中外语法学家对“Too…To…”结构做了大量研究。他们根据各自的理解对此结构进行了不同的语法解释。本文作者提供一种新的解释,将形容词分为四种:程度形容词、情感形容词、品质形容词和动态形容词,同时认为“Too”有两个意义:1.in a hi...中外语法学家对“Too…To…”结构做了大量研究。他们根据各自的理解对此结构进行了不同的语法解释。本文作者提供一种新的解释,将形容词分为四种:程度形容词、情感形容词、品质形容词和动态形容词,同时认为“Too”有两个意义:1.in a higher degree than is allowable,required,etc.2.very or extremely.第一意义的“too”只与程度形容词搭配使用,使这一结构中的不定式的意义变成否定。第二意义的“too”可与情感形容词、品质形容词或动态形容词搭配使用,这一结构中的不定式的意义为肯定意义。展开更多
Commercial buildings,in particular grocery stores(due mainly to their large refrigeration load),provide opportunities for energy cost reductions.Grocery stores could offer substantial load flexibility to the power gri...Commercial buildings,in particular grocery stores(due mainly to their large refrigeration load),provide opportunities for energy cost reductions.Grocery stores could offer substantial load flexibility to the power grid through participation in demand response programs because of their usage patterns and relatively high energy intensity.This load flexibility could come from modifying the control of heating,ventilation,and air conditioning(HVAC)systems,refrigeration systems,or both.Although estimation of the HVAC system’s load flexibility potential is relatively targeted in the literature,estimating load flexibility of refrigeration systems is nascent and has been a challenge,in part because of the lack of proper simulation tools that capture the dynamics in the refrigeration cases.The existing refrigerated case model within EnergyPlus,a whole building energy simulation program,assumes a constant case temperature throughout the simulation period and does not explicitly model the cycling of the compressor serving the refrigerated case.In addition,it does not encompass modeling of temperatures of the product inside the refrigerated case.This difference between modeled and actual operation can be a barrier to the development of demand control algorithm and accurate analysis of load flexibility potential.In this paper,we present a grey-box model for modeling refrigerated cases in grocery stores,which include medium temperature and low temperature.Four cases are modeled;two are low-temperature closed cases and two are medium-temperature cases with one closed and one open.Data from an experimental facility are used to train and test the models.Results demonstrate the efficacy of the grey-box models in predicting the temperatures.This model is integrated into EnergyPlus to capture the dynamic effects of case temperature on the environment and enhance the calculation of sensible and latent heat exchange with the environment(case credits).These enhancements can be leveraged more broadly to model advanced refrigeration controls such as defrost,develop and test unique algorithms that could affect refrigeration interactions with HVAC,and refine store design for any commercial building with refrigeration.展开更多
文摘中外语法学家对“Too…To…”结构做了大量研究。他们根据各自的理解对此结构进行了不同的语法解释。本文作者提供一种新的解释,将形容词分为四种:程度形容词、情感形容词、品质形容词和动态形容词,同时认为“Too”有两个意义:1.in a higher degree than is allowable,required,etc.2.very or extremely.第一意义的“too”只与程度形容词搭配使用,使这一结构中的不定式的意义变成否定。第二意义的“too”可与情感形容词、品质形容词或动态形容词搭配使用,这一结构中的不定式的意义为肯定意义。
基金the National Renewable Energy Laboratory for the U.S.Department of Energy(DOE)under contract no.DE-AC36-08GO28308Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Building Technologies Office and in part by Copeland through contract CRD-19-16224.
文摘Commercial buildings,in particular grocery stores(due mainly to their large refrigeration load),provide opportunities for energy cost reductions.Grocery stores could offer substantial load flexibility to the power grid through participation in demand response programs because of their usage patterns and relatively high energy intensity.This load flexibility could come from modifying the control of heating,ventilation,and air conditioning(HVAC)systems,refrigeration systems,or both.Although estimation of the HVAC system’s load flexibility potential is relatively targeted in the literature,estimating load flexibility of refrigeration systems is nascent and has been a challenge,in part because of the lack of proper simulation tools that capture the dynamics in the refrigeration cases.The existing refrigerated case model within EnergyPlus,a whole building energy simulation program,assumes a constant case temperature throughout the simulation period and does not explicitly model the cycling of the compressor serving the refrigerated case.In addition,it does not encompass modeling of temperatures of the product inside the refrigerated case.This difference between modeled and actual operation can be a barrier to the development of demand control algorithm and accurate analysis of load flexibility potential.In this paper,we present a grey-box model for modeling refrigerated cases in grocery stores,which include medium temperature and low temperature.Four cases are modeled;two are low-temperature closed cases and two are medium-temperature cases with one closed and one open.Data from an experimental facility are used to train and test the models.Results demonstrate the efficacy of the grey-box models in predicting the temperatures.This model is integrated into EnergyPlus to capture the dynamic effects of case temperature on the environment and enhance the calculation of sensible and latent heat exchange with the environment(case credits).These enhancements can be leveraged more broadly to model advanced refrigeration controls such as defrost,develop and test unique algorithms that could affect refrigeration interactions with HVAC,and refine store design for any commercial building with refrigeration.
