacterial activities toward E.coli and S.aureus.The adhesive microneedles loaded with matrine(MAT-SDSMNs),an antiinflammatory Chinese medicine,dramatically relieved eczema symptoms through IL-17 mediated inflammation responses.The use of MAT-SDSMNs significantly decreased the infiltration of inflammation cells and level of inflammatory cytokines,reduced the skin thickness,and increased collagen deposition fraction compared with conventional ointment or subcutaneous injection.The results suggested that MAT-SDSMNs can improve eczema treatment by regulating the local inflammatory microenvironment,providing a simple,self-administered sustainable strategy for eczema treatment.
基金Acknowledgements This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant Nos. 81271727 and 31300786）, the International Science Technology Cooperation Program of China （Grant No. 2012DFB50140）, Ph.D. Programs Foundation of Ministry of Education of China （Grant No. 20120132110012）, the National Science Foundation for Post-doctor （Grant No. 2013 M541961 ）, and Applied Basic Research Plan of Qingdao （Grant No. 14-2-4-98-jch）.
文摘To enhance the liquor absorptivity of chitosan fibers （CS-Fs）, N-succinyl surface-modified chitosan fibers （NSCS-Fs） were developed and evaluated for wound healing, The NSCS-Fs exhibited cracks on the surface and high liquor absorbing capacity with absorbing-dissolvable equilibrium state in phosphate buffer solution （PBS）. The bacteriostasis ratios of NSCS-Fs against E. coli, S. aureus and C. albicans were higher than 80%. No cytotoxicity has been found for mouse embryo fibroblasts （MEFs） treated with NSCS-Fs leach liquor, Acute oral toxicity and skin irritation experiment were taken to evaluate the safety of NSCS-Fs in vitro. Muscle implant study showed that NSCS-Fs were biodegradable and non-toxic in vivo. These results suggested that the surface modified NSCS-Fs had favorable biological properties and improved liquor absorptivity, indicating that they could be used as promising dressing materials for wound care.
文摘The high-voltage direct current(HVDC)grid has been recognized as an effective solution for renewable energy integration.Currently,two main development trends for HVDC grids are being studied:a DC breaker based HVDC grid and fault-blocking converter based HVDC grid.Although the former has a perfect performance for fault clearance,its development is still highly constrained by the cost and maturity of DC breakers.The latter can extinguish DC faults by the fault-blocking converters.Without using DC breakers,there is no bottleneck in its technical feasibility.Nevertheless,in fault scenarios,such types of HVDC grids will be blocked at length for air-deionization,which is its main drawback.The aim of this paper is to minimize its power interruption time,by optimizing protection coordination strategies.To cover the most complex cases,the overhead line applications,in which the reclosure actions are required to be implemented,are considered.In this paper,the protection requirements of HVDC grids are first discussed,then the benefits of fault-blocking modular multilevel converters(MMCs)and their fault features are analyzed.Based on this,a control function is designed to reduce the air-deionization time.To minimize the influence of the DC faults,a separation methodology for restarting the system is proposed.The effectiveness of the proposed protection coordination schemes is validated by PSCAD/EMTDC simulations.
