Deep-well injection is a cost-effective alternative for industrial wastewater disposal, given the appropriate geology. Fouling of injection well tubing by biofilm or scale is common and reduces the effective diameter ...Deep-well injection is a cost-effective alternative for industrial wastewater disposal, given the appropriate geology. Fouling of injection well tubing by biofilm or scale is common and reduces the effective diameter of the pipe, which results in increased wellhead pressure and lower injectivity. A detailed microbiological composition of biofilms and abiotic fingerprints use of mineral scale from an injection well has not been reported before. Therefore, biofilm and mineral scale samples from three depth intervals within a deep injection well (surface zone, D1= 0 - 61 m;intermediate zone, D2 = 62 - 457 m;and above the injection zone, D3 = 458 - 884 m) with recurrent biofilm development were collected to characterize the mineral composition and microbial community DNA. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of the solids confirms the composition of the solids collected was mostly calcium carbonate (CaCO3) with minor contributions from common mineral salts. Microbiological fingerprinting suggests that methanogenic archaea and sulfate-reducing bacteria both of which are anaerobic biofilm producers were the most prevalent members of the prokaryotic community at all sampled depths. Methanosarcinae spp. increased with increasing depths, unlike other archaea. A non-pathogenic biofilm-producing Entamoeba dispar was the most prevalent member of the microbial domain (>30%) in all samples but was highest at the middle depth. The Chao alpha diversity indices for bacteria, viruses, and protozoans were highest at the shallow depth and gradually declined with increasing depth. The prevalent species above the injection zone depth are not barophilic organisms that thrive at high pressures, rather they are sulfate-reducing bacteria involved in anaerobic dissimilatory sulfate metabolism.展开更多
Due to its rapidly rising incidence and high mortality, esophageal adenocarcinoma is a major public health concern, particularly in Western countries. The steps involved in the progression from its predisposing condit...Due to its rapidly rising incidence and high mortality, esophageal adenocarcinoma is a major public health concern, particularly in Western countries. The steps involved in the progression from its predisposing condition, gastroesophageal reflux disease, to its premalignant disorder, Barrett's esophagus, and to cancer, are incompletely understood. Current screening and surveillance methods are limited by the lack of population-wide utility, incomplete sampling of standard biopsies, and subjectivity of evaluation. Advances in endoscopic ablation have raised the hope of effective therapy for eradication of high-risk Barrett's lesions, but improvements are needed in determining when to apply this treatment and how to follow patients clinically. Researchers have evaluated numerous potential molecular biomarkers with the goal of detecting dysplasia, with varying degrees of success. The combination of biomarker panels with epidemiologic risk factors to yield clinical risk scoring systems is promising. New approaches to sample tissue may also be combined with these biomarkers for less invasive screening and sur-veillance. The development of novel endoscopic imaging tools in recent years has the potential to markedly improve detection of small foci of dysplasia in vivo. Current and future efforts will aim to determine the combination of markers and imaging modalities that will most effectively improve the rate of early detection of highrisk lesions in Barrett's esophagus.展开更多
"绩效支付"(Pay for Success)是一种通过绩效合同来实现社会与环境成效的政府采购方式,即允许国家和地方政府与第三方服务提供商合作,按项目成效分期支付合同款,而不是在合同签署之后立即支付全部合同款。一般情况下,只有当..."绩效支付"(Pay for Success)是一种通过绩效合同来实现社会与环境成效的政府采购方式,即允许国家和地方政府与第三方服务提供商合作,按项目成效分期支付合同款,而不是在合同签署之后立即支付全部合同款。一般情况下,只有当项目达到了预期、可量化的生态修复成效后,政府才会向服务提供商或为项目提供资金的投资方付款。通常,这类项目还会聘请独立评估机构对项目成效进行评估。展开更多
文摘Deep-well injection is a cost-effective alternative for industrial wastewater disposal, given the appropriate geology. Fouling of injection well tubing by biofilm or scale is common and reduces the effective diameter of the pipe, which results in increased wellhead pressure and lower injectivity. A detailed microbiological composition of biofilms and abiotic fingerprints use of mineral scale from an injection well has not been reported before. Therefore, biofilm and mineral scale samples from three depth intervals within a deep injection well (surface zone, D1= 0 - 61 m;intermediate zone, D2 = 62 - 457 m;and above the injection zone, D3 = 458 - 884 m) with recurrent biofilm development were collected to characterize the mineral composition and microbial community DNA. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of the solids confirms the composition of the solids collected was mostly calcium carbonate (CaCO3) with minor contributions from common mineral salts. Microbiological fingerprinting suggests that methanogenic archaea and sulfate-reducing bacteria both of which are anaerobic biofilm producers were the most prevalent members of the prokaryotic community at all sampled depths. Methanosarcinae spp. increased with increasing depths, unlike other archaea. A non-pathogenic biofilm-producing Entamoeba dispar was the most prevalent member of the microbial domain (>30%) in all samples but was highest at the middle depth. The Chao alpha diversity indices for bacteria, viruses, and protozoans were highest at the shallow depth and gradually declined with increasing depth. The prevalent species above the injection zone depth are not barophilic organisms that thrive at high pressures, rather they are sulfate-reducing bacteria involved in anaerobic dissimilatory sulfate metabolism.
文摘Due to its rapidly rising incidence and high mortality, esophageal adenocarcinoma is a major public health concern, particularly in Western countries. The steps involved in the progression from its predisposing condition, gastroesophageal reflux disease, to its premalignant disorder, Barrett's esophagus, and to cancer, are incompletely understood. Current screening and surveillance methods are limited by the lack of population-wide utility, incomplete sampling of standard biopsies, and subjectivity of evaluation. Advances in endoscopic ablation have raised the hope of effective therapy for eradication of high-risk Barrett's lesions, but improvements are needed in determining when to apply this treatment and how to follow patients clinically. Researchers have evaluated numerous potential molecular biomarkers with the goal of detecting dysplasia, with varying degrees of success. The combination of biomarker panels with epidemiologic risk factors to yield clinical risk scoring systems is promising. New approaches to sample tissue may also be combined with these biomarkers for less invasive screening and sur-veillance. The development of novel endoscopic imaging tools in recent years has the potential to markedly improve detection of small foci of dysplasia in vivo. Current and future efforts will aim to determine the combination of markers and imaging modalities that will most effectively improve the rate of early detection of highrisk lesions in Barrett's esophagus.
文摘"绩效支付"(Pay for Success)是一种通过绩效合同来实现社会与环境成效的政府采购方式,即允许国家和地方政府与第三方服务提供商合作,按项目成效分期支付合同款,而不是在合同签署之后立即支付全部合同款。一般情况下,只有当项目达到了预期、可量化的生态修复成效后,政府才会向服务提供商或为项目提供资金的投资方付款。通常,这类项目还会聘请独立评估机构对项目成效进行评估。
