Monocot root systems comprise a large number of lateral roots to allow them to survive and colonize land.Auxin signaling pathways centered on Aux/IAA play a crucial role in lateral root development.However,in non-mode...Monocot root systems comprise a large number of lateral roots to allow them to survive and colonize land.Auxin signaling pathways centered on Aux/IAA play a crucial role in lateral root development.However,in non-model monocot plants,the effects of Aux/IAA on lateral root initiation and number remain largely unknown.The present study transformed PheIAA17,a member of the Aux/IAA family of Moso bamboo,into rice and found that it significantly drove plants to produce lateral roots and improved the rooting rate.Quantitative experiments showed that PheIAA17 overexpression significantly affected the expression of ARF family members.Phylogenetic and promoter analyses indicate that PheARF3-2 belongs to class B ARF,and the promoter region contains auxin response elements.The results of yeast one-hybrid and dual-luciferase reporter assays confirmed that PheIAA17 bound specific fragments of the PheARF3-2 promoter to repress its transcriptional activity.Y2H and BiFC assay have shown that PheIAA17 and PheIAA30-3 could physically interact in vitro and in vivo.Taken together,this study reports a new molecular module centered on PheIAA17,which directs plants to alter root morphology through an increase in lateral roots.展开更多
Roots are essential for plant growth and development.Bamboo is a large Poaceae perennial with 1642 species worldwide.However,little is known about the transcriptional atlas that underpins root cell-type differentiatio...Roots are essential for plant growth and development.Bamboo is a large Poaceae perennial with 1642 species worldwide.However,little is known about the transcriptional atlas that underpins root cell-type differentiation.Here,we set up a modified protocol for protoplast preparation and report single-cell transcriptomes of 14279 filtered single cells derived from the basal root tips of moso bamboo.We identified four cell types and defined new cell-type-specific marker genes for the basal root.We reconstructed the developmental trajectories of the root cap,epidermis,and ground tissues and elucidated critical factors regulating cell fate determination.According to in situ hybridization and pseudotime trajectory analysis,the root cap and epidermis originated from a common initial cell lineage,revealing the particularity of bamboo basal root development.We further identified key regulatory factors for the differentiation of these cells and indicated divergent root developmental pathways between moso bamboo and rice.Additionally,PheWOX13a and PheWOX13b ectopically expressed in Arabidopsis inhibited primary root and lateral root growth and regulated the growth and development of the root cap,which was different from WOX13 orthologs in Arabidopsis.Taken together,our results offer an important resource for investigating the mechanism of root cell differentiation and root system architecture in perennial woody species of Bambusoideae.展开更多
Educational Cognitive Diagnosis(CD)aims to provide students’mastery levels on different concepts.One common observation is that students often conduct many exercises but engage with a small subset of concepts,leading...Educational Cognitive Diagnosis(CD)aims to provide students’mastery levels on different concepts.One common observation is that students often conduct many exercises but engage with a small subset of concepts,leading to a sparsity barrier.Current CD models mostly adopt mastery levels on all concepts as student modeling,overlooking the sparsity barrier.If a student does not interact with all concepts,we can not ensure that each dimension of mastery levels on concepts can be well-trained.In this paper,we propose a novel Enhancing Student Representations in Cognitive Diagnosis(ESR-CD),which combines application abilities and comprehension degrees for mastery levels on concepts.To model application ability,we propose a sparsity-based mask module that solely depends on the dense student-concept entries.Simultaneously,to further enhance comprehension degrees,we propose two layers:a matrix factorization layer and a relation refinement layer.Extensive experiments on two realworld datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of ESR-CD.展开更多
The multi-antenna synchronized global navi- gation satellite system receiver is a high precision, low cost, and widely used emerging receiver. Using this type of receiver, the satellite and receiver clock errors can b...The multi-antenna synchronized global navi- gation satellite system receiver is a high precision, low cost, and widely used emerging receiver. Using this type of receiver, the satellite and receiver clock errors can be eliminated simultaneously by forming between antenna single-differences, which is equivalent to the conventional double-difference model. However, current multi-antenna synchronized global navigation satellite system receiver products have not fully realized their potential to achieve better accuracy, efficiency, and broader applications. This paper introduces the conceptual design and derivable products of multi-antenna synchronized global navigation satellite system receivers involving the aspects of attitude determination, multipath effect mitigation, phase center variation correction, and ground-based carrier phase wind- up calibration. Through case studies, the advantages of multi-antenna synchronized global navigation satellite system receivers in high-precision positioning applications are demonstrated.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFD2200505)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32071849)。
文摘Monocot root systems comprise a large number of lateral roots to allow them to survive and colonize land.Auxin signaling pathways centered on Aux/IAA play a crucial role in lateral root development.However,in non-model monocot plants,the effects of Aux/IAA on lateral root initiation and number remain largely unknown.The present study transformed PheIAA17,a member of the Aux/IAA family of Moso bamboo,into rice and found that it significantly drove plants to produce lateral roots and improved the rooting rate.Quantitative experiments showed that PheIAA17 overexpression significantly affected the expression of ARF family members.Phylogenetic and promoter analyses indicate that PheARF3-2 belongs to class B ARF,and the promoter region contains auxin response elements.The results of yeast one-hybrid and dual-luciferase reporter assays confirmed that PheIAA17 bound specific fragments of the PheARF3-2 promoter to repress its transcriptional activity.Y2H and BiFC assay have shown that PheIAA17 and PheIAA30-3 could physically interact in vitro and in vivo.Taken together,this study reports a new molecular module centered on PheIAA17,which directs plants to alter root morphology through an increase in lateral roots.
基金Thisworkwas supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32071849)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFD2200505)the Fundamental Research Funds of ICBR(1632021017).
文摘Roots are essential for plant growth and development.Bamboo is a large Poaceae perennial with 1642 species worldwide.However,little is known about the transcriptional atlas that underpins root cell-type differentiation.Here,we set up a modified protocol for protoplast preparation and report single-cell transcriptomes of 14279 filtered single cells derived from the basal root tips of moso bamboo.We identified four cell types and defined new cell-type-specific marker genes for the basal root.We reconstructed the developmental trajectories of the root cap,epidermis,and ground tissues and elucidated critical factors regulating cell fate determination.According to in situ hybridization and pseudotime trajectory analysis,the root cap and epidermis originated from a common initial cell lineage,revealing the particularity of bamboo basal root development.We further identified key regulatory factors for the differentiation of these cells and indicated divergent root developmental pathways between moso bamboo and rice.Additionally,PheWOX13a and PheWOX13b ectopically expressed in Arabidopsis inhibited primary root and lateral root growth and regulated the growth and development of the root cap,which was different from WOX13 orthologs in Arabidopsis.Taken together,our results offer an important resource for investigating the mechanism of root cell differentiation and root system architecture in perennial woody species of Bambusoideae.
基金supported in part by grants from the National Science and Technology Major Project(2021ZD0111802)the New Cornerstone Science Foundation through the XPLORER PRIZE,the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.72188101,62376086)the Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U22A2094).
文摘Educational Cognitive Diagnosis(CD)aims to provide students’mastery levels on different concepts.One common observation is that students often conduct many exercises but engage with a small subset of concepts,leading to a sparsity barrier.Current CD models mostly adopt mastery levels on all concepts as student modeling,overlooking the sparsity barrier.If a student does not interact with all concepts,we can not ensure that each dimension of mastery levels on concepts can be well-trained.In this paper,we propose a novel Enhancing Student Representations in Cognitive Diagnosis(ESR-CD),which combines application abilities and comprehension degrees for mastery levels on concepts.To model application ability,we propose a sparsity-based mask module that solely depends on the dense student-concept entries.Simultaneously,to further enhance comprehension degrees,we propose two layers:a matrix factorization layer and a relation refinement layer.Extensive experiments on two realworld datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of ESR-CD.
基金Acknowledgements This work is sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant Nos. 61372086, 11373017, 41201380, 41171327, and 41201379）, Foundation of Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai （Nos. 13511500300 and 15511101602）, Open Research Funding of the Key Laboratory of Embedded System and Service Computing （No. 48505280） and Open Research Funding Program of KLGIS （No. KLGIS2014A02）.
文摘The multi-antenna synchronized global navi- gation satellite system receiver is a high precision, low cost, and widely used emerging receiver. Using this type of receiver, the satellite and receiver clock errors can be eliminated simultaneously by forming between antenna single-differences, which is equivalent to the conventional double-difference model. However, current multi-antenna synchronized global navigation satellite system receiver products have not fully realized their potential to achieve better accuracy, efficiency, and broader applications. This paper introduces the conceptual design and derivable products of multi-antenna synchronized global navigation satellite system receivers involving the aspects of attitude determination, multipath effect mitigation, phase center variation correction, and ground-based carrier phase wind- up calibration. Through case studies, the advantages of multi-antenna synchronized global navigation satellite system receivers in high-precision positioning applications are demonstrated.
