Tho Gudui geothermal field records the highest temperature at equivalent borehole depths among the lainland hydrothermal systems in China's Mainland.Located about 150 km southeast of Lhasa City,the capital of Tibe...Tho Gudui geothermal field records the highest temperature at equivalent borehole depths among the lainland hydrothermal systems in China's Mainland.Located about 150 km southeast of Lhasa City,the capital of Tibet,the Gudui geothermal field belongs to the Sangri-Cuona rift belt,also known as the Sangri-Cuona geothermal belt,and is representative of the non-volcanic geothermal systems in the Himalayas.In this study,oxygen-18 and deuterium isotope compositions as well as 87Sr/86Sr ratios of water samples collected from the Gudui geothermal field were characterized to understand the origin and mixing processes of the geothermal fluids at Gudui.Hydrogen and oxygen isotope plots show both,deep and shallow reservoirs in the Gudui geothermal field.Deep geothermal fluids are the mixing product of magmatic and infiltrating snow-melt water.Calculations show that the magma fluid component of the deep geothermal fluids account for about 21.10%-24.04%;magma fluids lay also be a contributing source of lithium.The linear relationship of the 87Sr/86Sr isotopic ratio versus the 1/Sr plot indicates that shallow geothermal fluids form from the mixing of deep geothermal fluids with cold groundwater.Using a binary mixing model with deep geothermal fluid and cold groundwater as two end-members,the nixing ratios of the latter in most surface hot springs samples were calculated to be between 5% and 10%.Combined with basic geological characteristics,hydrogen and oxygen isotope characteristics,strontium concentration,87Sr/(86)Sr ratios,and the binary mixing model,we infer the 6 th-Class Reservoirs Evolution Conceptual Model(6-CRECM) for the Gudui geothermal system.This model represents an idealized summary of the characteristics of the Gudui geothermal field based on our comprehensive understanding of the origin and mixing processes of the geothermal fluid in Gudui.This study may aid in identifying the geothermal and geochemical origin of the Gudui high-temperature hydrothermal systems in remote Tibet of China,whose potential for geothermal development and utilization is enormous and untapped.展开更多
The demand for lithium resources is increasing sharply with the rapid development of electric vehicles.It is of great economic significance to expand the geological resources of lithium and improve the utilization rat...The demand for lithium resources is increasing sharply with the rapid development of electric vehicles.It is of great economic significance to expand the geological resources of lithium and improve the utilization rate of lithium-containing salt lakes.In this paper,the hydrochemical types of the lithium-containing salt lakes in the Tibet Plateau were classified according to a large amount of hydrochemical data obtained from a recent investigation on the Tibet Plateau.In addition,the lithium extraction methods used in the salt lakes within each hydrochemical type area were analyzed and summarized,which provided a reference for the selection of lithium extraction processes in the same hydrochemical type of lithium-containing salt lakes in the future.The binding energies of Li(l)and anions in salt lakes with different hydrochemical types were calculated by density functional theory,which provides the theoretical basis for selecting the best lithium extraction technology in different salt lakes.We emphasize that the process with the combined characteristics of high efficiency,economy and environmental protection should be selected according to the hydrochemical type of different salt lakes.In the future,different salt lakes should focus on direct lithium extraction technology from the original brine.展开更多
September 5,2015 Prof.Bair Namsaraev,the leader in aquatic microbiology of Siberian lakes,passed away after battle with cancer.He was 72 years old.Bair was born in 1943 in the small village in Southern Siberia in the ...September 5,2015 Prof.Bair Namsaraev,the leader in aquatic microbiology of Siberian lakes,passed away after battle with cancer.He was 72 years old.Bair was born in 1943 in the small village in Southern Siberia in the family of a school teacher.He had 6 brothers and sisters.After school he worked on the collective farm and served in the Soviet Army.In 1965 he entered Moscow State University.After graduating in 1970 Bair started his Ph D work on the hydrogen oxidizing bacteria at the Institute of Microbiology in Moscow.Since 1973 he worked at the Institute of Physiology and Biochemistry of Microorganisms展开更多
Saline lakes are widespread on all continents.Since 1979,an informal international association of salt lake researchers from a variety of disciplines has sponsored a series of triennial conferences to foster scientifi...Saline lakes are widespread on all continents.Since 1979,an informal international association of salt lake researchers from a variety of disciplines has sponsored a series of triennial conferences to foster scientific exchange and our understanding of saline lakes.International Society for Salt Lake Research(ISSLR,www.isslr.org)was founded in 1994 to establish effective liaison between persons interested in any aspect of inland saline waters,to encourage these interests,and to educate the public in the scientific use,management,and conservation of salt lakes.ISSLR conferences are held triennially.The conferences are usually hosted by a local University or research institution and provide an excellent opportunity for networking among globally dispe rsed researchers.展开更多
The felsic volcanogenic tuffs named"green-bean rocks"(GBRs),characterized by a green or yellowish green color,are widely distributed in the western Yangtze platform and have a high lithium content(286-957 pp...The felsic volcanogenic tuffs named"green-bean rocks"(GBRs),characterized by a green or yellowish green color,are widely distributed in the western Yangtze platform and have a high lithium content(286-957 ppm).This paper studies the ages,origin and tectonic setting of the GBRs in the Sichuan basin on the western margin of the Yangtze platform through the whole-rock geochemistry and zircon trace elements by using U-Pb dating and Hf-O isotopes.The GBR samples from the Quxian and Beibei sections yielded zircon U-Pb ages of 245.5±1.8 Ma and 244.8±2.2 Ma.These samples can be used as the isochronous stratigraphic marker of the Early-Middle Triassic boundary(EMTB)for regional correlation.The whole-rock and zircon geochemistry,and zircon Hf-O isotopes exhibited S-type geochemical affinities with high positiveδ^(18)0 values(9.28‰-11.98‰),low negativeε_(Hf)(t)values(-13.87 to-6.79),and T_(DM)^(2)ages of 2150-1703 Ma,indicating that the lithium-rich GBRs were generated by the remelting of the pre-existing ancient Paleoproterozoic layer without mantle source contamination in the arcrelated/orogenic tectonic setting.The results of this study demonstrate that the lithium-rich GBRs in the western Yangtze platform were derived from arc volcanic eruptions along the Sanjiang orogen,triggered by the closure of the eastern Paleo-Tethys Ocean and the syn-collision between the continental Indochina and Yangtze blocks at ca.247 Ma.This was marked by a major shift from I-type magmas with intermediateε_(Hf)(t)values to S-type magmas with low negativeε_(Hf)(t)values.Collectively,our results provide new insights into the origin of the GBRs and decodes the closure of the eastern Paleo-Tethys.展开更多
The Quaternary strata on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau contain rich information about the paleoclimate and environmental evolution,record the evolution process of the Quaternary regional tectonics,paleogeography,and geomo...The Quaternary strata on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau contain rich information about the paleoclimate and environmental evolution,record the evolution process of the Quaternary regional tectonics,paleogeography,and geomorphology of the plateau,and are extremely important areas for studying the Quaternary geological events and regional environmental evolution.According to a comprehensive analysis of the regional stratigraphic data and the development and evolution characteristics of the biota,based on the differences in the lithostratigraphic units,sedimentary characteristics,landforms,and drainage systems,the Quaternary strata on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and its surrounding areas are divided into five stratigraphic regions:the Tarim region,Loess Plateau region,Qinghai-Tibet Plateau region,Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau region,and India-Ganges region.The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau stratigraphic region is divided into seven stratigraphic sub-regions:the West Kunlun-Karakorum,AltunQilian Mountains,Qaidam-Hehuang,East Kunlun-Bayan Har,Qiangtang,East Xizang-West Yunnan-West Sichuan,and Gangdise-Himalayan sub-regions.This paper briefly describes the lithostratigraphic units of the seven stratigraphic sub-regions of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.According to the lithostratigraphic sequence and its sedimentary characteristics,stratigraphic contact relationship,formation age,and evolution of the biota in each stratigraphic sub-region,the Quaternary tectonic paleogeographic evolution of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is divided into four stages.(1)The inherited differential uplift stage since the Pliocene(2.6-1.8/1.5 Ma):the regional sedimentary differences were significant,and the stratigraphic distribution was limited,the alluvial-proluvial sandy conglomerate was widely developed along the piedmont,and fluvial and lacustrine deposits were developed in the low-lying areas between the mountains.(2)The mountain range flattening stage(1.8/1.5-1.2/0.8 Ma):the erosion unconformity surfaces around the plateau were widely distributed,large rivers were formed,and lake sediments developed in the intermountain basins and the hinterland of the plateau.(3)1.2/0.8-0.128 Ma:the plateau continued to rise in a large range,with significant topographic differences and intensified mountain erosion.At about 0.8 Ma,the plateau uplifted above the snow line and entered the cryosphere,mountain glaciers developed,and the alpine arid environment gradually formed.(4)0.128 Ma-:the mountains rose and erosion intensified,and intermountain basins and lakes were widely distributed.There were significant differences in the regional sedimentary characteristics,and the sedimentary types developed toward diversification.The modern plateau landform pattern was basically formed.展开更多
Zangnan Salt Lake on the south of the Tibet is a type of carbonate lake with high concentrations of lithium,boron,and potassium and obviously it differs from seawater in its chemical composition.An experimental simula...Zangnan Salt Lake on the south of the Tibet is a type of carbonate lake with high concentrations of lithium,boron,and potassium and obviously it differs from seawater in its chemical composition.An experimental simulation of the caloric evaporation of the lake’s brine was conducted byfirst freezing the brine and then performing isothermal evaporation at 288.15 K.The freezing path and the physicochemical properties of the brine were determined.The crystallization sequence was natron,hydrohalite,halite,sylvite,zabuyelite,trona,aphthitalite,thermonatrite,and borax.Rubidium and cesium salts did not crystallized out but concentrated in the mother solution.The physicochemical properties(density,refractive index,conductivity,and pH)of the liquid phase changed as the evaporation progressed.In the beginning of the evaporation processes,the concentration of potassium ions in the liquid phase gradually increased but later it decreased.A peak value of 55.21 g/L was obtained when the evaporation was 88%complete.When the mineral aphthitalite began to crystallize;the concentra-tions of B2O3,Li+,Rb+,and Cs+gradually increased as the evaporation progressed.When the evaporation was 98%complete,their concentrations in the mother liquor were 40.77 g/L,4.838 g/L,400.17 mg/L and 31.95 mg/L,respectively.This essential fundamental study can provide an important reference for the comprehensive utilization of brines in Zangnan Salt Lake.展开更多
基金This work was financially supported by the China Geological Survey(Grant No.DD20160054)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.U1407207)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2017YFC0602802).
文摘Tho Gudui geothermal field records the highest temperature at equivalent borehole depths among the lainland hydrothermal systems in China's Mainland.Located about 150 km southeast of Lhasa City,the capital of Tibet,the Gudui geothermal field belongs to the Sangri-Cuona rift belt,also known as the Sangri-Cuona geothermal belt,and is representative of the non-volcanic geothermal systems in the Himalayas.In this study,oxygen-18 and deuterium isotope compositions as well as 87Sr/86Sr ratios of water samples collected from the Gudui geothermal field were characterized to understand the origin and mixing processes of the geothermal fluids at Gudui.Hydrogen and oxygen isotope plots show both,deep and shallow reservoirs in the Gudui geothermal field.Deep geothermal fluids are the mixing product of magmatic and infiltrating snow-melt water.Calculations show that the magma fluid component of the deep geothermal fluids account for about 21.10%-24.04%;magma fluids lay also be a contributing source of lithium.The linear relationship of the 87Sr/86Sr isotopic ratio versus the 1/Sr plot indicates that shallow geothermal fluids form from the mixing of deep geothermal fluids with cold groundwater.Using a binary mixing model with deep geothermal fluid and cold groundwater as two end-members,the nixing ratios of the latter in most surface hot springs samples were calculated to be between 5% and 10%.Combined with basic geological characteristics,hydrogen and oxygen isotope characteristics,strontium concentration,87Sr/(86)Sr ratios,and the binary mixing model,we infer the 6 th-Class Reservoirs Evolution Conceptual Model(6-CRECM) for the Gudui geothermal system.This model represents an idealized summary of the characteristics of the Gudui geothermal field based on our comprehensive understanding of the origin and mixing processes of the geothermal fluid in Gudui.This study may aid in identifying the geothermal and geochemical origin of the Gudui high-temperature hydrothermal systems in remote Tibet of China,whose potential for geothermal development and utilization is enormous and untapped.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China for financial support(No.91962219).
文摘The demand for lithium resources is increasing sharply with the rapid development of electric vehicles.It is of great economic significance to expand the geological resources of lithium and improve the utilization rate of lithium-containing salt lakes.In this paper,the hydrochemical types of the lithium-containing salt lakes in the Tibet Plateau were classified according to a large amount of hydrochemical data obtained from a recent investigation on the Tibet Plateau.In addition,the lithium extraction methods used in the salt lakes within each hydrochemical type area were analyzed and summarized,which provided a reference for the selection of lithium extraction processes in the same hydrochemical type of lithium-containing salt lakes in the future.The binding energies of Li(l)and anions in salt lakes with different hydrochemical types were calculated by density functional theory,which provides the theoretical basis for selecting the best lithium extraction technology in different salt lakes.We emphasize that the process with the combined characteristics of high efficiency,economy and environmental protection should be selected according to the hydrochemical type of different salt lakes.In the future,different salt lakes should focus on direct lithium extraction technology from the original brine.
文摘September 5,2015 Prof.Bair Namsaraev,the leader in aquatic microbiology of Siberian lakes,passed away after battle with cancer.He was 72 years old.Bair was born in 1943 in the small village in Southern Siberia in the family of a school teacher.He had 6 brothers and sisters.After school he worked on the collective farm and served in the Soviet Army.In 1965 he entered Moscow State University.After graduating in 1970 Bair started his Ph D work on the hydrogen oxidizing bacteria at the Institute of Microbiology in Moscow.Since 1973 he worked at the Institute of Physiology and Biochemistry of Microorganisms
基金supported by the State Assignment of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation(No.0287-2021-0019)。
文摘Saline lakes are widespread on all continents.Since 1979,an informal international association of salt lake researchers from a variety of disciplines has sponsored a series of triennial conferences to foster scientific exchange and our understanding of saline lakes.International Society for Salt Lake Research(ISSLR,www.isslr.org)was founded in 1994 to establish effective liaison between persons interested in any aspect of inland saline waters,to encourage these interests,and to educate the public in the scientific use,management,and conservation of salt lakes.ISSLR conferences are held triennially.The conferences are usually hosted by a local University or research institution and provide an excellent opportunity for networking among globally dispe rsed researchers.
基金the Geological Investigation Work project of China Geological Survey(Grant No.DD20190172)the National Key R&D Plan of China(Grant No.2017YFC0602806).
文摘The felsic volcanogenic tuffs named"green-bean rocks"(GBRs),characterized by a green or yellowish green color,are widely distributed in the western Yangtze platform and have a high lithium content(286-957 ppm).This paper studies the ages,origin and tectonic setting of the GBRs in the Sichuan basin on the western margin of the Yangtze platform through the whole-rock geochemistry and zircon trace elements by using U-Pb dating and Hf-O isotopes.The GBR samples from the Quxian and Beibei sections yielded zircon U-Pb ages of 245.5±1.8 Ma and 244.8±2.2 Ma.These samples can be used as the isochronous stratigraphic marker of the Early-Middle Triassic boundary(EMTB)for regional correlation.The whole-rock and zircon geochemistry,and zircon Hf-O isotopes exhibited S-type geochemical affinities with high positiveδ^(18)0 values(9.28‰-11.98‰),low negativeε_(Hf)(t)values(-13.87 to-6.79),and T_(DM)^(2)ages of 2150-1703 Ma,indicating that the lithium-rich GBRs were generated by the remelting of the pre-existing ancient Paleoproterozoic layer without mantle source contamination in the arcrelated/orogenic tectonic setting.The results of this study demonstrate that the lithium-rich GBRs in the western Yangtze platform were derived from arc volcanic eruptions along the Sanjiang orogen,triggered by the closure of the eastern Paleo-Tethys Ocean and the syn-collision between the continental Indochina and Yangtze blocks at ca.247 Ma.This was marked by a major shift from I-type magmas with intermediateε_(Hf)(t)values to S-type magmas with low negativeε_(Hf)(t)values.Collectively,our results provide new insights into the origin of the GBRs and decodes the closure of the eastern Paleo-Tethys.
基金supported by the China Geological Survey(Grant Nos.DD20221645,DD20221648,DD20190370)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.91962219)。
文摘The Quaternary strata on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau contain rich information about the paleoclimate and environmental evolution,record the evolution process of the Quaternary regional tectonics,paleogeography,and geomorphology of the plateau,and are extremely important areas for studying the Quaternary geological events and regional environmental evolution.According to a comprehensive analysis of the regional stratigraphic data and the development and evolution characteristics of the biota,based on the differences in the lithostratigraphic units,sedimentary characteristics,landforms,and drainage systems,the Quaternary strata on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and its surrounding areas are divided into five stratigraphic regions:the Tarim region,Loess Plateau region,Qinghai-Tibet Plateau region,Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau region,and India-Ganges region.The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau stratigraphic region is divided into seven stratigraphic sub-regions:the West Kunlun-Karakorum,AltunQilian Mountains,Qaidam-Hehuang,East Kunlun-Bayan Har,Qiangtang,East Xizang-West Yunnan-West Sichuan,and Gangdise-Himalayan sub-regions.This paper briefly describes the lithostratigraphic units of the seven stratigraphic sub-regions of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.According to the lithostratigraphic sequence and its sedimentary characteristics,stratigraphic contact relationship,formation age,and evolution of the biota in each stratigraphic sub-region,the Quaternary tectonic paleogeographic evolution of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is divided into four stages.(1)The inherited differential uplift stage since the Pliocene(2.6-1.8/1.5 Ma):the regional sedimentary differences were significant,and the stratigraphic distribution was limited,the alluvial-proluvial sandy conglomerate was widely developed along the piedmont,and fluvial and lacustrine deposits were developed in the low-lying areas between the mountains.(2)The mountain range flattening stage(1.8/1.5-1.2/0.8 Ma):the erosion unconformity surfaces around the plateau were widely distributed,large rivers were formed,and lake sediments developed in the intermountain basins and the hinterland of the plateau.(3)1.2/0.8-0.128 Ma:the plateau continued to rise in a large range,with significant topographic differences and intensified mountain erosion.At about 0.8 Ma,the plateau uplifted above the snow line and entered the cryosphere,mountain glaciers developed,and the alpine arid environment gradually formed.(4)0.128 Ma-:the mountains rose and erosion intensified,and intermountain basins and lakes were widely distributed.There were significant differences in the regional sedimentary characteristics,and the sedimentary types developed toward diversification.The modern plateau landform pattern was basically formed.
基金Financial support from the State Key Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.20836009)the Key Laboratory of Saline Lake Resources and Environmental Ministry of Land and Resources,and the Tianjin Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Chemistry(No.200909)is greatly appreciated.
文摘Zangnan Salt Lake on the south of the Tibet is a type of carbonate lake with high concentrations of lithium,boron,and potassium and obviously it differs from seawater in its chemical composition.An experimental simulation of the caloric evaporation of the lake’s brine was conducted byfirst freezing the brine and then performing isothermal evaporation at 288.15 K.The freezing path and the physicochemical properties of the brine were determined.The crystallization sequence was natron,hydrohalite,halite,sylvite,zabuyelite,trona,aphthitalite,thermonatrite,and borax.Rubidium and cesium salts did not crystallized out but concentrated in the mother solution.The physicochemical properties(density,refractive index,conductivity,and pH)of the liquid phase changed as the evaporation progressed.In the beginning of the evaporation processes,the concentration of potassium ions in the liquid phase gradually increased but later it decreased.A peak value of 55.21 g/L was obtained when the evaporation was 88%complete.When the mineral aphthitalite began to crystallize;the concentra-tions of B2O3,Li+,Rb+,and Cs+gradually increased as the evaporation progressed.When the evaporation was 98%complete,their concentrations in the mother liquor were 40.77 g/L,4.838 g/L,400.17 mg/L and 31.95 mg/L,respectively.This essential fundamental study can provide an important reference for the comprehensive utilization of brines in Zangnan Salt Lake.
