Cow being the national animal of Nepal has special place in the society.Religious institutions have since prehistoric time reared and cared for cattle herds and the tradition still continues.The Bageshwori Gaushala(co...Cow being the national animal of Nepal has special place in the society.Religious institutions have since prehistoric time reared and cared for cattle herds and the tradition still continues.The Bageshwori Gaushala(cow shelter),initiated by the Hindu Rastraguru Yogi Narhaharinath in mid-1990s is one of the largest of such nucleus indigenous cattle herds in Nepal.Indigenous cattle conservation strategy of Nepal has recognized the importance of this nucleus herd,kept by grazing in the surrounding forest.Ethnoveterinary approaches of managing the herd health is in practice and vaccination was never done.Occasional outbreak did happen in past but overall the herd never suffered severe impact.In April 2018,an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease(FMD)occurred at Bageshwori,Gaushala,Devghat,Bharatpur Metropolitan-1,Chitwan district of Nepal.In the bovine herd studied,80(53.33%)out of 150 affected animals presented characteristics FMD symptoms as vesicular lesions,drooling salivation,foot lameness,high fever and weakness.Following prompt supportive treatment,the condition improved.The complete recovery of infected herd was observed after 45 d.Laboratory analysis showed the presence of Aphthovirus serotype O in the clinical sample.The present study attempts to provide fresh insights into the recent FMD outbreak,clinical signs,their effective treatment protocol and preventive measures that must be practiced following FMD outbreak.展开更多
Feedstuffs derived from canola,predominantly canola meals plus whole,"full-fat"canola seed,and even canola protein isolates and/or concentrates,have the potential to decrease soybean meal inclusions in diets...Feedstuffs derived from canola,predominantly canola meals plus whole,"full-fat"canola seed,and even canola protein isolates and/or concentrates,have the potential to decrease soybean meal inclusions in diets for broiler chickens.The protein content of soybean meal exceeds that of canola meal;however,canola meal contains more methionine and cysteine in absolute and relative terms.The purpose of this review is to explore this potential as Australian chicken-meat production is uniquely positioned to take advantage of this opportunity to the extent that it can be realised.Australia harvests ample quantities of canola,the bulk of which is exported as seed;alternatively,soybean production is very limited;therefore,large quantities of soybean meal are imported as the principal source of dietary protein for broiler chickens.This importation of soybean meal is not sustainable;however,canola meal inclusions in broiler diets do not usually exceed 100 g/kg.Regression equations derived from 15 recent studies indicate that dietary inclusions of 150 g/kg solvent-extracted canola meal would compromise weight gain by 4.04%and feed conversion ratio (FCR) by 4.72%.The foremost factors driving these depressions in canola meal are probably (1) high fibre contents coupled with low energy densities and (2) the presence of glucosinolates,which may be converted into toxic metabolites including thiocyanates.Moreover,regression equations from nine studies suggest that calculated dietary glucosinolate concentrations of 2.00μmol/g would compromise weight gain by 5.72%and FCR by 6.56%.The nutritive value of canola meal could be enhanced by improvements in canola breeding programs,processing methods in canola meal production,and dietary formulations including judicious application of exogenous enzymes.Consideration is given to these aspects in this review as any improvements would increase the extent to which canola meal can feasibly replace soybean meal in broiler diets.An additional pathway to decrease the reliance on soybean meal could be the adoption of reduced-crude protein (CP) diets containing canola meal.The combined strategy of canola meal replacing soybean meal in reduced-CP diets,if successful,would tangibly decrease soybean meal requirements in global chicken-meat production.展开更多
Replacing soybean meal(SBM)in broiler diets with only other plant-based protein-rich ingredients or only non-bound amino acids(NBAA)may compromise growth performance in broiler chickens.However,combining both to repla...Replacing soybean meal(SBM)in broiler diets with only other plant-based protein-rich ingredients or only non-bound amino acids(NBAA)may compromise growth performance in broiler chickens.However,combining both to replace SBM may be feasible while maintaining broiler performance.A 3×2 full factorial designed experiment was conducted to include three levels of SBM inclusions(conventional,medium,and low/nil)and with supplementation of field peas or not(50,80,100,and 120 g/kg in the starter,grower,finisher,and withdrawal phases,respectively).The variation of SBM inclusions in the diets led to changes in NBAA inclusions and total dietary crude protein.Each diet was offered to 10 replicates of 5 birds per bioassay cage,totaling 300 straight-run,Ross 308 broilers,from 0 to 42 days post-hatch.From 0 to 10 days post-hatch,medium inclusion of SBM reduced feed conversion ratio(FCR)compared to conventional SBM inclusions(1.171 versus 1.129,P=0.044).From 0 to 24 days post-hatch,pea inclusions improved the body weight gain by 2.08%(1371 versus 1343 g/bird;P=0.038)and reduced FCR from 1.297 to 1.276(P<0.001)regardless of dietary SBM inclusion levels.Similarly,from 0 to 35 days post-hatch,pea inclusion increased body weight gain from 2632 to 2731 g/bird(P=0.001)and reduced FCR from 1.405 to 1.369(P<0.001).Overall from 0 to 42 days,field peas inclusion improved body weight gain by 2.87%(3421 versus 3519 g/bird,P=0.025),and reduced FCR by 3.1 points(1.518 versus 1.487,P=0.024)regardless of SBM inclusion levels from 0 to 42 days post-hatch.Dietary treatment did not influence carcass yield and energy utilisation(P>0.05).From 27 to 29 days,broiler chickens offered diets containing the standard SBM inclusion generated the lowest total tract nitrogen retention regardless of pea inclusion rates(P=0.001).Reducing SBM inclusions,which corresponded with a reduction in dietary crude protein,increased apparent distal jejunal and ileal protein(N)digestibility coefficients(P<0.05)and total tract nitrogen retention(P=0.001),regardless of field pea inclusion.Diets containing the least SBM had increased apparent distal ileal digestibility coefficients of valine,glycine and proline(7.07%)compared to the conventional diets(P<0.05).In conclusion,replacing SBM with 5%-12%field peas and NBAAs in wheat-based broiler diets to achieve a 20 g/kg dietary CP reduction did not compromise growth performance in broiler chickens.The mechanism by which peas enhanced growth performance is unclear,as the inclusion of peas in the present study did not alter the starch digestion rate.展开更多
文摘Cow being the national animal of Nepal has special place in the society.Religious institutions have since prehistoric time reared and cared for cattle herds and the tradition still continues.The Bageshwori Gaushala(cow shelter),initiated by the Hindu Rastraguru Yogi Narhaharinath in mid-1990s is one of the largest of such nucleus indigenous cattle herds in Nepal.Indigenous cattle conservation strategy of Nepal has recognized the importance of this nucleus herd,kept by grazing in the surrounding forest.Ethnoveterinary approaches of managing the herd health is in practice and vaccination was never done.Occasional outbreak did happen in past but overall the herd never suffered severe impact.In April 2018,an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease(FMD)occurred at Bageshwori,Gaushala,Devghat,Bharatpur Metropolitan-1,Chitwan district of Nepal.In the bovine herd studied,80(53.33%)out of 150 affected animals presented characteristics FMD symptoms as vesicular lesions,drooling salivation,foot lameness,high fever and weakness.Following prompt supportive treatment,the condition improved.The complete recovery of infected herd was observed after 45 d.Laboratory analysis showed the presence of Aphthovirus serotype O in the clinical sample.The present study attempts to provide fresh insights into the recent FMD outbreak,clinical signs,their effective treatment protocol and preventive measures that must be practiced following FMD outbreak.
基金supported by the AgriFutures Chicken Meat Consortium-Nutrition,Gut Health and Environment project (PRO-016111) which is funded and supported by the AgriFutures Chicken Meat Program with its associated levy payers,five research providers,seven industry partners and nine international universities
文摘Feedstuffs derived from canola,predominantly canola meals plus whole,"full-fat"canola seed,and even canola protein isolates and/or concentrates,have the potential to decrease soybean meal inclusions in diets for broiler chickens.The protein content of soybean meal exceeds that of canola meal;however,canola meal contains more methionine and cysteine in absolute and relative terms.The purpose of this review is to explore this potential as Australian chicken-meat production is uniquely positioned to take advantage of this opportunity to the extent that it can be realised.Australia harvests ample quantities of canola,the bulk of which is exported as seed;alternatively,soybean production is very limited;therefore,large quantities of soybean meal are imported as the principal source of dietary protein for broiler chickens.This importation of soybean meal is not sustainable;however,canola meal inclusions in broiler diets do not usually exceed 100 g/kg.Regression equations derived from 15 recent studies indicate that dietary inclusions of 150 g/kg solvent-extracted canola meal would compromise weight gain by 4.04%and feed conversion ratio (FCR) by 4.72%.The foremost factors driving these depressions in canola meal are probably (1) high fibre contents coupled with low energy densities and (2) the presence of glucosinolates,which may be converted into toxic metabolites including thiocyanates.Moreover,regression equations from nine studies suggest that calculated dietary glucosinolate concentrations of 2.00μmol/g would compromise weight gain by 5.72%and FCR by 6.56%.The nutritive value of canola meal could be enhanced by improvements in canola breeding programs,processing methods in canola meal production,and dietary formulations including judicious application of exogenous enzymes.Consideration is given to these aspects in this review as any improvements would increase the extent to which canola meal can feasibly replace soybean meal in broiler diets.An additional pathway to decrease the reliance on soybean meal could be the adoption of reduced-crude protein (CP) diets containing canola meal.The combined strategy of canola meal replacing soybean meal in reduced-CP diets,if successful,would tangibly decrease soybean meal requirements in global chicken-meat production.
基金part of the Agri Futures Chicken Meat Consortium – Nutrition, Gut Health and Environment project (PRO016111) with the Agri Futures Chicken Meat ProgramThe University of Queensland+12 种基金The University of SydneyCentral Queensland Universityepartment of Agriculture and Fisheries QueenslandMassey UniversityAviagendsm-firmenichLuctaEurolysine (formally Metex Noovistago)LallemandPoultry Research FoundationWorld Poultry Science Association New Zealand Branchthe stipend scholarship provided by the Chicken Meat Consortiumthe Research Tuition Fee Scholarship provided by the Faculty of Science at the University of Sydney
文摘Replacing soybean meal(SBM)in broiler diets with only other plant-based protein-rich ingredients or only non-bound amino acids(NBAA)may compromise growth performance in broiler chickens.However,combining both to replace SBM may be feasible while maintaining broiler performance.A 3×2 full factorial designed experiment was conducted to include three levels of SBM inclusions(conventional,medium,and low/nil)and with supplementation of field peas or not(50,80,100,and 120 g/kg in the starter,grower,finisher,and withdrawal phases,respectively).The variation of SBM inclusions in the diets led to changes in NBAA inclusions and total dietary crude protein.Each diet was offered to 10 replicates of 5 birds per bioassay cage,totaling 300 straight-run,Ross 308 broilers,from 0 to 42 days post-hatch.From 0 to 10 days post-hatch,medium inclusion of SBM reduced feed conversion ratio(FCR)compared to conventional SBM inclusions(1.171 versus 1.129,P=0.044).From 0 to 24 days post-hatch,pea inclusions improved the body weight gain by 2.08%(1371 versus 1343 g/bird;P=0.038)and reduced FCR from 1.297 to 1.276(P<0.001)regardless of dietary SBM inclusion levels.Similarly,from 0 to 35 days post-hatch,pea inclusion increased body weight gain from 2632 to 2731 g/bird(P=0.001)and reduced FCR from 1.405 to 1.369(P<0.001).Overall from 0 to 42 days,field peas inclusion improved body weight gain by 2.87%(3421 versus 3519 g/bird,P=0.025),and reduced FCR by 3.1 points(1.518 versus 1.487,P=0.024)regardless of SBM inclusion levels from 0 to 42 days post-hatch.Dietary treatment did not influence carcass yield and energy utilisation(P>0.05).From 27 to 29 days,broiler chickens offered diets containing the standard SBM inclusion generated the lowest total tract nitrogen retention regardless of pea inclusion rates(P=0.001).Reducing SBM inclusions,which corresponded with a reduction in dietary crude protein,increased apparent distal jejunal and ileal protein(N)digestibility coefficients(P<0.05)and total tract nitrogen retention(P=0.001),regardless of field pea inclusion.Diets containing the least SBM had increased apparent distal ileal digestibility coefficients of valine,glycine and proline(7.07%)compared to the conventional diets(P<0.05).In conclusion,replacing SBM with 5%-12%field peas and NBAAs in wheat-based broiler diets to achieve a 20 g/kg dietary CP reduction did not compromise growth performance in broiler chickens.The mechanism by which peas enhanced growth performance is unclear,as the inclusion of peas in the present study did not alter the starch digestion rate.
