Aiming to control lake eutrophication,proposed methods for convenient and faithworthy lake water quality evaluation are warranted.Optical measurement of dissolved organic matter(DOM)demonstrates great potential for es...Aiming to control lake eutrophication,proposed methods for convenient and faithworthy lake water quality evaluation are warranted.Optical measurement of dissolved organic matter(DOM)demonstrates great potential for estimating organic matter(OM)composition,and can thus serve as a proxy for conventional chemical oxygen demand(COD_(Mn))measurements,which are considered as imprecise and environmentally unfriendly.Hence,we conducted a field campaign across 30 lakes in Wuhan's metropolitan area,collecting 255 samples from varying trophic states to evaluate the predictive capability of COD_(Mn)using DOM optical measurements combined with parallel factor(PARAFAC)analysis.The DOM optical properties and chemical composition exhibited considerable variability across varying trophic state levels(TSLs).Fluorescence components C1-C3 and C5,fluorescence index(FI),and absorption at 254 nm(α_(254)),increased as TSL increased,while the DOM spectral slope(SR)decreased.COD_(Mn)was positively and significantly correlated with fluorescence components C1-C3 and C5,freshness index(β/α),autochthonous index(BIX),humification index(HIX),α_(254),the ratio ofα_(250)toα_(365)(E2/E3)while being negatively correlated with SR.Parametersα_(254),C1,C3,C4,FI,β/α,and HIX were identified as key predictors of COD_(Mn).The multiple linear regression model successfully predicted COD_(Mn)(r^(2)=0.63,p<0.01,n=1113)and demonstrated superior performance in mesotrophic lakes.These findings highlight the potential for establishing high-frequency,continuous,and multi-regional COD monitoring programs.展开更多
In most arid and semiarid soils, naturally occurring phosphorus(P) is a major yield-limiting plant nutrient. In this study, to investigate the effects of organic(OP) and inorganic P(IP) sources on P fractionation, a c...In most arid and semiarid soils, naturally occurring phosphorus(P) is a major yield-limiting plant nutrient. In this study, to investigate the effects of organic(OP) and inorganic P(IP) sources on P fractionation, a calcareous sandy loam alkaline soil was fertilized with OP and IP fertilizers at low(80 mg P kg^(-1) soil) and high(160 mg P kg^(-1) soil) application rates. Three combinations of OP and IP(i.e., 75% OP + 25% IP, 50% OP + 50% IP, and 25% OP + 75% IP) were applied at low and high application rates,respectively, followed by soil aging for 21 d. Soil samples were collected after 1, 2, 3, 7, and 21 d and subjected to sequential extraction to analyze soluble and exchangeable, Fe-and Al-bound, Ca-bound, and residual P fractions. The soluble and exchangeable P fraction significantly increased up to 24.3%, whereas the Ca-bound fraction decreased up to 40.7% in the soils receiving 75% OP + 25% IP and 50% OP + 50% IP, respectively, compared with the control(receiving no P fertilizer). However, the transformation of P fractions was influenced by aging time. Addition of P sources caused instant changes in different P fractions, which then tended to decline with aging time. Change in soil p H was the limiting factor in controlling P availability. At high application rate, the OP source significantly increased soil P availability compared with the IP source with soil aging. Depending on P fractionation, a proper combination of OP and IP fertilizers, as long-term slow and instant P-releasing sources for plant uptake, respectively, may be a sustainable strategy to meet crop P requirements in the arid and semiarid soils.展开更多
On December 26,2004,the Indian Ocean tsunami waves hit Sri Lanka resulting in the devastation of the coastal aquifers from saltwater contamination.In an attempt to speed up the cleaning process of the contaminated wat...On December 26,2004,the Indian Ocean tsunami waves hit Sri Lanka resulting in the devastation of the coastal aquifers from saltwater contamination.In an attempt to speed up the cleaning process of the contaminated water in wells,large-scale and intensive campaigns went into cleaning and rehabilitating wells through pumping out saline water(physical cleansing). However,it was unclear whether these attempts improved the well-water quality,especially in terms of salinity due to density driven flow and solute transport phenomenon.Changes in water quality of a sand aquifer on the east coast of Sri Lanka owing to the December 26,2004 tsunami and展开更多
Arsenic,a carcinogenic substance,occurs in surface and subsurface waters through natural and anthropogenic activities.It is estimated that nearly 100 million people inhabiting several countries are at a potential risk...Arsenic,a carcinogenic substance,occurs in surface and subsurface waters through natural and anthropogenic activities.It is estimated that nearly 100 million people inhabiting several countries are at a potential risk of arsenic exposure,and several thousands have already been affected by chronic arsenicosis.Therefore,there is a pressing need to develop a low cost and technically effective arsenic removal technology.While the展开更多
The increase in antimicrobial resistance(AMR)poses a massive threat to world health,necessitating the urgent development of alternative antimicrobial growth control techniques.Due to their specific physical and chemic...The increase in antimicrobial resistance(AMR)poses a massive threat to world health,necessitating the urgent development of alternative antimicrobial growth control techniques.Due to their specific physical and chemical properties,nanomaterials,particularly carbon-based nanomaterials,have emerged as attractive candidates for antimicrobial applications,however,reviews are lacking.This comprehensive review aims to bridge the existing knowledge gaps surrounding the mechanism and significance of nanobiochar(NBC)and carbon nanostructures in the field of antimicrobial applications.Notably,NBC,which is derived from biochar,exhibits promising potential as an environmentally-friendly substance with antimicrobial properties.Its strong adsorption capabilities enable the removal and immobilization of pathogens and pollutants from soil and water and also exhibit antimicrobial properties to combat harmful pathogens.In addition to NBC,carbon dots(CDs)and graphene oxide(GO)have also shown excellent antimicrobial properties.These carbon-based nanomaterials find applications in agriculture for phytopathogen control and post-harvest disease management,as well as in medicine for nanotheranostics and in the food industry for extending shelf life as an eco-friendly alternative to chemicals and antibiotics.However,the long-term toxicity of these nanoparticles to humans and the environment needs further investigation,considering the influence of different physiochemical characteristics on antimicrobial properties and nanotoxicity.Therefore,continued exploration in this area will pave the way for future research and safe deployment strategies of carbon-based nanomaterials in combating microbial threats.展开更多
Biochar is a carbon-containing material prepared through thermal treatment of biomass in limited supply of oxygen,and used for an array of applications including waste management,climate change mitigation,soil fertili...Biochar is a carbon-containing material prepared through thermal treatment of biomass in limited supply of oxygen,and used for an array of applications including waste management,climate change mitigation,soil fertility improvement,bio-energy production,and contaminant remediation.The data related to biochar,its production,and the wide applicability were collected using Web of Science Core Collection Database(on 25/10/2022),while bibliometric network analysis was performed using VOSviewer software to analyse year-wise,author-wise,country-wise,and journal-wise publication trends,construct keyword co-occurrence maps,and identify research areas receiving greater focus.Further,the applications of biochar were reviewed and mechanistic insights were provided.Some of the findings include:>50%of documents(>13,000)getting published in the past 3 years,>90%of documents(>21,000)being research articles,~50%of publications(>10,000)being related to environmental sciences,pyrolysis being the most widely used(~40%articles)production technique(followed by carbonization,gasification,combustion,and torrefaction),China being the most active country in terms of publications(>11,000),and biochar being mostly used for removing contaminants(followed by soil improvement,waste management,energy production,and climate change mitigation).Various strengths,weaknesses,opportunities,and threats(SWOT analysis)of biochar production and wide-ranging applicability were identified.Lastly,gaps were identified including the need for performing elaborate life cycle assessments,exploring machine learning and artificial intelligence for upgrading conversion technology and producing application-specific biochar,and investigating mechanistic aspects of soil-biochar interactions and nanoscale transformation of biochar.The study covers a broad spectrum of biochar applicability to identify areas receiving lesser attention,which could guide the future researchers for augmenting biochar research.展开更多
Arsenic(As)is recognized as a persistent and toxic contaminant in the environment that is harmful to humans.Biochar,a porous carbonaceous material with tunable functionality,has been used widely as an adsorbent for re...Arsenic(As)is recognized as a persistent and toxic contaminant in the environment that is harmful to humans.Biochar,a porous carbonaceous material with tunable functionality,has been used widely as an adsorbent for remediating As-contaminated water and soils.Several types of pristine and modified biochar are available,and significant efforts have been made toward modifying the surface of biochars to increase their adsorption capacity for As.Adsorption capacity is influenced by multiple factors,including biomass pyrolysis temperature,pH,the presence of dissolved organic carbon,surface charge,and the presence of phosphate,silicate,sulfate,and microbial activity.Improved As adsorption in modified biochars is attributed to several mechanisms including surface complexation/precipitation,ion exchange,oxidation,reduction,electrostatic interactions,and surface functional groups that have a relatively higher affinity for As.Modified biochars show promise for As adsorption;however,further research is required to improve the performance of these materials.For example,modified biochars must be eco-friendly,cost-effective,reliable,efficient,and sustainable to ensure their widespread application for immobilizing As in contaminated water and soils.Conducting relevant research to address these issues relies on a thorough understanding of biochar modifications to date.This study presents an in-depth review of pristine and modified biochars,including their production,physicochemical properties,and As adsorption mechanisms.Furthermore,a comprehensive evaluation of biochar applications is provided in As-contaminated environments as a guide for selecting suitable biochars for As removal in the field.展开更多
Although research on biochar has received increasing attention for environmental and agricultural applications,the significance of nanobiochar for environmental pollutant remediation is poorly understood.In contrast t...Although research on biochar has received increasing attention for environmental and agricultural applications,the significance of nanobiochar for environmental pollutant remediation is poorly understood.In contrast to bulk biochar,nanobiochar has superior physicochemical properties such as high catalytic activity,unique nanostructure,large specific surface area and high mobility in the soil environment.These unique characteristics make nanobiochar an ideal candidate for pollution remediation.Thus far,the research on nanobiochar is still in its infancy and most of the previous studies have only been conducted for exploring its properties and environmental functions.The lack of in-depth summary of nanobiochar’s research direction makes it a challenge for scientists and researchers globally.Hence in this review,we established some key fabrication methods for nanobiochar with a focus on its performance for the removal of pollutants from the environment.We also provided up-to-date information on nanobiochar’s role in environmental remediation and insights into different mechanisms involved in the pollutant removal.Although,nanobiochar application is increasing,the associated drawbacks to the soil ecosystem have not received enough research attention.Therefore,further research is warranted to evaluate the potential environmental risks of nanobiochar before large scale application.展开更多
Salinity and acidity have affected several hundred million hectares of land throughout the globe which poses a major threat to global food security and biodiversity.Application of organic amendments for salt-affected ...Salinity and acidity have affected several hundred million hectares of land throughout the globe which poses a major threat to global food security and biodiversity.Application of organic amendments for salt-affected soils has been identified as one of the most effective ways to mitigate salinity-induced problems and considered as a green technique offering twin benefits of waste load reduction and land reclamation.However,studies on reclaiming acidic-salt affected soils are limited.Therefore,this study aimed to determine the reclamation potential of biochars and organic amendments involving Gliricidia sepium biochar produced at 300℃,500℃,and 700℃,green waste compost,and municipal sewage sludge at three different amend-ment ratios,1.0%,2.5%and 5.0%.The incubation experiment was conducted for a 4-month period with different amendment ratios applied to the coastal acidic-salt affected soil.Subsamples were extracted from incubation pots after 1 and 4 months and analyzed for soil chemical parameters(pH,EC,NO_(3)^(−),PO_(4)^(3−,total organic carbon,cation exchange capacity,sodium adsorption ratio,exchangeable sodium percentage)and microbial enzyme activity(catalase activity,and acid-and alkaline phosphatase activity).All organic amendments demonstrated enhancement of the soil properties in a significant manner.However,increasing incubation time and amendment ratio increase the changes of soil parameters by a great percentage.Therefore,the maximum amendment ratio of 5.0%and 4 months of incubation period rendered a significant improvement in the reclamation of acidic-salt affected soil.However,the biochar produced at 500℃ contributed the maximum towards the improved physicochemical and biochemical profile of acidic-salt affected soil,making it the most promising organic amend-ment for the reclamation of acidic-salt affected soil.The overall reclamation efficiency of organic amendments registered the following order of variation:700 BC<Sludge<300 BC<Compost<500 BC.展开更多
Root and tuber crops are important sources of food and provide income for millions of people worldwide besides an observed high demand for organically produced harvests.Hence,recent attention has been given to utilizi...Root and tuber crops are important sources of food and provide income for millions of people worldwide besides an observed high demand for organically produced harvests.Hence,recent attention has been given to utilizing biochar,a carbon-rich material produced from the pyrolysis of organic materials,which improves soil structure,water-holding capacity,and nutrient availability,as an amendment to produce organic root and tuber crops.These effects are caused by the formation of organic coatings on the surface of biochar,which decreases hydrophobicity and increases the ability to retain nutrients,acting as a slow-release mechanism delivering nutrients dependent on plant physiological requirements.However,comprehensive studies on the impact of biochar application on root and tuber crop growth,productivity,and effectiveness in eliminating soil parasites have not been extensively studied.Thus,the purpose of this review is to explore the use of biochar and biochar-based soil amendments and their potential applications for improving the growth,yield,and efficacy of controlling parasitic nematodes in a wide range of root crops.Most of the studies have investigated the effects of biochar on cassava,sweet potatoes,and minor root crops such as ginger and turmeric.It has been observed that biochar application rates(5-20 t ha^(−1))increase the vine length and the number of leaves,tubers,and tuber weight.The addition of biochar demonstrates the ability to control plant-parasitic nematodes in a rate-dependent manner.While biochar has shown promising results in improving crop growth and yield of limited root and tuber crops based on a few biochar types,ample opportunities are around to evaluate the influence of biochar produced in different temperatures,feedstock,modifications and controlling parasitic nematodes.展开更多
基金This study was funded by Wuhan Institute of Technology(Grant Nos.24QD26,21QD02,22QD64)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32102823).
文摘Aiming to control lake eutrophication,proposed methods for convenient and faithworthy lake water quality evaluation are warranted.Optical measurement of dissolved organic matter(DOM)demonstrates great potential for estimating organic matter(OM)composition,and can thus serve as a proxy for conventional chemical oxygen demand(COD_(Mn))measurements,which are considered as imprecise and environmentally unfriendly.Hence,we conducted a field campaign across 30 lakes in Wuhan's metropolitan area,collecting 255 samples from varying trophic states to evaluate the predictive capability of COD_(Mn)using DOM optical measurements combined with parallel factor(PARAFAC)analysis.The DOM optical properties and chemical composition exhibited considerable variability across varying trophic state levels(TSLs).Fluorescence components C1-C3 and C5,fluorescence index(FI),and absorption at 254 nm(α_(254)),increased as TSL increased,while the DOM spectral slope(SR)decreased.COD_(Mn)was positively and significantly correlated with fluorescence components C1-C3 and C5,freshness index(β/α),autochthonous index(BIX),humification index(HIX),α_(254),the ratio ofα_(250)toα_(365)(E2/E3)while being negatively correlated with SR.Parametersα_(254),C1,C3,C4,FI,β/α,and HIX were identified as key predictors of COD_(Mn).The multiple linear regression model successfully predicted COD_(Mn)(r^(2)=0.63,p<0.01,n=1113)and demonstrated superior performance in mesotrophic lakes.These findings highlight the potential for establishing high-frequency,continuous,and multi-regional COD monitoring programs.
基金supported by the International Research Group Project (No. IRG-14-02) from the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
文摘In most arid and semiarid soils, naturally occurring phosphorus(P) is a major yield-limiting plant nutrient. In this study, to investigate the effects of organic(OP) and inorganic P(IP) sources on P fractionation, a calcareous sandy loam alkaline soil was fertilized with OP and IP fertilizers at low(80 mg P kg^(-1) soil) and high(160 mg P kg^(-1) soil) application rates. Three combinations of OP and IP(i.e., 75% OP + 25% IP, 50% OP + 50% IP, and 25% OP + 75% IP) were applied at low and high application rates,respectively, followed by soil aging for 21 d. Soil samples were collected after 1, 2, 3, 7, and 21 d and subjected to sequential extraction to analyze soluble and exchangeable, Fe-and Al-bound, Ca-bound, and residual P fractions. The soluble and exchangeable P fraction significantly increased up to 24.3%, whereas the Ca-bound fraction decreased up to 40.7% in the soils receiving 75% OP + 25% IP and 50% OP + 50% IP, respectively, compared with the control(receiving no P fertilizer). However, the transformation of P fractions was influenced by aging time. Addition of P sources caused instant changes in different P fractions, which then tended to decline with aging time. Change in soil p H was the limiting factor in controlling P availability. At high application rate, the OP source significantly increased soil P availability compared with the IP source with soil aging. Depending on P fractionation, a proper combination of OP and IP fertilizers, as long-term slow and instant P-releasing sources for plant uptake, respectively, may be a sustainable strategy to meet crop P requirements in the arid and semiarid soils.
文摘On December 26,2004,the Indian Ocean tsunami waves hit Sri Lanka resulting in the devastation of the coastal aquifers from saltwater contamination.In an attempt to speed up the cleaning process of the contaminated water in wells,large-scale and intensive campaigns went into cleaning and rehabilitating wells through pumping out saline water(physical cleansing). However,it was unclear whether these attempts improved the well-water quality,especially in terms of salinity due to density driven flow and solute transport phenomenon.Changes in water quality of a sand aquifer on the east coast of Sri Lanka owing to the December 26,2004 tsunami and
文摘Arsenic,a carcinogenic substance,occurs in surface and subsurface waters through natural and anthropogenic activities.It is estimated that nearly 100 million people inhabiting several countries are at a potential risk of arsenic exposure,and several thousands have already been affected by chronic arsenicosis.Therefore,there is a pressing need to develop a low cost and technically effective arsenic removal technology.While the
基金RG/2021/AG/02 grant received from the National Science Foundation,Sri Lanka.
文摘The increase in antimicrobial resistance(AMR)poses a massive threat to world health,necessitating the urgent development of alternative antimicrobial growth control techniques.Due to their specific physical and chemical properties,nanomaterials,particularly carbon-based nanomaterials,have emerged as attractive candidates for antimicrobial applications,however,reviews are lacking.This comprehensive review aims to bridge the existing knowledge gaps surrounding the mechanism and significance of nanobiochar(NBC)and carbon nanostructures in the field of antimicrobial applications.Notably,NBC,which is derived from biochar,exhibits promising potential as an environmentally-friendly substance with antimicrobial properties.Its strong adsorption capabilities enable the removal and immobilization of pathogens and pollutants from soil and water and also exhibit antimicrobial properties to combat harmful pathogens.In addition to NBC,carbon dots(CDs)and graphene oxide(GO)have also shown excellent antimicrobial properties.These carbon-based nanomaterials find applications in agriculture for phytopathogen control and post-harvest disease management,as well as in medicine for nanotheranostics and in the food industry for extending shelf life as an eco-friendly alternative to chemicals and antibiotics.However,the long-term toxicity of these nanoparticles to humans and the environment needs further investigation,considering the influence of different physiochemical characteristics on antimicrobial properties and nanotoxicity.Therefore,continued exploration in this area will pave the way for future research and safe deployment strategies of carbon-based nanomaterials in combating microbial threats.
基金Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Central Library,BIT-Mesra for providing facilities to read various publicationsAbhishek Kumar is thankful to the University Grants Commission,New Delhi,for providing NET-JRF Fellowship[Ref.No.-3635/(OBC)(NET-DEC.2015)].
文摘Biochar is a carbon-containing material prepared through thermal treatment of biomass in limited supply of oxygen,and used for an array of applications including waste management,climate change mitigation,soil fertility improvement,bio-energy production,and contaminant remediation.The data related to biochar,its production,and the wide applicability were collected using Web of Science Core Collection Database(on 25/10/2022),while bibliometric network analysis was performed using VOSviewer software to analyse year-wise,author-wise,country-wise,and journal-wise publication trends,construct keyword co-occurrence maps,and identify research areas receiving greater focus.Further,the applications of biochar were reviewed and mechanistic insights were provided.Some of the findings include:>50%of documents(>13,000)getting published in the past 3 years,>90%of documents(>21,000)being research articles,~50%of publications(>10,000)being related to environmental sciences,pyrolysis being the most widely used(~40%articles)production technique(followed by carbonization,gasification,combustion,and torrefaction),China being the most active country in terms of publications(>11,000),and biochar being mostly used for removing contaminants(followed by soil improvement,waste management,energy production,and climate change mitigation).Various strengths,weaknesses,opportunities,and threats(SWOT analysis)of biochar production and wide-ranging applicability were identified.Lastly,gaps were identified including the need for performing elaborate life cycle assessments,exploring machine learning and artificial intelligence for upgrading conversion technology and producing application-specific biochar,and investigating mechanistic aspects of soil-biochar interactions and nanoscale transformation of biochar.The study covers a broad spectrum of biochar applicability to identify areas receiving lesser attention,which could guide the future researchers for augmenting biochar research.
基金the Cooperative Research Program for Agriculture Science and Technology Development(PJ01475801)from Rural Development Administrationthe Republic of Korea,the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korea government(MSIT)(2021R1A2C2011734)+2 种基金Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by the Ministry of Education(NRF-2021R1A6A1A10045235)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21876180)the Outstanding Youth Project of Guangdong Natural Science Foundation(2022B1515020030).
文摘Arsenic(As)is recognized as a persistent and toxic contaminant in the environment that is harmful to humans.Biochar,a porous carbonaceous material with tunable functionality,has been used widely as an adsorbent for remediating As-contaminated water and soils.Several types of pristine and modified biochar are available,and significant efforts have been made toward modifying the surface of biochars to increase their adsorption capacity for As.Adsorption capacity is influenced by multiple factors,including biomass pyrolysis temperature,pH,the presence of dissolved organic carbon,surface charge,and the presence of phosphate,silicate,sulfate,and microbial activity.Improved As adsorption in modified biochars is attributed to several mechanisms including surface complexation/precipitation,ion exchange,oxidation,reduction,electrostatic interactions,and surface functional groups that have a relatively higher affinity for As.Modified biochars show promise for As adsorption;however,further research is required to improve the performance of these materials.For example,modified biochars must be eco-friendly,cost-effective,reliable,efficient,and sustainable to ensure their widespread application for immobilizing As in contaminated water and soils.Conducting relevant research to address these issues relies on a thorough understanding of biochar modifications to date.This study presents an in-depth review of pristine and modified biochars,including their production,physicochemical properties,and As adsorption mechanisms.Furthermore,a comprehensive evaluation of biochar applications is provided in As-contaminated environments as a guide for selecting suitable biochars for As removal in the field.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(42107245)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2021M701455).
文摘Although research on biochar has received increasing attention for environmental and agricultural applications,the significance of nanobiochar for environmental pollutant remediation is poorly understood.In contrast to bulk biochar,nanobiochar has superior physicochemical properties such as high catalytic activity,unique nanostructure,large specific surface area and high mobility in the soil environment.These unique characteristics make nanobiochar an ideal candidate for pollution remediation.Thus far,the research on nanobiochar is still in its infancy and most of the previous studies have only been conducted for exploring its properties and environmental functions.The lack of in-depth summary of nanobiochar’s research direction makes it a challenge for scientists and researchers globally.Hence in this review,we established some key fabrication methods for nanobiochar with a focus on its performance for the removal of pollutants from the environment.We also provided up-to-date information on nanobiochar’s role in environmental remediation and insights into different mechanisms involved in the pollutant removal.Although,nanobiochar application is increasing,the associated drawbacks to the soil ecosystem have not received enough research attention.Therefore,further research is warranted to evaluate the potential environmental risks of nanobiochar before large scale application.
文摘Salinity and acidity have affected several hundred million hectares of land throughout the globe which poses a major threat to global food security and biodiversity.Application of organic amendments for salt-affected soils has been identified as one of the most effective ways to mitigate salinity-induced problems and considered as a green technique offering twin benefits of waste load reduction and land reclamation.However,studies on reclaiming acidic-salt affected soils are limited.Therefore,this study aimed to determine the reclamation potential of biochars and organic amendments involving Gliricidia sepium biochar produced at 300℃,500℃,and 700℃,green waste compost,and municipal sewage sludge at three different amend-ment ratios,1.0%,2.5%and 5.0%.The incubation experiment was conducted for a 4-month period with different amendment ratios applied to the coastal acidic-salt affected soil.Subsamples were extracted from incubation pots after 1 and 4 months and analyzed for soil chemical parameters(pH,EC,NO_(3)^(−),PO_(4)^(3−,total organic carbon,cation exchange capacity,sodium adsorption ratio,exchangeable sodium percentage)and microbial enzyme activity(catalase activity,and acid-and alkaline phosphatase activity).All organic amendments demonstrated enhancement of the soil properties in a significant manner.However,increasing incubation time and amendment ratio increase the changes of soil parameters by a great percentage.Therefore,the maximum amendment ratio of 5.0%and 4 months of incubation period rendered a significant improvement in the reclamation of acidic-salt affected soil.However,the biochar produced at 500℃ contributed the maximum towards the improved physicochemical and biochemical profile of acidic-salt affected soil,making it the most promising organic amend-ment for the reclamation of acidic-salt affected soil.The overall reclamation efficiency of organic amendments registered the following order of variation:700 BC<Sludge<300 BC<Compost<500 BC.
基金Financial assistance by RG/2021/AG/02 grant received from the National Science Foundation,Sri Lanka.
文摘Root and tuber crops are important sources of food and provide income for millions of people worldwide besides an observed high demand for organically produced harvests.Hence,recent attention has been given to utilizing biochar,a carbon-rich material produced from the pyrolysis of organic materials,which improves soil structure,water-holding capacity,and nutrient availability,as an amendment to produce organic root and tuber crops.These effects are caused by the formation of organic coatings on the surface of biochar,which decreases hydrophobicity and increases the ability to retain nutrients,acting as a slow-release mechanism delivering nutrients dependent on plant physiological requirements.However,comprehensive studies on the impact of biochar application on root and tuber crop growth,productivity,and effectiveness in eliminating soil parasites have not been extensively studied.Thus,the purpose of this review is to explore the use of biochar and biochar-based soil amendments and their potential applications for improving the growth,yield,and efficacy of controlling parasitic nematodes in a wide range of root crops.Most of the studies have investigated the effects of biochar on cassava,sweet potatoes,and minor root crops such as ginger and turmeric.It has been observed that biochar application rates(5-20 t ha^(−1))increase the vine length and the number of leaves,tubers,and tuber weight.The addition of biochar demonstrates the ability to control plant-parasitic nematodes in a rate-dependent manner.While biochar has shown promising results in improving crop growth and yield of limited root and tuber crops based on a few biochar types,ample opportunities are around to evaluate the influence of biochar produced in different temperatures,feedstock,modifications and controlling parasitic nematodes.
