An increasing number of studies have focused on depleting lactate and modulating the tumor’s lactic microenvironment to interfere with tumor progression,particularly in breast cancer.Lactate accumulation in tumors co...An increasing number of studies have focused on depleting lactate and modulating the tumor’s lactic microenvironment to interfere with tumor progression,particularly in breast cancer.Lactate accumulation in tumors contributes to a highly acidic microenvironment that promotes cancer cell survival and resistance to therapies.However,existing lactate depletion agents,primarily enzymes and macromolecules,fall short of clinical applications due to poor stability and their ability to only perform solitary lactate depletion without interfering with the transport process.Consequently,the development of stable molecules that deplete lactate and interfere with lactate transport is critically needed.Therefore,in this study,chlorin e6(Ce6)-gadolinium chloride(GdCl_(3))-flavin adenine dinucleotide(FAD)/tamoxifen(TAM)molecular chelates were prepared.The chelates fully interfered with lactate transport,depleted lactate in the tumor microenvironment,mitigated photodynamic therapy resistance,and realized synergistic photodynamic-hormonal therapy.FAD has promising capabilities in regulating lactate levels and mitigating acidic microenvironments.However,a strategy for depleting lactate by chelating the coenzyme FAD to form nanoparticles has not yet been reported.Tamoxifen disrupts tumor development and interferes with lactate transport by binding to estrogen receptor and inhibiting the expression of monocarboxylate transporter.In addition,coupling with Gd^(3+)increased the solubility of Ce6,thereby improving the photodynamic therapy effectiveness.This innovative strategy improves therapeutic efficacy and offers a promising approach for breast cancer treatment.展开更多
Objectives:Triphenylphosphine(TPP)and Doxorubicin(DOX)were conjugated to obtain Triphenylphosphine-Doxorubicin(TPP-DOX),which was applied in tumor cells for enhancement of DOX in mitochondria targeting.The study focus...Objectives:Triphenylphosphine(TPP)and Doxorubicin(DOX)were conjugated to obtain Triphenylphosphine-Doxorubicin(TPP-DOX),which was applied in tumor cells for enhancement of DOX in mitochondria targeting.The study focused on investigating the anti-tumor effect of TPP-DOX in combination with radiotherapy throughout in vitro and in vivo studies.Methods:TPP-DOX was synthesized using the carbodiimide method.In vitro experiments were conducted with 4T1 cells(mouse breast cancer cell line)to assess apoptosis induction,mitochondrial targeting,reactive oxygen species(ROS)production,and mitochondrial membrane potential.The research evaluates the effects of TPP-DOX,DOX,and their combinations with radiotherapy.A nude mouse tumor heterograft model was established to investigate the synergistic effect of TPP-DOX and radiotherapy.Results:TPP-DOX was successfully synthesized and scrupulously verified.In vitro experiments showed that compared to DOX,TPP-DOX exhibited enhanced tumor cytotoxicity,improved cellular uptake in 4T1 cells,and increased apoptosis induction.Combined with radiotherapy,TPP-DOX promoted mitochondrial ROS production,reduced mitochondrial membrane potential,and amplified its anti-tumor effect.In vivo experiment confirmed that TPP-DOX combined with radiotherapy exhibited superior anti-tumor activity,promoted tumor tissue apoptosis,inhibited tumor angiogenesis,and showed a favorable in vivo safety profile.Conclusion:The study confirmed that when combined with radiotherapy,TPP-DOX promoted tumor cell apoptosis,and effectively enhanced the anti-tumor effect.In sensitive cells,TPP-DOX demonstrates comparable efficacy to DOX when combined with radiotherapy.TPP-DOX holds significant potential for a broader spectrum of applications and emerges as a valuable candidate for clinical application.These findings provide a promising and efficient therapeutic strategy for tumor treatment with improved efficacy and safety.展开更多
We demonstrate the feasibility of performing a systematic screen for human gene functions in Drosophila by assaying for their ability to induce overexpression phenotypes. Over 1 500 transgenic fly lines corresponding ...We demonstrate the feasibility of performing a systematic screen for human gene functions in Drosophila by assaying for their ability to induce overexpression phenotypes. Over 1 500 transgenic fly lines corresponding to 236 human genes have been established. In all, 51 lines are capable of eliciting a phenotype suggesting that the human genes are functional. These heterologous genes are functionally relevant as we have found a similar mutant phenotype caused either by a dominant negative mutant form of the human ribosomal protein L8 gene or by RNAi downregulation of the Drosophila RPL8. Significantly, the Drosophila RPL8 mutant can be rescued by wild-type human RPL8. We also provide genetic evidence that Drosophila RPL8 is a new member of the insulin signaling pathway. In summary, the functions of many human genes appear to be highly conserved, and the ability to identify them in Drosophila represents a powerful genetic tool for large-scale analysis of human transcripts in vivo.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the relationship between growth patterns and mandibular posterior tooth-alveolar bone complex morphology in a Chinese population with normal occlusion.Methods:Forty-five patients with normal o...Objective:To investigate the relationship between growth patterns and mandibular posterior tooth-alveolar bone complex morphology in a Chinese population with normal occlusion.Methods:Forty-five patients with normal occlusion(23 males,22 females) were included in this study.Among these patients,20 displayed the vertical growth pattern,and 20 had the horizontal growth pattern,while the remaining patients displayed the average growth pattern.All of the patients underwent dental cone beam computed tomography(CBCT),which included the region of the mandibular posterior teeth and the alveolar.A linear regression analysis and a correlation analysis between the facial height index(FHI) and the alveolar bone morphology were performed.Results:The inclination of the molars,the thickness of the cortical bone,and the height of the mandibular bone differed significantly between patients with the horizontal growth pattern and those with the vertical growth pattern(P<0.05).Significant positive correlations were found between:the FHI and the inclination of the molars;the FHI and the thickness of the cortical bone;and the FHI and the height of the mandibular bone.Conclusions:The mandibular posterior tooth-alveolar bone complex morphology may be affected by growth patterns.展开更多
Fault prognosis is mainly referred to the estimation of the operating time before a failure occurs,which is vital for ensuring the stability,safety and long lifetime of degrading industrial systems.According to the re...Fault prognosis is mainly referred to the estimation of the operating time before a failure occurs,which is vital for ensuring the stability,safety and long lifetime of degrading industrial systems.According to the results of fault prognosis,the maintenance strategy for underlying industrial systems can realize the conversion from passive maintenance to active maintenance.With the increased complexity and the improved automation level of industrial systems,fault prognosis techniques have become more and more indispensable.Particularly,the datadriven based prognosis approaches,which tend to find the hidden fault factors and determine the specific fault occurrence time of the system by analysing historical or real-time measurement data,gain great attention from different industrial sectors.In this context,the major task of this paper is to present a systematic overview of data-driven fault prognosis for industrial systems.Firstly,the characteristics of different prognosis methods are revealed with the data-based ones being highlighted.Moreover,based on the different data characteristics that exist in industrial systems,the corresponding fault prognosis methodologies are illustrated,with emphasis on analyses and comparisons of different prognosis methods.Finally,we reveal the current research trends and look forward to the future challenges in this field.This review is expected to serve as a tutorial and source of references for fault prognosis researchers.展开更多
AIM: To study the characteristics of mismatch repair gene mutation of Chinese hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) and hMLH1 gene promoter methylation, and to improve the screening strategy and explore t...AIM: To study the characteristics of mismatch repair gene mutation of Chinese hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) and hMLH1 gene promoter methylation, and to improve the screening strategy and explore the pertinent test methods. METHODS: A systematic analysis of 30 probands from HNPCC families in the north of China was performed by immunohistochemistry, microsatellite instability (MSI), gene mutation and methylation detection. RESULTS: High frequency microsatellite instability occurred in 25 probands (83.3%) of HNPCC family. Loss of hMLH1 and hMSH2 protein expression accounted for 88% of all microsatellite instability. Pathogenic muta-tion occurred in 14 samples and 3 novel mutational sites were discovered. Deletion of exons 1-6, 1-7 and 8 of hMSH2 was detected in 3 samples and no large fragment deletion was found in hMLH1. Of the 30 probands, hMLH1 gene promoter methylation occurred in 3 probands. The rate of gene micromutation detection combined with large fragment deletion detection was 46.7%-56.7%. The rate of the two methods in combination with methylation detection was 63.3%. CONCLUSION: Scientific and rational detection strategy can improve the detection rate of HNPCC. Based on traditional molecular genetics and combined with epigenetics, multiple detection methods can accurately diagnose HNPCC.展开更多
BACKGROUND Although endoscopic sphincterotomy(EST)has a positive therapeutic effect on biliary-type sphincter of Oddi dysfunction(SOD),some patients still have little relief after EST,which implies that other function...BACKGROUND Although endoscopic sphincterotomy(EST)has a positive therapeutic effect on biliary-type sphincter of Oddi dysfunction(SOD),some patients still have little relief after EST,which implies that other functional abdominal pain may also be present with biliary-type SOD and interfere with the diagnosis and treatment of it.AIM To retrospectively assess EST as a treatment for biliary-type SOD and analyze the importance of functional gastrointestinal disorder(FGID)in guiding endoscopic treatment of SOD.METHODS Clinical data of 79 patients with biliary-type SOD(type I and type II)treated with EST at Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University from January 2014 to January 2019 were retrospectively collected to evaluate the clinical therapeutic effect of EST.The significance of relationship between FGID and biliary-type SOD was analyzed.RESULTS Seventy-nine patients with biliary-type SOD received EST,including 29 type 1 patients and 50 type 2 patients.The verbal rating scale-5(VRS-5)scores before EST were all 3 or 4 points,and the scores decreased after EST;the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).After EST,the serum indexes of alanine aminotransferase,aspartate aminotransferase,alkaline phosphatase and total bilirubin in biliary-type SOD were significantly lower than before(P<0.05).After EST,67(84.8%)and 8(10.1%)of the 79 patients with biliary-type SOD had obviously effective(VRS-5=0 points)and effective treatment(VRS-5=1-2 points),with an overall effectiveness rate of 94.9%(75/79).There was no difference in VRS-5 scores between biliary-type SOD patients with or without FGID before EST(P>0.05).Of 12 biliary-type SOD(with FGID)patients,11 had abdominal pain after EST;of 67 biliary-type SOD(without FGID)patients,0 had abdominal pain after EST.The difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).The 11 biliary-type SOD(with FGID)patients with recurrence of symptoms,the recurrence time was about half a year after the EST,and the symptoms were significantly relieved after regular medical treatment.There were 4 cases of postendoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis(5.1%),and no cholangitis,bleeding or perforation occurred.Patients were followed up for 1 year to 5 years after EST,with an average follow-up time of 2.34 years,and there were no long-term adverse events such as sphincter of Oddi restenosis or cholangitis caused by intestinal bile reflux during the follow-up.CONCLUSION EST is a safe and effective treatment for SOD.For patients with type I and II SOD combined with FGID,single EST or medical treatment has limited efficacy.It is recommended that EST and medicine be combined to improve the cure rate of such patients.展开更多
In order to amplify the complete genome of enJSRV from the strain of Inner Mongolia (enJSRV-NM), we used enJSRV-specific and JSRV-specific DNA probes in dot blot hybridization. Seven pairs of primers were designed bas...In order to amplify the complete genome of enJSRV from the strain of Inner Mongolia (enJSRV-NM), we used enJSRV-specific and JSRV-specific DNA probes in dot blot hybridization. Seven pairs of primers were designed based on Genbank sequences. Seven fragments were obtained by PCR and were cloned into the PMD19-T vectors. The recombinant plasmids were sequenced and analyzed. The results showed that the genome was 7 942 bp in length and contained four overlapping open reading frames corresponding to the gag, pro, pol and env genes as well as an additional open reading frame (orf-x) that overlaps the 3' end of the pol gene. The nucleotide acid sequences of the enJSRV-NM loci were compared with the sequences of South Africa enJS56A1 strain (Accession No. AF153615) and USA JSRV21 strain (Accession No. AF105220). The nucleotide acid identities were 99.2% and 92.3% respectively. Two zinc fingers were found in the NC region in the predicted amino acid sequence. However, the YXXM motif, which is a reliable molecular marker for the infectious exogenous virus, was not found in the TM region. It was found that the enJSRV-NM region was 90%-98% identical at the amino acid level to its exogenous infectious counterparts in most of the retroviral genome. This is the first nucleotide sequence of enJSRV reported in P.R China. The resource work has provided a wide range of information useful not only for expression genomics and annotation of genomic DNA sequence, but also for further research on the clinical diagnosis of OPA.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82373206)Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No LHDMZ24H300002National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2022YFE0107800,2023YFA1008603).
文摘An increasing number of studies have focused on depleting lactate and modulating the tumor’s lactic microenvironment to interfere with tumor progression,particularly in breast cancer.Lactate accumulation in tumors contributes to a highly acidic microenvironment that promotes cancer cell survival and resistance to therapies.However,existing lactate depletion agents,primarily enzymes and macromolecules,fall short of clinical applications due to poor stability and their ability to only perform solitary lactate depletion without interfering with the transport process.Consequently,the development of stable molecules that deplete lactate and interfere with lactate transport is critically needed.Therefore,in this study,chlorin e6(Ce6)-gadolinium chloride(GdCl_(3))-flavin adenine dinucleotide(FAD)/tamoxifen(TAM)molecular chelates were prepared.The chelates fully interfered with lactate transport,depleted lactate in the tumor microenvironment,mitigated photodynamic therapy resistance,and realized synergistic photodynamic-hormonal therapy.FAD has promising capabilities in regulating lactate levels and mitigating acidic microenvironments.However,a strategy for depleting lactate by chelating the coenzyme FAD to form nanoparticles has not yet been reported.Tamoxifen disrupts tumor development and interferes with lactate transport by binding to estrogen receptor and inhibiting the expression of monocarboxylate transporter.In addition,coupling with Gd^(3+)increased the solubility of Ce6,thereby improving the photodynamic therapy effectiveness.This innovative strategy improves therapeutic efficacy and offers a promising approach for breast cancer treatment.
基金supported by the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(LY24H300001)the Medical and Health Research Project of Zhejiang Province(KY202302130009)National Health Service Research Project(WKZX2024CX501205).
文摘Objectives:Triphenylphosphine(TPP)and Doxorubicin(DOX)were conjugated to obtain Triphenylphosphine-Doxorubicin(TPP-DOX),which was applied in tumor cells for enhancement of DOX in mitochondria targeting.The study focused on investigating the anti-tumor effect of TPP-DOX in combination with radiotherapy throughout in vitro and in vivo studies.Methods:TPP-DOX was synthesized using the carbodiimide method.In vitro experiments were conducted with 4T1 cells(mouse breast cancer cell line)to assess apoptosis induction,mitochondrial targeting,reactive oxygen species(ROS)production,and mitochondrial membrane potential.The research evaluates the effects of TPP-DOX,DOX,and their combinations with radiotherapy.A nude mouse tumor heterograft model was established to investigate the synergistic effect of TPP-DOX and radiotherapy.Results:TPP-DOX was successfully synthesized and scrupulously verified.In vitro experiments showed that compared to DOX,TPP-DOX exhibited enhanced tumor cytotoxicity,improved cellular uptake in 4T1 cells,and increased apoptosis induction.Combined with radiotherapy,TPP-DOX promoted mitochondrial ROS production,reduced mitochondrial membrane potential,and amplified its anti-tumor effect.In vivo experiment confirmed that TPP-DOX combined with radiotherapy exhibited superior anti-tumor activity,promoted tumor tissue apoptosis,inhibited tumor angiogenesis,and showed a favorable in vivo safety profile.Conclusion:The study confirmed that when combined with radiotherapy,TPP-DOX promoted tumor cell apoptosis,and effectively enhanced the anti-tumor effect.In sensitive cells,TPP-DOX demonstrates comparable efficacy to DOX when combined with radiotherapy.TPP-DOX holds significant potential for a broader spectrum of applications and emerges as a valuable candidate for clinical application.These findings provide a promising and efficient therapeutic strategy for tumor treatment with improved efficacy and safety.
基金We are grateful to Xizhi Ma, Junnian Zhou, Tianhong Xu, Xu Liu, Xu Ding, Yang Liu, Ying Peng, Congwu Chi, Yiying Shang, Mingyao Ying, Sheng Ding, Lei Sun, Lei Tian, Huanhu Zhu, Hua Huang, Hongmei Li, and Xiaomo Wu for cDNA constructs and partial transgenic work, and Lihui Zhou （East China University of Science and Technology, China） for scanning electron microscopy. We thank Duc Nguyen （Yale University, USA） for critical reading and editing of this manuscript. This work is supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant Nos. 30030080, 39970408 and 30470840）, National Basic Research Program of China （973） （Grant No. 2006CB806700）.
文摘We demonstrate the feasibility of performing a systematic screen for human gene functions in Drosophila by assaying for their ability to induce overexpression phenotypes. Over 1 500 transgenic fly lines corresponding to 236 human genes have been established. In all, 51 lines are capable of eliciting a phenotype suggesting that the human genes are functional. These heterologous genes are functionally relevant as we have found a similar mutant phenotype caused either by a dominant negative mutant form of the human ribosomal protein L8 gene or by RNAi downregulation of the Drosophila RPL8. Significantly, the Drosophila RPL8 mutant can be rescued by wild-type human RPL8. We also provide genetic evidence that Drosophila RPL8 is a new member of the insulin signaling pathway. In summary, the functions of many human genes appear to be highly conserved, and the ability to identify them in Drosophila represents a powerful genetic tool for large-scale analysis of human transcripts in vivo.
基金Project supported by the Shandong Science and Technology Planning Project (Nos.2010G0020232,2010HM053,and 2010GSF10269)the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation (No.ZR2012HM087)+1 种基金the Jinan Science and Technology Planning Project(No.JN201202042)the Shandong University Project(Nos.2011JC009 and 2012JC031),China
文摘Objective:To investigate the relationship between growth patterns and mandibular posterior tooth-alveolar bone complex morphology in a Chinese population with normal occlusion.Methods:Forty-five patients with normal occlusion(23 males,22 females) were included in this study.Among these patients,20 displayed the vertical growth pattern,and 20 had the horizontal growth pattern,while the remaining patients displayed the average growth pattern.All of the patients underwent dental cone beam computed tomography(CBCT),which included the region of the mandibular posterior teeth and the alveolar.A linear regression analysis and a correlation analysis between the facial height index(FHI) and the alveolar bone morphology were performed.Results:The inclination of the molars,the thickness of the cortical bone,and the height of the mandibular bone differed significantly between patients with the horizontal growth pattern and those with the vertical growth pattern(P<0.05).Significant positive correlations were found between:the FHI and the inclination of the molars;the FHI and the thickness of the cortical bone;and the FHI and the height of the mandibular bone.Conclusions:The mandibular posterior tooth-alveolar bone complex morphology may be affected by growth patterns.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61773087)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFB1601500)High-tech Ship Research Project of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology-Research of Intelligent Ship Testing and Verifacation([2018]473)
文摘Fault prognosis is mainly referred to the estimation of the operating time before a failure occurs,which is vital for ensuring the stability,safety and long lifetime of degrading industrial systems.According to the results of fault prognosis,the maintenance strategy for underlying industrial systems can realize the conversion from passive maintenance to active maintenance.With the increased complexity and the improved automation level of industrial systems,fault prognosis techniques have become more and more indispensable.Particularly,the datadriven based prognosis approaches,which tend to find the hidden fault factors and determine the specific fault occurrence time of the system by analysing historical or real-time measurement data,gain great attention from different industrial sectors.In this context,the major task of this paper is to present a systematic overview of data-driven fault prognosis for industrial systems.Firstly,the characteristics of different prognosis methods are revealed with the data-based ones being highlighted.Moreover,based on the different data characteristics that exist in industrial systems,the corresponding fault prognosis methodologies are illustrated,with emphasis on analyses and comparisons of different prognosis methods.Finally,we reveal the current research trends and look forward to the future challenges in this field.This review is expected to serve as a tutorial and source of references for fault prognosis researchers.
基金Supported by Beijing Natural Science Foundation, No. 7062064
文摘AIM: To study the characteristics of mismatch repair gene mutation of Chinese hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) and hMLH1 gene promoter methylation, and to improve the screening strategy and explore the pertinent test methods. METHODS: A systematic analysis of 30 probands from HNPCC families in the north of China was performed by immunohistochemistry, microsatellite instability (MSI), gene mutation and methylation detection. RESULTS: High frequency microsatellite instability occurred in 25 probands (83.3%) of HNPCC family. Loss of hMLH1 and hMSH2 protein expression accounted for 88% of all microsatellite instability. Pathogenic muta-tion occurred in 14 samples and 3 novel mutational sites were discovered. Deletion of exons 1-6, 1-7 and 8 of hMSH2 was detected in 3 samples and no large fragment deletion was found in hMLH1. Of the 30 probands, hMLH1 gene promoter methylation occurred in 3 probands. The rate of gene micromutation detection combined with large fragment deletion detection was 46.7%-56.7%. The rate of the two methods in combination with methylation detection was 63.3%. CONCLUSION: Scientific and rational detection strategy can improve the detection rate of HNPCC. Based on traditional molecular genetics and combined with epigenetics, multiple detection methods can accurately diagnose HNPCC.
文摘BACKGROUND Although endoscopic sphincterotomy(EST)has a positive therapeutic effect on biliary-type sphincter of Oddi dysfunction(SOD),some patients still have little relief after EST,which implies that other functional abdominal pain may also be present with biliary-type SOD and interfere with the diagnosis and treatment of it.AIM To retrospectively assess EST as a treatment for biliary-type SOD and analyze the importance of functional gastrointestinal disorder(FGID)in guiding endoscopic treatment of SOD.METHODS Clinical data of 79 patients with biliary-type SOD(type I and type II)treated with EST at Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University from January 2014 to January 2019 were retrospectively collected to evaluate the clinical therapeutic effect of EST.The significance of relationship between FGID and biliary-type SOD was analyzed.RESULTS Seventy-nine patients with biliary-type SOD received EST,including 29 type 1 patients and 50 type 2 patients.The verbal rating scale-5(VRS-5)scores before EST were all 3 or 4 points,and the scores decreased after EST;the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).After EST,the serum indexes of alanine aminotransferase,aspartate aminotransferase,alkaline phosphatase and total bilirubin in biliary-type SOD were significantly lower than before(P<0.05).After EST,67(84.8%)and 8(10.1%)of the 79 patients with biliary-type SOD had obviously effective(VRS-5=0 points)and effective treatment(VRS-5=1-2 points),with an overall effectiveness rate of 94.9%(75/79).There was no difference in VRS-5 scores between biliary-type SOD patients with or without FGID before EST(P>0.05).Of 12 biliary-type SOD(with FGID)patients,11 had abdominal pain after EST;of 67 biliary-type SOD(without FGID)patients,0 had abdominal pain after EST.The difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).The 11 biliary-type SOD(with FGID)patients with recurrence of symptoms,the recurrence time was about half a year after the EST,and the symptoms were significantly relieved after regular medical treatment.There were 4 cases of postendoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis(5.1%),and no cholangitis,bleeding or perforation occurred.Patients were followed up for 1 year to 5 years after EST,with an average follow-up time of 2.34 years,and there were no long-term adverse events such as sphincter of Oddi restenosis or cholangitis caused by intestinal bile reflux during the follow-up.CONCLUSION EST is a safe and effective treatment for SOD.For patients with type I and II SOD combined with FGID,single EST or medical treatment has limited efficacy.It is recommended that EST and medicine be combined to improve the cure rate of such patients.
基金National Natural Science Foundation ofChina (Grant No. 30560108)
文摘In order to amplify the complete genome of enJSRV from the strain of Inner Mongolia (enJSRV-NM), we used enJSRV-specific and JSRV-specific DNA probes in dot blot hybridization. Seven pairs of primers were designed based on Genbank sequences. Seven fragments were obtained by PCR and were cloned into the PMD19-T vectors. The recombinant plasmids were sequenced and analyzed. The results showed that the genome was 7 942 bp in length and contained four overlapping open reading frames corresponding to the gag, pro, pol and env genes as well as an additional open reading frame (orf-x) that overlaps the 3' end of the pol gene. The nucleotide acid sequences of the enJSRV-NM loci were compared with the sequences of South Africa enJS56A1 strain (Accession No. AF153615) and USA JSRV21 strain (Accession No. AF105220). The nucleotide acid identities were 99.2% and 92.3% respectively. Two zinc fingers were found in the NC region in the predicted amino acid sequence. However, the YXXM motif, which is a reliable molecular marker for the infectious exogenous virus, was not found in the TM region. It was found that the enJSRV-NM region was 90%-98% identical at the amino acid level to its exogenous infectious counterparts in most of the retroviral genome. This is the first nucleotide sequence of enJSRV reported in P.R China. The resource work has provided a wide range of information useful not only for expression genomics and annotation of genomic DNA sequence, but also for further research on the clinical diagnosis of OPA.
